关于对虾的“黑鳃病”

对虾“黑鳃病”的名称，最早是1968年日本石川雄介在养殖日本对虾(Penaeus japonieus)的病虾上发现了镰刀菌，因病虾鳃丝变黑而命名的。以后江草周三等人又以此名称陆续发表了许多研究报告。Johnsoll(1974)和Lightrier(1975)等报告了得克萨斯州的桃红对虾(P．duorarum)、褐对虾(P．aztecus)、加州对虾(P．californiensis)、中美白对虾(P．occidentalis)和蓝对虾(P．stylirostris)等因水中含有重金属离子使虾鳃变黑的病例，他们也用“黑鳃病”这个名称。我国近几年来有些养虾地区也说有黑鳃病发生。作者根据三年来对我国的东方对虾(P．orientalis)、长毛对虾)P．penicillatus)和墨吉对虾(P．merguiensis)等疾病的调查，参考国外的报道对这问题进行综述，并对“黑鳃病”名称提出自己不同的看法。     

暴发性流行病病原对中国对虾越冬亲虾人工感染的研究

从典型的白斑症病虾中,分离出一种杆状病毒,属对虾白斑病杆状病毒［３］。为了探讨对虾暴发性流行病的发病机理及传播机制,作者于１９９６～１９９７年冬季,采用青岛地区当年夏季暴发典型白斑症的病虾,对中国对虾健康的越冬亲虾进行了白斑病杆状病毒的感染试验。１　材料和方法１．１　病虾标本与病原分离具典型白斑症状的病虾,于１９９６年８月取自青岛城阳区红岛邵格庄发病的虾场,保存于－７０℃。剥离病虾的胃、肠及鳃组织约１０ｇ,加液氮充分研磨,加９０ｍｌ０．０１ｍｏｌ／ＬＰＢＳ（０．２ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ_２ＨＰＯ_４－Ｎａ…     

中国对虾镰刀菌病的症状和病理组织学研究

提出1、中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)镰刀菌病在鳃、甲壳和附肢上的症状;2、在肌肉、中肠腺等组织器官形成的病灶;3、切片的染色观察。指出镰刀菌寄生在鳃组织破坏虾的呼吸功能,是镰刀菌病引起中国对虾死亡的主要原因。     

关于对虾的“黑鳃病”

对虾“黑鳃病”的名称,最早是1968年日本石川雄介在养殖日本对虾(Penaeusjaponicus)的病虾上发现了镰刀菌,因病虾鳃丝变黑而命名的。以后江草周三等人又以此名称陆续发表了许多研究报告。Johnson(1974)和Lightner(1975)等报告了得克萨斯州的桃红对虾(P.duorarum)、褐对虾(P.aztecus)、加州对虾(P.californie-nsis)、中美白对虾(P.occidentalis)和蓝对虾(P.stylirostris)等因水中含有重金属离子     

白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)的宿主调查

用地高辛 (DIG)标记的WSSVDNA探针斑点杂交与原位杂交技术 ,在中国对虾、斑节对虾、南美白对虾、刀额新对虾、脊尾白虾、天津厚蟹、日本大眼蟹体内检测到了WSSV ,它们是WSSV的天然宿主 ;在经人工感染的哈氏美人虾、短脊鼓虾、克氏原螯虾、肉球近方蟹、滕壶体内检测到了WSSV ;在球形侧腕水母、病虾池的桡足类等浮游生物、卤虫无节幼体以及人工浸泡感染卤虫成体体内没有检测到WSSV。经原位杂交检测 ,虾类的甲壳下上皮、胃上皮、附肢、造血组织、鳃等组织器官均可被WSSV侵染 ,其中甲壳下上皮和鳃对WSSV敏感 ;蟹类的甲壳下上皮和鳃对WSSV敏感 ;在中国对虾、南美白对虾、脊尾白虾、注射感染的克氏原螯虾的精巢中 ,精荚的结缔组织细胞和血细胞呈阳性 ,在中国对虾、脊尾白虾以及注射感染的短脊鼓虾的卵巢中 ,结缔组织细胞和滤泡细胞被WSSV感染。     

辽宁沿海中国对虾常见病多发病病原菌及防治

现将辽宁省沿海地区中国对虾常见病、多发病病原菌及其防治技术的研究结果简报如下。１丹东地区１·１常见病、多发病以黄鳃病为主，有时也出现红腿病、黑鳃病、烂鳃病等。该区养虾的水质良好，对虾人工养殖也有一定基础，但在１９８７～１９８８年，东沟县１０００００亩虾池发病面积达８５％以上，减产率占７０％左右，对虾的绝产面积达７０００多亩。ｌ．２病原菌黄鳃病的病原菌（９１Ｉ０，９１Ａ０，Ｐ０－１）都为端生单鞭毛弧菌，经细菌学鉴定后．定名为鳗弧菌（Ｖｉｂｒｏａｎｇｕｉｌｌａｒｕｍ）（图１），经电镜观察，认为对虾黄…     

防治虾病新药——“虾康一号”在天津市汉沽区防治对虾病害中试成功

今年最大的一次对虾病害袭击了天津市沿海地区，其来势猛、发展快、死亡率高。汉沽区近２００００亩精养虾池从１９９３年６月下旬开始出现病害，相继在全区蔓延，到７月上旬，全区已有２０００亩虾死亡。天津市汉沽区德安水产养殖技术开发部应用中国科学院海洋研究所研制的防治对虾病害的新药——“虾康一号”在汉沽区部分虾池进行了中试获得成功。７月上旬，海沿虾场和盐场养虾场对虾发病，现场检查发现病虾有黑鳃、黄鳃、红腿、红体、空胃、肝胰腺肿大、糜烂、萎缩和不振食等病症。试验者检查了沿海虾场３号（２５亩）、５号（１２亩）、…     

人工越冬对虾体内寄生纤毛虫病的研究

本文报道了中国对虾越冬亲虾体内寄生纤毛虫病的发病机制、病理组织及防治方法。试验结果表明：虾体表损伤是致病的主要原因。纤毛虫通过伤口进入虾体内，寄生于心脏血淋巴，吞噬血细胞，破坏组织尤其是鳃组织。致使组织机构损伤，缺血、变性，对虾呼吸困难，贫血、窒息而死，防止对虾体表受伤是预防该病的唯一途径。一些外用消毒剂如福尔马林、孔雀绿等对该病有预防作用。     

中国对虾鳃的超微结构研究

本文报道中国对虾Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ鳃的超微结构，结果表明，虾鳃具有三级结构，鳃瓣小叶是鳃的基本呼吸单位，它由鳃膜、呼吸上皮细胞及微血腔组成。文中分别描述了它们的超微结构特征，可供对虾组织细胞病理学诊断作对照参考。     

虾池浮游植物群落特征及其与虾病的关系

１９９１年６月至９月对大连地区３个虾场养殖的中国对虾及虾池浮游植物群落进行了调查，研究了虾池浮植物群落的组成结构、数量分布、演替特征及其与虾病之间的关系。结果表明，虾池浮游植物群落组成和数量分布具有较大的突发性；优势种单一，多为赤潮生物种类，有些种类原本为底栖生物；群落演替时间短，变化快；养殖对虾发病症状为红腿和黄鳃，严重出现死亡。浮游植物的总量尤其是赤潮种类的总量与对虾的发病程度有正相关性；群     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.