鄂尔多斯盆地东北部构造热演化史的磷灰石裂变径迹分析

运用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)分析的构造热年代学研究方法,系统探讨鄂尔多斯盆地东北部不同区段中新生代以来的热演化历史,为盆地东北部石油和天然气等多种沉积能源矿产的勘探预测提供新的约束条件。模拟结果表明:盆地东北部经历了250~150 Ma缓慢埋藏增温过程,平均增温速率为0.9℃/Ma;150~120 Ma为快速增温阶段,平均增温速率高达2.1℃/Ma,地层温度达到最高,且均大于130℃。之后不同区段经历差异降温过程:北缘露头区经历了120~65 Ma快速降温,平均冷却速率约1.3℃/Ma;65~10 Ma缓慢降温,平均冷却速率约为0.4℃/Ma。南缘露头区及盆地沉降区则经历了120~30 Ma缓慢降温,平均冷却速率约为0.9℃/Ma;30~10 Ma快速降温,平均冷却速率约为1.5℃/Ma。10 Ma以来,盆地东北部整体抬升冷却,平均冷却速率约6.5℃/Ma。分析结果认为燕山中期构造热事件之最高热增温作用的关键时刻为(120±10)Ma,促成鄂尔多斯盆地东北部主要烃源岩层系的成熟生烃和大规模油气成藏。在后期的差异抬升冷却过程中,北缘露头区在65 Ma±通过了110℃等温面,南缘露头区及盆地的沉降区在30 Ma±通过了110℃等温面,有利于相邻地区原生油气藏的积聚和保存,古近纪晚期(30 Ma)尤其是新近纪晚期近10 Ma以来的强烈构造抬升作用有可能是引发原生油气藏调整—改造和次生成藏的关键因素。     

磷灰石裂变径迹数据的热史反演及其局限性

应用一种局部优化方法——模拟退火法对磷灰石裂变径迹长度分布及径迹年龄进行热史的反演。反演中采取了Laslet等(1987)的扇型径迹退火模型。通过对理论热史模型及实测资料的反演,结果表明应用磷灰石裂变径迹数据提取热史信息是有效的。但是,由于径迹的退火主要受温度的控制,因此以前记录在径迹中的热史信息有可能被后期高温改造而难以反映。指出磷灰石径迹资料在冷却盆地的应用可以获取较精确的热史信息,而在有复杂演化史的盆地中精度较差。     

青藏高原北部中—新生代构造—热事件:来自柴西碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹的制约

柴西地区堆积了巨厚的新生界,不仅赋存有青海油田,且因紧邻阿尔金断裂和昆北断裂而蕴藏丰富的盆山耦合信息.对碎屑磷灰石的裂变径迹测试结果进行分析研究后认为,自渐新世以来,研究区经历了早期(32～3 Ma或4 Ma)的压陷-抬升和晚期(＜3 Ma或4 Ma)的快速整体挤压-隆升2个时期.进一步的分析表明:柴西及其周缘山地从晚...     

焉耆盆地磷灰石裂变径迹分析

通过裂变径迹分析，研究沉积盆地的古地温，再造沉积盆地的地热史，是近些年来迅速发展的新的研究领域之一。为了深入焉耆盆地古地温场和地质发展史的研究，在焉耆盆地共测试磷灰石裂变径迹分析样品21块，研究焉耆盆地博湖坳陷的古地温场特征，并确定冷却事件发生的时间，利用磷灰石裂变径迹资料计算出地层剥失厚度，对油气的生成运移时期进行分析。     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹计算隆升速率的一些问题

主要讨论了利用磷灰石理解变径迹年龄－－地形高差法计算隆升速率存在的一些问题，介绍了近年来国外在磷灰石裂变径迹退火方面取得的新进展及其在研究隆升速率问题上的应用，并分析了利用磷灰石裂变径迹研究隆升速率应当注意的问题，强调了加强径迹长度分析的研究。     

磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究的进展与展望

综述了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究在退火模型及模拟方法、造山带及造山后剥露历史、构造热成像及地形演变和成矿作用等方面的一些理论和应用成果,分析了目前在磷灰石裂变径迹退火机理、数据解释和应用等方面研究中存在的主要问题,指出了磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究今后会朝着深层次退火机理、新的应用领域、自动化技术和可操作性等方向发展.     

新疆阿尔泰造山带构造活动的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

从对新疆阿尔泰造山带西部构造活动的研究中获得一批较为系统的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果。 32个磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为 (16 3.0± 6 .4 )～ (4 6 .9± 7.2 )Ma ,平均径迹长度为 (14 .5± 0 .1)～(11.3± 0 .4 ) μm ,长度标准差为 1.4～ 2 .7μm。区内具有 3阶段热历史 :约 110Ma之前处于约 10 0～12 0℃较高温稳定阶段 ,然后在约 110～ 4 0Ma期间发生快速冷却与隆升事件 ,从约 4 0Ma开始发生另一较为缓慢的冷却事件。总体上自北而南 ,剥蚀速率和冷却速率均逐渐变小。文中裂变径迹资料表明 ,阿尔泰山西段主要断裂带现在向南倾斜 ,区内构造演化亦主要受Tesbahan、Kulti和Basei三条断裂带逆冲热事件的控制。     

磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析三峡仙女山断裂带构造活动性

用磷灰石的裂变径年龄及径变宅度变化规律,证实仙女山断裂带发生断裂的时期为距今０．７Ｍａ在若;从讨论的各种绝对年龄结果分析,均未见到全新世以来有明显的活动迹象,以此确定仙女山断裂的活动性对三峡枢纽工程并不构成威胁。     

磷灰石裂变径迹技术与地学应用综述

天然裂变径迹的形成和演化是一个连续不可逆的过程，经历了漫长地质演化的矿物的所有裂变径迹综合起来就可以看作一个热时钟体系。它不仅反映了矿物冷却到封闭温度(退火温度)的时间，还记录了矿物所经历的低于封闭温度的整个热历史的信息。由此可以建立起用于恢复矿物热史信息的各种模型(包括时间——温度模型)。这些模型的建立对沉积盆地沉降／埋藏历史、造山带浅部壳层冷却／剥露历史的研究以及低温热历史重建等地学方面的应用意义重大。     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹研究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘热历史

磷灰石裂变径迹在地质时期对60～150℃范围内温度变化的热敏感性 ,不仅使其成为研究盆地构造热演化史和区域构造运动的重要手段 ,而且对指导油气勘探有很大的实践意义。本文根据AFTA① 的有关原理 ,退火特性 ,对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶、二叠、三叠、侏罗、白垩、第三纪等不同时代地层样品开展了较为系统的AFT测试 ,获得了一批可靠的AFTA数据 ,论述了鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的主要构造热事件的次数 ,及该区中生代以来的构造热演化史。研究表明 :自中生代以来 ,该盆地西缘至少经历了四次构造热事件(峰值年龄分别为170Ma±、130Ma±、和75Ma±和17Ma±)。     

西藏羌塘盆地白垩纪中期构造事件的磷灰石裂变径迹证据

拉萨与羌塘地块于白垩纪中期的碰撞造山对羌塘原型盆地的热体制和构造演化有着重要影响.运用磷灰石裂变径迹方法,对羌塘盆地隆鄂尼夏里组和托纳木雪山组砂岩分析表明,裂变径迹年龄集中在120～ 80Ma之间,表明在白垩纪中期,羌塘盆地普遍发生了一次构造抬升事件,该期构造事件的年龄与盆地内早白垩世的岩浆热事件、主要构造变形作用发生在晚白垩世以及雪山组和阿布山组角度不整合的时代(125～75Ma)较一致,是拉萨与羌塘地块碰撞造山事件的记录.热历史模拟表明,白垩纪中期构造事件对羌塘盆地南部和北部的热演化历史有着差异影响,羌塘盆地南部降温速率相对不大,抬升剥蚀厚度约1500m,而北部古地温迅速降温到近地表温度,抬升剥蚀厚度近4000m.这种差异抬升剥蚀可能与班公湖-怒江洋壳向南俯冲使得因拉萨地块构造负载而导致羌塘地块的挠曲有关.     

南海北部缘重力异常的多尺度分析及其构造讨论

重力异常是由地下各种密度不均匀体所产生的叠加效果。采用二维小波多尺度方法对南海北部缘重力异常进行分析,解译了重力异常所反映的地下源体,对南海北部缘盆地构造进行认识。通过对南海北部缘重力异常进行分解,结合研究区域地形地貌,对盆地构造和地下岩体分布等地质特征进行分析。结果显示,四阶变换逼近主要由莫霍面起伏引起,小波变换细节主要由沉积基底面的起伏引起。利用小波多尺度对重力异常进行分析具有较好的效果,值得进一步推广研究。     

The thermal history of the eastern Officer Basin (South Australia): evidence from apatite fission track analysis and organic maturity data

The eastern Officer Basin in South Australia contains a Neoproterozoic to Devonian succession overlain by relatively thin (<500 m) Permian, Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits. Within the basin fill, there are several major unconformities representing uncertain amounts of erosion. Three of these surfaces are associated with regional deformational events. Regional unconformities formed between 560 and 540 Ma (Petermann Ranges Orogeny), approximately 510–490 Ma (Delamerian Orogeny), 370–300 Ma (Alice Springs Orogeny), 260–150 Ma; and 95–40 Ma. AFTA® results from 13 samples of Neoproterozoic, Cambrian and Permian sedimentary rocks in five wells (Giles-1, Manya-2, -5 and -6 and Lake Maurice West-1) show clear evidence for a number of distinct thermal episodes. Results from all samples are consistent with cooling from the most recent thermal episode beginning at some time between 70 and 20 Ma (Maastrichtian–Miocene). AFTA results from Giles-1 indicate at least two pre-Cretaceous thermal episodes with cooling beginning between 350 and 250 Ma (Carboniferous–Permian) and between 210 and 110 Ma (Late Triassic–Albian). Results from Manya-2, -5 and -6 and Lake Maurice West-1 show evidence for at least one earlier higher temperature event, with cooling from elevated paleotemperatures beginning between 270 and 200 Ma (Late Permian to Late Triassic). These episodes can be correlated with other cooling/erosional events outside the study area, and the AFTA-derived paleotemperatures are consistent with kilometre-scale erosion for each of the episodes identified. Integration of the AFTA data with organic thermal maturation indicators (MPI) in the Manya and Giles-1 wells suggests that the Cambrian and Neoproterozoic successions in the northern part of the study area reached peak maturation prior to the Permian, while limited data from Lake Maurice West-1 allows peak maturation to have occurred as young as the Late Permian to Late Triassic thermal episode revealed by AFTA. The approach outlined in this study is relevant to all ancient basins as it emphasises the importance of understanding events associated with neighbouring regions. The thermal history of the Officer Basin, as with most other ancient basins, has been strongly affected by significant tectonic events throughout its history, even though younger deposits are not preserved in the basin itself. The recognition of these younger events, and the implications of these events for the depositional history, is important as it allows identification of the best regions for preservation of early generated hydrocarbons, and in some cases, suggests areas where generation of hydrocarbons could have occurred more recently than previously thought.     

Apatite fission track geochronology of the Southern Hunan province across the Shi-Hang Belt: insights into the Cenozoic dynamic topography of South China

The Shi-Hang Belt is a Mesozoic tectonic zone and has always been regarded as the boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. It occupies a key tectonic location and attracts considerable attention due to its dynamic formation mechanism. However, its Cenozoic dynamic process is poorly constrained. The Cenozoic activation of the Shi-Hang Belt, as well as its cooling and exhumation, aids in dating the onset time of the formation of the mountain ranges and reveals the deformation process of the South China Block. To uncover the history of its Cenozoic cooling and denudation, apatite fission-track (AFT) thermochronology was applied to batholiths and strata spread across the Shi-Hang Belt in the Hunan Province. Twenty-three samples are dated with ages ranging from 23.6 ± 1.5 to 45.8 ± 3.0 Ma. Except for two older ages (42.1 ± 2.6 and 45.8 ± 3.0 Ma), the other ages range from 23 to 36 Ma with less variation on both sides of the Chenzhou–Linwu fault. The thermochronological modelling of 15 measured samples demonstrates that rocks rapidly passed through the AFT partial annealing zone to the near surface at different onset times from 36 to 23 Ma. The regional AFT cooling pattern is unrelated to the internal structures of the Shi-Hang Belt characterized by a Mesozoic fold-thrust feature. We attribute the Cenozoic exhumation of the Shi-Hang Belt to the dynamic topography of the South China Block, which is related to mantle downwellings and upwellings due to several episodes of quick subduction of the Pacific Plate underneath Eurasia during the Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic and the Oligocene–early Miocene. The far-field effect of the India–Tibet collision may have contributed to the exhumation of the Shi-Hang Belt.     

南海北部陆架海底沙波基本特征及属性

南海北部陆架海底沙波是否为残留沙波长期存在争议。为配合陆丰油田的开发,在LF13-2和LF13-1站位之间进行了详细的地形、地貌和海底底流测量。观测数据显示,本研究区发育两组海底沙波。两组沙波的分布和当今的海底地形密切相关,沙波的波宽、波高,沙脊的长度及延伸的方向也都和现今的水深密切相关。此外,沙波区的底质、沉积物颜色等也随现今水深的变化而变化。跨年度的测量结果显示,从2003年夏季到2005年冬季,海底沙波发生了明显的变化,除有明显的沙波迁移,并有新的沙波生成外,沙波区的水深也整体变深,研究区东南端平均加深了0.29m。由于东沙海底高原的存在,东沙区底流有了复杂的变化。实际的观测结果显示,在9MKII站位,向南的退潮流明显大于向北的涨潮流,但在AEM-HR站位,WNW向的涨潮流则稍稍大于ESE向的退潮流。9MKII站位测得的最大底流速为48cm/s,有22%的底流速大于20cm/s,这是启动海底沉积物并能形成海底沙波的最小底流速。本文指出,东沙隆起后,由于强烈的底流侵蚀,在东沙区的中陆架和外陆架区几乎没有现代沉积。构成海底沙波的沉积物主要来自海底地层的剥蚀。测深结果显示的海底加深可能和海底剥蚀有关。很明显,海底沙波和现今的海底底流体系有很好的吻合关系,从而是在现今底流体系条件下形成的,而非晚更新世末次冰期的残留沙波。     

Lithospheric Thermal Isostasy of North Continental Margin of the South China Sea

Accompanied with rifting and detaching of the north continental margin of the South China Sea,the ernst and the lithosphere become thinner away from the continental margin resulting from the tectonic activities,such as tensile deformation,thermal uplift,and cooling subsidence,etc..Integrated with thermal,gravimetric,and isostatic analysis techniques,based on the seismic interpretation of the deep penetration seismic soundings across the northern margin of the South China Sea,we reconstructed the lithospheric thermal structure and derived the variation of the crust boundary in the east and west parts of the seismic profde by using gravity anomaly data.We mainly studied the thermal isostasy problems using the bathymetry of the profiles and calculated the crust thinning effect due to the thermal variety in the rifting process.The results Indicate that the thermal isostasy may reach 2.5 kin,and the compositional variations in the ilthospheric density and thickness may produce a variation of 4.0 kin.Therefore,the compositional isostatic correction is very important to recover the relationship between surface heat flow and topography.Moreover,because of the high heat flow characteristic of the continental margin,building the model of lithospheric geotherm in this region is of great importan for studying the Cenozoic tectonic thermal evolution of the north passive continental margin of the South China Sea.     

Activity and Formation of Sand Waves on Northern South China Sea Shelf

Sand waves on the northern South China Sea shelf had been considered as stable relict bed form. For the industry use of sea bed between stations LF13-2 and LF13-1, a new round of explorations were conducted. The newly obtained data show that both spacings and amplitudes of sand waves are all systematically changing with water depth. Repeated observations since 2003 to 2004 showed that the sea bed is currently active. Due to strong erosion of surface sediment since Dongsha (东沙) uplifting, there are almost no...     

南海南部海域主要沉积盆地构造演化特征

南海南部海域主要沉积盆地沿南沙块体南部、西部两条不同的边界分布，其成盆时代、盆地类型、盆地演化历史以及油气资源效应都有较大的差异，它们的发生发展均与南海的两次海底扩张有关；构造演化具有明显的阶段性，早期均与区域拉张作用有关，都经历了中中新世末期的变形、改造和随后的区域沉降过程，并受到礼乐运动、西卫运动和南沙运动的影响。万安、曾母和北康盆地是南海南部海域具有代表性的新生代沉积盆地，分属于不同的盆地类型。万安盆地是叠置在较薄地壳和高热流值背景之上的一个新生代走滑拉张盆地，经历了三个构造演化阶段。曾母盆地是南沙块体向南俯冲与婆罗洲块体发生软碰撞而形成的一个周缘前陆盆地，经历了四个不同的构造演化阶段。北康盆地是在南沙块体上于白垩纪末一第三纪早期由于地壳拉伸、裂陷而形成的一个陆缘张裂盆地，经历了三个构造演化阶段。     

西藏冈底斯带南木林地区构造活动的磷灰石裂变径迹分析

南木林地区属于冈底斯地块的南带,研究样品取自不同时代的火山岩地层,本文报道应用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学研究构造活动的新成果.总计获得5个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果,其中3个样品属于同组年龄,分别为5.9±0.7Ma,5.2±0.6 Ma和8.7±1.0Ma,平均径迹长度为13.0～13.2±2.2μm,并呈单峰分布,表明它们是最近一次构造热事件的体现.另2个样品属于混合年龄,系由7.1Ma、30Ma、9.6Ma、51Ma和100Ma等5组年龄组成.所有这些年龄值.先后与区内_碰撞前、同碰撞、碰撞后和陆内快速隆升作用有关.自印度-亚洲大陆强烈碰撞以来,总体上具有2阶段热演化历史,其中6～0Ma期间冷却速率为11.3℃～16.7℃/Ma,隆升速率为0.85～0.99mm/a,总计隆升幅度达5100～5940m.是本区冷却隆升的主要时期.     

近4400年来南海北部陆架沉积地球化学记录及其地质意义

对位于海南岛南部陆架的S20孔沉积物进行了沉积学、AMS14C年代、粒度和常微量元素分析,初步探讨了该区物质来源及蕴含的亚洲季风演化信息。近4 400 a以来,S20孔岩性较均一,其沉积作用受相对单一而稳定的水动力条件控制。S20孔沉积物源区物质硅酸盐矿物经历了明显的风化,A—CN—K图示和较低的CIA值（小于66）指示了源区较低的化学风化程度。海南岛东部河流和珠江物质是最为可能影响S20孔区域的两个来源,由于对海南岛河流物质的研究相当匮乏,本研究尚无法定量估算该两个可能物质来源的各自贡献。S20孔沉积物CIA、Al2O3/Na2O、CaO*/TiO2、Na2O/TiO2等变化主要反映的是源区物质风化程度变化,该孔沉积物源区化学风化程度自4 400~1 600 a BP逐渐减弱以及1 600 a BP以来的逐渐增强,与中国南部Dongge洞石笋氧同位素曲线记录的亚洲夏季风变化趋势对应良好,说明该区沉积物中蕴含了丰富的亚洲季风变化信息。S20孔沉积物揭示出的化学风化程度强弱可能主要受控于轨道时间尺度上北半球夏季太阳辐射量变化。南海陆架区沉积物中物源与季风演化等信息的提取,亟待更多更高精度研究工作的展开。