Test determinations of paleointensity in historical lavas of Kamchatka

The reliability of the Thellier method for determining the paleointensity of a geomagnetic field is explored on recent igneous rocks of Kamchatka. The main magnetic mineral in the studied rocks is titanomagnetite with different degree of oxidation. It is obtained that the reliability of the results can be assessed based on the deviations of the check points of the partial thermoremanent magnetization (pTRM) during the Thellier experiment. Besides, for different rocks, it is found that the stability of titanomagnetites to heating during the experiments can be insufficient for validating the reliability of the results of paleointensity determination; however, at the same time, the reliability may depend on the initial (oxidation) state of the magnetic minerals of the studied rocks.     

Determination of paleointensity from sedimentary and igneous rocks by the method of alternating-field remagnetization

The remanent magnetization of igneous and sedimentary rocks, if not changed by heating or by alteration of magnetic minerals, keep the information about the intensity of that magnetic field in which initial magnetization took place.It has been determined that the dependence of anhysteretic remanent magnetization of such a rock on d.c. magnetic field permits us to find the paleointensity. A method of investigation of rock specimens by means of such remagnetization is suggested and applied to determining the paleointensity for a series of Permo-Triassic rocks.     

Remanent magnetism of anorganic and organic substances and its exploitation in treating historical problems

Summary Properties of the thermoremanent magnetization of various archaeological materials (baked-clay objects, samples from old trees, bones and stones) were investigated with the purpose to assess the possibility of their use for the determination of the earth's magnetic field in the historical past and to apply the data for solving some practical problems. It turns out that most of those materials yield magnetic values that can be used for making the radiocarbon dating method more accurate, for determining the degree of burning and for direct archaeomagnetic dating. The new conclusions also contribute to the knowledge of changes in the earth's magnetic field in the past.     

Determination of the ancient geomagnetic field elements from thermal remanent magnetization corrected for magnetic anisotropy

A method is proposed for correcting the magnetic anisotropy of baked magnetic material from archaeological objects and rocks intended for the study of its magnetization and for gaining data on the angular elements of the ancient geomagnetic field. The application of this correction decreases the spread of individual determinations obtained in studying the sample magnetization from an object and increases the determination accuracy of the average value of the ancient geomagnetic field elements. This, in turn, makes it possible to increase the accuracy of its dating.     

Some rock magnetic properties of mid-Cretaceous basalts from Israel and India (Rajmahal traps), and their bearing on palaeointensity experiments

A wide range of rock magnetic properties have been determined from two collections of mid-Cretaceous basalts; one from Israel, the other from the Rajmahal traps in northeast India. Deuteric oxidation is rare in both collections, with titanium-rich titanomagnetite being the principal remanence carrier in most cases. There are a number of differences in rock magnetic properties between the two groups. Some of these seem to be primary, whereas others appear to be caused by hydrothermal alteration and weathering, which are more prevalent in the Indian rocks. These rocks are being used in palaeointensity experiments, from which it is hoped to determine the strength of the Earth's magnetic field during the long period of normal polarity in the mid-Cretaceous. Thellier palaeointensity experiments have been performed on two samples from each site. The degree of agreement between the two results is highly variable. The low blocking temperatures and the presence of secondary viscous components in many samples make Thellier palaeointensity experiments very difficult. A further problem is that of thermal alteration, two main types of which are observed. The first manifests itself as a large and sudden increase in partial thermoremanent magnetization (pTRM) capacity, and the second as a steady decrease in the size of pTRM with increasing temperature.     

Thermoremanent and chemical magnetization of exsolution products of nanosized titanomagnetites

Based on the theory of two-phase interacting nanoparticles, the formation of thermoremanent and chemical remanent magnetization in nanosized titanomagnetites is modeled. It is shown that the value of thermoremanent magnetization barely depends on the degree of titanomagnetite exsolution whereas, chemical remanent magnetization which emerges during the exsolution increases up to at most the value of thermoremanent magnetization. The values of the ratio of thermoremanent to ideal magnetization, R _t , fall within the limits 0.8 ≤ R _t ≤ 1. The analogous ratio of chemical remanent magnetization to the ideal R _c are below R _t at all stages of the exsolution. Besides, the magnetic interaction between the nanoparticles reduces the values of thermoremanent and chemical magnetization but barely affects the ratio.     

Analysis of Multi-Component Natural Remanent Magnetization Based on the Thermal Demagnetisation Spectrum

Natural remanent magnetization as a differentiable vector function of temperature is estimated from thermal demagnetization data. Its first derivative is crucial to the interpretation, since the local maxima of its absolute value reveal the temperature intervals where the magnetization is changing most rapidly, but the direction of a partial thermoremanent magnetization may be relatively stable.     

Combining paleointensity methods: A dual-valued determination on lunar sample 10017,135

A single-heating procedure is presented which makes possible the determination of two partially independent values of paleofield intensity for a given sample, one serving as a check to the other. The approach combines data required for Shaw-type and “ARM-method” determinations and in so doing furnishes a value of the ratio of TRM to ARM acquisition efficiency (f′) corrected for any physicochemical alteration to the magnetic carriers which may have occurred during laboratory heating.

Applicability of the Shaw-method to Fe-bearing samples is favorably demonstrated through simulated paleointensity determinations conducted on synthetic samples containing multi-domain grains. Moreover, coercivity spectra corresponding to anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) are found to be considerably more sensitive to thermally induced alteration when compared with those corresponding to thermoremanent magnetization (TRM).

The combined Shaw-ARM procedure was successfully applied to lunar basalt sample 10017,135 rendering a paleointensity of 0.82 ± 0.11 Oe. The Thellier-Thellier method, however, was not able to provide a meaningful determination on the neighboring chip (number 136). These apparently conflicting findings may be explained by one or more of the following possible interpretations: (1) multiple step-wise heatings cause considerably more damage to the carriers of remanence than does a single-heating procedure; (2) the rock possesses extreme variability in magnetic properties from one sub-sample to the other; (3) the natural remanent magnetization in this lunar basalt is not a simple TRM.     

Magnetic analysis of some large seamounts in the North Atlantic

An analysis of the magnetic structure of Plato and Atlantis seamounts in the North Atlantic was made using the phase-shifting technique of Schouten [9]. The possibility of distinguishing the age of the seamounts from the age of their adjacent seafloor using magnetic data was investigated. The method described proved simple and effective, but showed that age determinations cannot reliably be made from magnetics for the seamounts in question, since the variation of the position of the palaeomagnetic poles during the Cainozoic is not large enough to produce appreciable phase-shift differences in this part of the Atlantic.The polarization is normal. Since smaller seamounts also show a predominance of normal magnetization, this may mean that viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) dating from the present normal period, the Brunhes, is involved. VRM may lead to strong magnetizations in coarse-grained rock as shown by DSDP results. This may result into a general overprinting of thermoremanence (TRM) by VRM, thus glossing over reversed thermoremanent polarizations. Large seamounts thus may appear as normally polarized bodies. The statistics of reversely versus normally polarized seamounts may be explained by the same effect. This implies that palaeomagnetic pole and age determinations based on apparent magnetization directions modelled from the magnetic anomaly pattern over seamounts may be inaccurate.     

Secondary remanent magnetization carried by magnetite inclusions in silicates: a comparative study of unremagnetized and remagnetized granites

Magnetic carriers in remagnetized Cretaceous granitic rocks of northeast Japan were studied using paleomagnetism, rock magnetism, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by comparison with unremagnetized granitic rocks. The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of the remagnetized rocks is strong (0.3–1.7 A/m) and shows a northwesterly direction with moderate inclination (NW remanence), whereas the unremagnetized rocks preserve weak NRM (<0.5 A/m) with westerly and shallow direction (W remanence). Although thermal demagnetization shows that both NRMs are carried by magnetite, the remagnetized rocks reveal a higher coercivity with respect to alternating field demagnetization (20 mT相似文献   

TRM in low magnetic fields: a minimum field that can be recorded by large multidomain grains

Thermally acquired remanent magnetization is important for the estimation of the past magnetic field present at the time of cooling. Rocks that cool slowly commonly contain magnetic grains of millimeter scale. This study investigated 1-mm-sized magnetic minerals of iron, iron–nickel, magnetite, and hematite and concluded that the thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) acquired by these grains did not accurately record the ambient magnetic fields less than 1 μT. Instead, the TRM of these grains fluctuated around a constant value. Consequently, the magnetic grain ability to record the ambient field accurately is reduced. Above the critical field, TRM acquisition is governed by an empirical law and is proportional to saturation magnetization (M_s). The efficiency of TRM is inversely proportional to the mineral's saturation magnetization M_s and is related to the number of domains in the magnetic grains. The absolute field for which we have an onset of TRM sensitivity is inversely proportional to the size of the magnetic grain. These results have implications for previous reports of random directions in meteorites during alternating field demagnetization, or thermal demagnetization of TRM. Extraterrestrial magnetic fields in our solar system are weaker than the geomagnetic field by several orders of magnitude. Extraterrestrial rocks commonly contain large iron-based magnetic minerals as a common part of their composition, and therefore ignoring this behavior of multidomain grains can result in erroneous paleofield estimates.     

Remanent Magnetization in Portland-Cement-Based Materials

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the possibility of applying one geophysical method to studying untraditional systems as is the case with Portland-cement-based materials. The research demonstrates how conventional paleomagnetic methodology can be employed in studying the mode of magnetic recording in present-day industrial materials. Portland-cement admixtures such as fly ashes and furnace slags should be discriminated, because those particles interact in soils and sediments in nature. Moreover, a better undertanding of magnetic remanent acquisition in model materials can serve to improve the interpretation of magnetic remanent acquisition in natural rocks formed a long time ago. The magnetic constituents of Portland-cement paste and mortar acquire a magnetic remanence due to their alignment with the earth's magnetic field at the casting place. This magnetization can be measured using ordinary paleomagnetic techniques. The alignment of the individual magnetic particles accounts for the intensity of the magnetic remanence, which can be increased by adding water and by vibration before setting and hardening. Blast furnace slag admixtures also add to the enhancement of the intensity of remanence. The magnetization of Portland-cement-based materials shows a near linear relationship with the water /cement (w/c) ratios employed in the experimental work; the w/c ratios range between 0.2 – 0.6 in pastes and 0.3 – 0.6 in mortar. Stable remanent magnetization was obtained during the first seven days of setting and hardening, a period necessary for magnetic particles to become locked parallel to the earth's magnetic field. The stability of magnetic remanence predicts the usefulness of the methodology in studying the properties of Portland cement and particularly in the control of iron-bearing admixtures.     

Magnetism of the Moon - a lunar core dynamo or impact magnetization?

Surface and satellite observations of lunar crustal magnetization and the remanent magnetization of the lunar samples returned by the Apollo missions of 1969–72 provide evidence for past magnetic fields on the Moon. During the more than twenty years in which research has been carried out there has been controversy concerning the origin of the field, with two possible processes of major interest. Dynamo generation of the field in a molten, electrically-conducting core is consistent with most of the observations, but encounters theoretical difficulties associated with the deduced magnitude of the ancient field and lack of positive evidence for a lunar core. The most likely alternative process is the generation of a transient magnetic field during meteorite impacts followed by thermoremanent or shock magnetization of debris and adjacent crust. This paper reviews the evidence and compares the observations with characteristics of lunar magnetism expected as a result of each of the two possible processes. It is concluded that the evidence very strongly favours the past existence of a dynamo-generated lunar magnetic field, with impact magnetization playing a minor role.     

Physical and numerical models of the magnetization self-reversal in rocks

The paper addresses the physical mechanism of the magnetization self-reversal in rocks. The self-reversal is the phenomenon of magnetization of a rock in the direction antiparallel to the magnetizing field. Experimental data on the self-reversal of thermal and thermoremanent magnetizations in natural analogues of hemoilmenites and synthetic hemoilmenites are presented. It is shown that the most probable mechanism of self-reversal is the single-phase Néel mechanism of the N-type. The N-type mechanism underlies the physical mechanism and numerical model of self-reversal developed in the paper. The numerical modeling results are compared with experimental data.     

How natural remanent magnetization of basaltic units can dominate the reduced to pole magnetic value: A case study from the Faroe Islands

Early attempts to utilize magnetic data to understand the volcanic and subvolcanic succession on the Faroese Continental Shelf have shown that conventional interpretation and modelling of magnetic data from this area leads to ambiguous results. Interpretation of the aeromagnetic data on the Faroese Continental Shelf shows that some previously identified basement highs coincide with reduced-to-pole magnetic highs, whereas others coincide with negative or mixed magnetic features. Similarly, igneous centres are characterized by different polarity magnetic anomalies. Palaeomagnetic analysis of the onshore volcanic succession has demonstrated that the thermoremanent magnetization of the basaltic lavas is stronger than the induced magnetism, and both reversely and normally magnetized units are present. We have tested this with 2½D profile modelling using the palaeomagnetic information to correlate high-amplitude magnetic anomalies with basalt successions containing changes in magnetic polarity. This approach has enabled us to map the termination of the differently magnetized units offshore and thereby extend the mapping of the Faroe Island Basalt Group on the Faroese Platform and into adjacent areas.     

岩石磁组构对剩磁稳定性的制约探讨: 以印支地块中生代碎屑岩和拉萨林周盆地设兴组红层为例

岩石磁组构因能提供磁性矿物晶体形状、排列方式等赋存信息而被广泛应用于判别岩石剩磁是否受到了后期构造应力的显著影响; 但常规岩石磁化率各向异性(AMS)是否能够准确限定岩石剩磁的稳定性, 目前尚无深入探讨.本文以印支地块Nakhon Thai盆地中生代Nam Phong、Phu Kradung和Phra Wihan组三套碎屑岩样品及拉萨地块林周盆地设兴组红层样品为例, 通过岩石磁化率组构和剩磁组构的对比分析发现, 尽管Nam Phong组绝大多数样品和Phu Kradung组全部样品的AMS组构显示其具有铅笔状至强劈理过渡型构造变形组构特征, 但高场等温剩磁各向异性(hf-AIR)显示其高矫顽力赤铁矿所携带的特征剩磁组构仍具有典型沉积组构特征, 表明其以赤铁矿为主的载磁矿物未遭受后期构造应力的显著影响, 仍然能够准确记录岩石形成时期的古地球磁场方向.另一方面发现有且仅有剩磁组构才是判别碎屑沉积岩特征剩磁是否遭受了后期构造应力影响的充分必要条件.也就是说, 如果岩石剩磁组构(如以赤铁矿为主要载磁矿物的岩石hf-AIR组构)指示其原始沉积组构已被构造组构显著叠加或取代, 则必然说明该岩石剩磁方向已受到构造应力的作用而发生了显著偏转, 因而不能直接用于构造演化和古地理重建等块体运动学研究.

     

Thermo-magnetic measurements as a possible tool in the prediction of volcanic activity in the volcanoes of the Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea

Volcano-magnetic effects provide a possible way of monitoring temperature or stress changes within a volcano. A systematic study of several volcanoes in and close to the Rabaul caldera in east New Britain, Papua New Guinea, has been made to identify those in which thermal changes would be expected to cause changes in magnetic field. Two out of nine were chosen as suitable for a programme of magnetic monitoring which commenced in February 1974 and is continued at approximately six monthly intervals. The main criterion used for selection is that the volcano must have a magnetic structure causing a strong anomaly in magnetic field with its source located where its temperature would respond to changing conditions in the volcano. In the first three years of monitoring, no thermomagnetic effects have been observed, but the ongoing programme may be a useful tool in the prediction of volcanic eruption. Estimation of the magnitude of possible field changes depends on determining a satisfactory model of the source of the magnetic anomaly and how the remanent magnetization of the source depends on temperature. The former is a standard problem in geomagnetism and may be solved by computer modelling methods. Measurements of the temperature dependence of thermo-remanent magnetization (TRM) for rocks collected in the Rabaul caldera show the latter to be a much more difficult problem to solve in detail. This is because the temperature range in which TRM changes most rapidly with temperature varies greatly from specimen to specimen, and depends both on the magnetic minerals present and the cooling history of the rock. Rocks from within the anomaly sources were not accessible so doubt remains as to how similar their magnetic properties are to those of rocks collected from the surface. Within this limitation, it is shown that for at least one of the volcanoes studied, changes of total magnetic field of several hundred nanoteslas (1 nT = 1γ) are possible prior to a future eruption.     

Magnetic features of the magmatic intrusion that occurred in the 2007 eruption at Stromboli Island (Italy)

Significant changes in the local magnetic field marked the resumption of eruptive activity at Stromboli volcano on February 27, 2007. After differential magnetic fields were obtained by filtering out external noise using adaptive filters and seasonal thermal noise using temperature data, we identified step-like changes of 1–4 nT coincident with the opening of eruptive fissures in the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco. The magnetic variations detected at two stations are closely related to the propagation of a shallow NE–SW magmatic intrusion extending beyond the summit craters area. These observations are consistent with those calculated using piezomagnetic models in which stress-induced changes in rock magnetization are produced by the magmatic intrusion. No significant magnetic changes were observed when the first fractures opened along the NE crater rim. Indeed, the stress-induced magnetization caused by this magmatic activity is expected to be too low because of the structural weakness and/or thermal state of the summit area. The continuous long-term decay characterizing the post-eruptive magnetic pattern can be related to a time-dependent relaxation process. A Maxwell rheology was assumed and the temporal evolution of the piezomagnetic field was evaluated. This allowed us to estimate the rheological properties of the medium; in particular, an average viscosity ranging between 10¹⁶ and 10¹⁷ Pa⋅s was a relaxation time τ of about 38 days.     

磁铁矿的低温磁学性质研究进展

磁铁矿(Fe3O4)是自然界沉积物和岩石天然剩磁的最主要载磁矿物.本文主要评述低温条件下(2\|300K)磁铁矿的晶体结构特征、Verwey相变以及磁晶各向异性等,重点介绍了两种重要的剩磁随温度变化曲线.最后简单地介绍磁铁矿的低温磁学研究在地学中的应用以及氧化和超顺磁效应对低温磁学性质的影响.     

Cooling rate effect as a cause of systematic overestimating of the absolute Thellier paleointensities: A cautionary note

Cooling rate (CR) effects on the intensity of thermoremanent magnetization has been documented for archaeomagnetic materials, where cooling in laboratory conditions is generally much faster compared to natural cooling rates. Since the latter condition also applies to many volcanic rocks, we have investigated in this study the influences of the CR on the determination of absolute paleointensity using recent basaltic rocks. We used magnetically and thermally stable samples mainly containing Ti-poor pseudo-singledomain titanomagnetites (the most widely used material for Thellier paleointensity experiments). These samples previously succeed in retrieving the strength of laboratory field intensities with the Coe’s version of the Thellier method in a simulated paleointensity experiment using similar cooling rates. Our experimental results indicate that the cooling rate effects produce systematic and significant overestimates of the absolute intensity up to 70%. The effect can be much larger than predicted by Neél theory for non-interacting single-domain grains.