硅铁灰石在我国的首次发现

硅铁灰石是一种罕见的单链硅酸盐矿物，产于矿体围岩的晚期热液脉中，其晶体呈厚板状或矛头状，颗粒大小０．１ｍｍ—０．５ｍｍ，日光下呈黑色，强光源下呈浓茶绿色─棕色，玻璃光泽，条痕淡灰绿色，透明─半透明，维克显微硬度Ｈｖ１００ｇ＝３５９ｋｇ·ｍｍ－２，实测密度３．３５ｇ·ｃｍ－３，计算密度为３．３２ｇ·ｃｍ－３。偏光显微镜下显正高突起，具强多色性，Ｎｇ浅黄棕色、Ｎｐ暗绿色，二轴晶正光性，ＺＶ（＋）＝７６（１）°，折射率Ｎｇ＝１．７５９，Ｎｍ＝１．７３７，Ｎｐ＝１．７２８．Ｘ射线单晶衍射表明，硅铁灰石属三斜晶系，空间群为Ｐ１。由Ｘ射线粉晶衍射数据计算出晶胞参数ａ＝０．７４７５（１）ｎｍ，ｂ＝１．１８４４（１）ｎｍ，ｃ＝０．６６７９（１）ｎｍ，α＝９１°３４（３）′，β＝９３°４５（１）′，γ＝１０３°１９（１）′。硅铁灰石的晶体化学式为（Ｃａ２．０７１Ｎａ０．００７Ｋ０．００１）２．０７９（ＦｅＭｎＭ０．１７１）０．９９１（ＦｅＡｌＴｉ０．００２）１．０２１［（Ｓｉ４．９８９　Ａｌ０．０１１）５．０００Ｏ１４．１０１（ＯＨ）０．８９９］。硅铁灰石是酸式硅酸盐，不存在与阳离子结合的ＯＨ－离子，因而在红外光谱中缺失３４     

吉林陨石熔壳的扫描电子显微镜研究

吉林陨石也和其它陨石一样,通常都发育着一层黑色熔壳。这一层熔壳,记录了陨石体陨落过程中经历了熔融、气化、烧蚀、熔浆流动、微粒堆积和熔浆冷却过程中的分异、重结晶等物理化学作用过程,以及这些作用过程在陨石表面不同部位所反映出来的差异性。吉林陨石熔壳从表面和剖面特征可分两     

溧水陨石的物质成分和球粒结构的研究

1978年9月10日16时许,在江苏省溧水县城西南的洪兰蒲公社胜利大队,陨落了一块球粒陨石。地理位置为东经118°59′,北纬31°38′。陨落时人们曾听到闷雷般的响声。陨石降落在干水塘边的泥土里,坑深约半尺,取出时陨石尚有余热。 陨石外形似馒头状(照片1)长约100毫米,表面覆盖一层亮褐色熔壳,壳厚约0.2—0.5毫米。总重量498克,现将研究结果分述如下:     

吉林陨石熔壳的扫描电子显微镜研究

吉林陨石也和其它陨石一样,通常都发育着一层黑色熔壳。这一层熔壳,记录了陨石体陨落过程中经历了熔融、气化、烧蚀、熔浆流动、微粒堆积和熔浆冷却过程中的分异、重结晶等物理化学作用过程,以及这些作用过程在陨石表面不同部位所反映出来的差异性。     

南极陨石收集和研究新进展

日本第29次南极研究考察队(1987—1989)在Sφr Rondane Mountains附近(71—73°S,21—29°E)的三个主要裸冰表面发现和回收了2000多块新的陨石样品(单个陨石或陨石碎块),     

粤西云炉紫苏花岗岩及其麻粒岩包体的主要特点和成因讨论

云炉含有麻粒岩包体的紫苏花岗岩出露于粤西云开大山加里东造山带。这种紫苏花岗岩是麻粒岩在水不饱和的条件下发生深熔作用的结果．结晶温度在８００℃以上，氧逸度（ｆｏ２）和水逸度（ｆＨ２Ｏ）分别为１．０１３×１０８．６Ｐａ和４５．４ＭＰａ，定位深度约１７ｋｍ，单颗粒锆石Ｕ－Ｐｈ同位素年龄为４５０±１０Ｍａ。岩体中的麻粒岩包体来自紫苏花岗岩源区．反映源区的变质条件为Ｐ＝０．６～０．６９ＧＰ８，Ｔ＝８０７～８３６°ａＨ２ｏ＝０．２７。     

吉林陨石雨物质成分研究并讨论其对地球起源和演化问题的启示

吉林陨石雨陨落面积近500平方公里(图1),搜集到陨石150余块,重近2700公斤,获得世界上最大的石陨石标本(吉林Ⅰ号陨石重1770公斤)。(照片1、2)。吉林陨石雨的陨石分布,由西而东在宏观上反映出一定的规律性:1.陨石标本由西而东,体积(或重量)逐渐减小(或少);2.陨石表面的气印由极发育到不发育直到极不发育,表面只有定向明显的流纹线;3.陨石表面由平滑到粗糙;4.陨石熔壳由厚变薄。     

陕西宁强陨石熔壳的扫描电镜初步观察

本文利用扫描电子显微镜,对宁强碳质球粒陨石的熔壳进行初步的观察,着重对熔壳表面的微观形态特征和熔壳剖面上的组构特征,进行初步的研究,以提供一些有关陨落过程中的信息。一、熔壳的表面特征宁强碳质球粒陨石的整个熔壳表面呈褐黑色,厚度约0.1 mm 至0.7mm,较松易碎,易污手,微气孔发育,有粗糙感。陨落在不同地点的陨石熔壳,表面特征不一,其中安家山的     

鄂尔多斯盆地中新生代构造应力场

鄂尔多斯盆地是位于华北克拉通西部的保罗－白垩纪沉积盆地。本文利用中、小型构造的解析成果重建了该盆地中、新生代的区域构造应力场，其中，印支、燕山和喜马拉雅运动最大主压力轴的产状分别为１７９°～３５９°∠２°～３°，１３０°～３１０°∠２°～４°，３０°～２１０°∠１°～２°。这一成果为解释它的形成与演化机制提供了一个重要窗口。     

沧参1井与孔古3井中奥陶统包裹体研究和成油气评价

通过对沧县隆起沧参１井与黄骅坳陷孔古３井包裹体对比研究,根据包裹体轻烃成分反映出的油气特征,认为沧县隆起中奥陶统碳酸盐岩系成油条件好,且油气资源丰富。取自沧参１井中奥陶统灰岩方解石样品中矿物包裹体发育,可划分出３类：Ⅰ．盐水溶液包裹体;Ⅱ．ＣＯ２包裹体;Ⅲ．有机包裹体。均一温度ｔｈ为１０７～２１０°Ｃ,气相成分主要是Ｃ１—Ｃ５,总烃为０．２９～０．８９μｌ／ｇ,Ｃ２＋／Ｃ１为０．２５～１．９０。而取自孔古３井中奥陶统方解石样品中主要含Ⅰ类、Ⅲ类包裹体,Ⅱ类包裹体少见。ｔｈ为１２１°Ｃ,总烃为１．８３～７．０１μｌ／ｇ,Ｃ２＋／Ｃ１为１．２７～１．５９。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.