刚果（布）主要矿产及地质特征

在结合刚果（布）1／100万区域矿产地质调查资料的基础上,对该国的主要矿产及地质特征进行了分析．结合区域地质矿产概况将该国的金属矿产分为12个矿带,归为3大类：结晶基底和绿岩带中的铁矿、金矿、钨锡铌钽及稀土矿,碳酸盐岩地层中的低温热液铜铅锌矿,构造、岩体、地层共同控制的多金属矿。根据分析结果对成矿规律进行了初步总结：绿岩带和重熔花岗岩及其相互作用形成了铁矿、金矿及钨锡铌钽等相关矿产;中生代的构造活动形成了碳酸盐岩地层中的低温热液铜铅锌矿;中元古代岩浆活动及中生代的构造活动促使了南部构造、岩体、地层共同控制的多金属矿带的形成。在对成矿规律认识的基础上对找矿潜力作了分析,认为该国所有金属矿产绝大部分为风化矿产和冲积砂矿,矿点多,但原生矿少,寻找原生矿的空间大;勘探和开采程度极低,矿业开发前景巨大．总的说来,以该国作为长期的矿业开发基地,具有战略意义。     

豫西骆驼山多金属硫铁矿床硫化物Rb-Sr等时线年龄及其地质意义

豫西骆驼山多金属硫铁矿床位于华北陆块南缘南泥湖矿田西北侧。为确定该矿床的形成时代,文章选取了8件硫化物矿物样品,采用Rb_Sr等时线定年方法测定成矿年龄。结果获得,闪锌矿+磁黄铁矿+方铅矿等时线年龄为(137.3±2.6)Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿等时线年龄为(138.2±5.8)Ma,闪锌矿+磁黄铁矿等时线年龄为(137±3)Ma,磁黄铁矿+方铅矿等时线年龄为(137.1±2.7)Ma,方铅矿等时线年龄为(138.4±7.6)Ma,磁黄铁矿等时线年龄为(137.2±3.7)Ma。上述定年结果表明,骆驼山多金属硫铁矿床的成矿时代为137 Ma左右,属早白垩世。硫化物Sr同位素初始比值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i介于0.713 23~0.713 32,平均值为0.713 25,小于陆源硅酸盐Sr的初始值0.7190,而高于地幔Sr的初始值0.7040,表明成矿物质来源于壳幔混合。骆驼山多金属硫铁矿床与矿田内的南泥湖_三道庄斑岩_矽卡岩钼(钨)矿床、冷水北沟铅锌矿成矿时代基本一致,是同一构造_岩浆_流体成矿活动的产物。结合前人对华北陆块南缘中生代期间地球动力学背景研究成果,笔者认为骆驼山矿床是中国东部中生代构造体制大转折过程晚期的产物。     

川西扎乌龙花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床铌钽铁矿族矿物特征及其意义

铌钽铁矿族矿物(CGM)是重要铌、钽矿石矿物,记录了花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的岩浆热液演化过程.扎乌龙位于四川省西部石渠县,为大型花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床.文章以扎乌龙14号伟晶岩脉为研究对象,开展了系统的铌钽铁矿族矿物研究工作.14号伟晶岩脉分带良好,从边部到中心可划分为云母石英电气石带(Ⅰ带)、斜长石带(Ⅱ带)、钠...     

牛蹄塘组页岩矿物的成因类型及其地质指示意义

以场发射扫描电镜为主要研究手段,在微米级-纳米级尺度上观测南方下古生界牛蹄塘组（包括相当层位）页岩的主要组成矿物。通过揭示矿物质与有机质的生长发育形貌特征,从而获得判断矿物成因的直观依据。研究结果表明,牛蹄塘组页岩矿物的成因类型有陆源碎屑成因、自生成因（包括蚀变成因、生物成因等）、后生成因、热液成因、表生成因等,其中以陆源碎屑和自生成因为主。不同成因的矿物具有不同的地质指示意义,对页岩储层物性也有不同的影响。生物成因石英（包括硅质）与有机质的交互共生关系指示页岩气勘探的甜点层位。     

江西省村前铜多金属矿床罕见矿物的发现及意义

通过野外地质调查采样、显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜观察和X射线能谱仪测试分析,对钦杭成矿带村前铜铅锌矿床的矿石物质组分做了系统的研究,首次在矿石中发现了自然界罕见的自然铝及锌铜互化物矿物.这两类矿物均具有独特的形成条件,对研究矿床成矿环境、形成条件、成矿物质来源具有重要的指示意义,表明矿床成矿初期为高温强还原、低硫逸度环境,成矿流体中有幔源物质混入.     

塔中西北部上泥盆统东河砂岩与志留系砂岩中重砂矿物特征与地质意义

沉积物中重矿物分布受物源区、构造抬升与剥蚀作用、古地貌以及沉积古气候、古环境等多种因素影响,因此沉积重砂矿物的研究可应用于物源区、沉积环境的分析,阐明构造旋回与沉积作用的响应关系。本文通过对塔中地区中1井等6口探井上泥盆统东河砂岩和志留系柯坪塔格组砂岩中重砂矿物分析,提出了塔中东河砂岩重砂矿物主要来自稳定的基底再沉积及花岗岩来源,但受近源的基性火山岩及岩浆期后热液作用影响较大;志留系下砂岩重砂矿物主要来自下覆碳酸盐岩、花岗岩和搬运再沉积物,总体形成于稳定的、多物源的构造-沉积环境,物源方向可能是东南至西北方向。     

Magnetic mapping of the western Alps: compilation and geological implications

Extracted from large surveys of France, Italy and Switzerland, airborne magnetic data covering the western Alpine Arc have been compiled into a single homogeneous map of magnetic anomalies at the constant altitude of 3000 m. For this purpose, each data set has been revised thoroughly and accurately to give a single coherent large-scale pattern.

The magnetic contour map reflects the anomaly pattern over the entire length of the Western Alpine collision suture. The distribution of polarities exhibits a large anomalous low located by reduction to the pole over the whole external part of the belt. The observed anomaly suggests a large gap of magnetization between the Adriatic microplate and the European crust. The analysis of the waveband shows that the broadest wavelengths are produced in the lower crust close to the transition zone, in the granulite facies. This highly magnetic layer is used as a marker to describe the geometry of the European and Adriatic deep seated crust. The main results are presented on a composite synthetic profile showing the sloping side of the European slab and an important crustal thinning to the southeast of the Adriatic slab. This feature is emphasized on the magnetic contour map by a linear magnetic low attributed to major transcurrent fault. This trend is called the Sestri-Voghera trend and extends from the Ligurian basin by the Sestri-Voltaggio Zone to the Judicarian system. Sinistral movements can be recognized along the whole axis as well as possible uplift of rift shoulders. The magnetic anomaly pattern over the complete length of the anomalous body of Ivrea as well as the Insubric-Canavese Line limit the extension of the Adriatic microplate by a well defined linear trend. The symmetrical shears deduced from consecutive anomalies are used to propose a structural scheme.     

鄂西宜昌地区五峰组——龙马溪组黑色岩系硅质来源及其油气地质意义

为了查明鄂西五峰组—龙马溪组富有机质页岩的硅质来源,明确不同硅质来源的页岩气地质意义,促进页岩气勘探开发,本文通过系统的样品采集与分析测试,对宜昌地区五峰组—龙马溪组下部黑色岩系的硅质来源、特征及其对有机质富集和储层特征的影响进行了深入研究。结果表明,鄂西宜昌地区五峰组—龙马溪组黑色岩系硅质矿物含量高,过量硅含量在2.59%～88.31%,平均27.91%,且过量硅主要发育于凯迪阶与鲁丹阶的深水陆棚环境;显微镜下可见大量棱角状陆源碎屑石英,硅质岩中可见具有溶蚀边的硅质生物化石,如放射虫、海绵骨针等;页岩样品TiO₂与Al₂O₃平均含量只有0.63%和12.41%,且SiO₂与TiO₂、Al₂O₃呈现明显的负相关,Si/(Si+Al+Fe)和A1/(A1+Fe+Mn)比值分别为0.81和0.77,Eu/Eu^*具有明显的负异常,过量硅与U/Th、Ni含量之间相关性不明显,表明鄂西宜昌地区五峰组—龙马溪组黑色岩系硅质来...     

Facies, geometry and geological significance of Late Ordovician (early Caradocian) coral bioherms: Lourdes Formation, western Newfoundland

Late Ordovician coral bioherms in the Lourdes Formation of western Newfoundland exhibit a complex mixing of architectural elements, including framework, boundstone and suspension deposits. The bioherms occur within a narrow (16 m) stratigraphic interval, and a prominent unconformity truncates the interval of bioherm growth and tops of many of the bioherms. The buildups developed along a carbonate ramp. They occur isolated and in groups, individuals in groups are aligned in parallel orientation. The sizes of the bioherms range from small (50–100 cm) coral piles to columnar and dome‐shaped masses (1–15 m); however, topographic relief was never more than ≈1 m. Bioherm construction reflects: (i) stacking of the tabulate coral Labyrinthites chidlensis, and less common stromatoporoids; (ii) accumulation of microbial‐stromatoporoid boundstone and suspension deposits within shelter cavities between corals; and (iii) detrital bioherm‐flank skeletal grainstone beds. Trypanites borings are common in the tops of coral heads. The bioherms exhibit three growth‐development stages: (i) seafloor stabilization, wherein rare, abraded coral colonies lie scattered within pelmatozoan/skeletal grainstone lenses; (ii) colonization, wherein corals (L. chidlensis), rare stromatoporoids (Labechia sp.), and other biota (bryozoans) produced a bioherm overlying the basal sediment base; and (iii) diversification, which is marked by a more diverse range of fauna and flora as well as occurrence of shelter‐cavity deposits. The diversification stage usually makes up more than 70% of a bioherm structure, and, in some defines multiple periods of start‐up and shut‐down of bioherm growth. The latter is defined by bored omission surfaces and/or deposition of inter‐bioherm sediment. The Lourdes bioherms have a similar ecological structure, biotic diversity and depositional environment to patch reefs in the equivalent Carters Limestone in Tennessee. The mixture of coral stacking and boundstone as architectural elements identify an Early Palaeozoic transition of reef‐design development along shallow‐water platforms that began to displace the muddy (boundstone, bafflestone) carbonate buildups more typical of the Early and Middle Ordovician time.     

The crustal structure of the western Po plain: reconstruction from integrated geological and seismic data

A reflection/refraction seismic experiment performed in 1991 in the western Po plain gave basic data to constrain the interpretation of the crustal structures across the Alps/Apennines junction zones. Two different seismic domains, north and south of the western supposed prosecution of the Villalvernia-Varzi line, are evidenced from the interpretation of the data. The boundary between the two domains is characterized by strong lateral variations from southern high to northern low velocity layers. The northward abrupt deepening of the refractor/reflector basement is followed at depth by a similar deepening of the crust/mantle boundary. The geological interpretation evidences domains with coherent and independent evolution at surface level juxtaposed along oblique discontinuities cutting across the crust. A peculiar feature is the presence of both crust and mantle north-verging wedges into the crustal structure and the overthrust at depth of the 'alpine' metamorphic crust onto the 'apenninic' nappes (Monferrato region).     

云母类粘土矿物的研究及其地质意义

云母类粘土矿物的研究及其地质意义刘云（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所，江苏南京，２１０００８）关键词云母类粘土矿物，红外谱线变化，矿物学研究，地质意义铝二八面体云母类粘土矿物是蒙脱石一伊利石、蒙脱石混层一伊利石系列的一个过渡型矿物，在沉积岩中广泛分布...     

新疆东昆仑地区新元古代蛇绿岩Sm-Nd全岩-矿物等时线定年及其地质意义

昆中断裂带附近出露着近百个蛇绿岩块体,但是对其形成时代问题一直存在较大的争议。本研究用蛇绿岩中的堆晶辉长岩Sm-Nd全岩-矿物(单斜辉石和斜长石)等时线定年方法研究了新疆东昆仑地区阿其克蛇绿岩的形成时代,得到t= 955±91(2σ)Ma,ε_(Nd)(t)= 0.4结果,代表洋壳形成的时间,并限定了该蛇绿岩侵位时代为新元古代早期。由此推断,随着昆仑洋的闭合,昆仑地区的古元古代地体向塔里木古老地块南缘的拼贴事件与罗迪尼亚超大陆形成(1.0～0.9 Ga)有同时性。因此,这一研究结果对进一步探讨昆仑地区以及我国西北大陆在新元古代早期与罗迪尼亚超大陆的关系提供了同位素年代学证据。     

尼泊尔西部代莱克(Dailekh)地区石油地质条件分析

分析尼泊尔石油地质条件对于促进尼泊尔油气的勘探开发有重要意义。本文通过全面搜集尼泊尔油气地质及相关资料,结合实地考察和部分样品分析结果,报道了尼泊尔区域地质特征、油气勘探现状、区域构造特征和地层发育特征;分析了Dailekh地区出露的油气苗特征、烃源条件、生储盖和油气圈闭条件,认为Dailekh地区发育四套烃源岩层,多个生储盖组合,具有较好的油气勘探前景;油气苗为高成熟烃源岩裂解的产物,可能来自变质岩推覆体下伏沉积岩层;断层和逆冲相关的背斜、突起构造和倾斜断块等是找油气的重要构造。     

Halogen contents of eclogite facies fluid inclusions and minerals: Caledonides,western Norway

Primary multiphase brine fluid inclusions in omphacite and garnet from low‐ to medium‐temperature eclogites have been analysed for Cl, Br, I, F, Li and SO₄. Halogen contents and ratios provide information about trapped lower crustal fluids, even though the major element (Na, K, Ca) contents of inclusion fluids have been modified by fluid–mineral interactions and (step‐) daughter‐crystal formation after trapping. Halogens in the inclusion fluids were analysed with crush–leach techniques. Cl/Br and Cl/I mass ratios of eclogite fluids are in the range 31–395 and 5000–33 000, respectively. Most fluids have a Cl/Br ratio lower than modern seawater and a Cl/I ratio one order of magnitude lower than modern seawater. Fluids with the lowest Cl/Br and highest Cl/I ratios come from an eclogite that formed by hydration of granulite facies rocks, and may indicate that Br and I are fractionated into hydrous minerals. Reconstructions indicate that the inclusion fluids originally contained 500–4000 ppm Br, 1–14 ppm I and 33–438 ppm Li. Electron microprobe analyses of eclogite facies amphibole, biotite, phengite and apatite indicate that F and Cl fractionate most strongly between phengite (F/Cl mass ratio of 1469 ± 1048) and fluid (F/Cl mass ratio of 0.008), and the least between amphibole and fluid. The chemical evolution of Cl and Br in pore fluids during hydration reactions is in many ways analogous to Cl and Br in seawater during evaporation: the Cl/Br ratio remains constant until the a_H2O value is sufficiently lowered for Cl to be removed from solution by incorporation into hydrous minerals.     

Diffusion in silicate minerals and glasses: A data digest and guide to the literature

The rates of diffusion of cations, oxygen and hydrogen in silicates are of fundamental importance to a wide range of petrological and geochronological problems. In order that the Earth Scientist may readily apply the available experimentally-determined diffusion rates to such problems, a compilation of data for diffusion in silicate minerals and glasses is presented along with a working guide for its use. Published data and experimental conditions are listed in tables, and these are preceded by an outline of diffusion mechanisms, terminology, equations and units, diffusion regimes, factors controlling diffusion rates, measurement techniques, and diffusional behaviour.     

西秦岭寒武系金矿床中硅岩的地质地球化学特征及其沉积环境意义

西秦岭寒武系中的硅岩是拉尔玛－邛莫层控金矿床的主要赋矿岩石之一。含矿硅岩呈块状、条带状、层纹状、多孔状和同生角砾状等。硅岩单层厚度一般为３０～２００ｍ。主要成分ＳｉＯ２平均含量高达９５．３０％,其余为ＦｅＯ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３和有机炭等。硅岩的Ａｌ／（Ａｌ＋Ｆｅ＋Ｍｎ）比值低于０．３（平均０．１５３）,投点于Ｆｅ／Ｔｉ－Ａｌ／（Ａｌ＋Ｆｅ＋Ｍｎ）图解和Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ三角图解上,均落于热水沉积物区。硅岩中微量元素十分丰富,不仅含有具基性、超基性特征的元素群（如Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ｏｓ等）,而且还含有具酸性特征的元素群（如Ｗ、Ｍｏ、Ｕ等）。硅岩中稀土以总量（３．２９～１００μｇ／ｇ）低和铈亏损为特征。经北美页岩标准化后的稀土比值随原子序数的增大而增大。硅岩的δ１８Ｏ值为１７．６０‰～２３．２４‰,据此得到它形成的温度为７０．９℃～１１８．１℃。硅岩的δ３０Ｓｉ值主要为＋０．４‰～＋０．８‰。上述硅岩的特点均显示其与喷流热水沉积作用有关。硅岩中Ｐ２Ｏ５含量、Ｓｒ／Ｂａ比值、δＣｅ值以及δ３０Ｓｉ值表明,它主要是在深海—半深海环境下形成的。     

豫西大型斑岩型银、铅矿床地质特征

豫西地区为金、钼钨、银铅锌矿集区,经历了近50年来未间断的矿产勘查工作,近期仍在中-新生代盆地的边缘查明了洛宁县老里湾大型银矿和嵩县中营大型铅矿。本文研究认为：矿床成因为来自岩浆源区熔融残余的含矿流体再注入岩体,或透过岩体成矿于岩体上方。豫西地区的成矿分带以金矿集区为中心,向外、向上依次为钼、银铅锌、铅锌、重晶石、萤石矿,中-新生代山间盆地保存了居成矿分带上部位置的银铅锌矿,因而在豫西地区有关盆地的边缘和小秦岭金矿田南侧寻找银铅锌矿具有很大的找矿空间。     

桂西铝土矿中火山灰特征及其地质意义

岩溶型铝土矿中火山物质参与成矿的直接证据需要进一步明确。通过线路调查和剖面研究，在桂西大范围内的铝土矿及其早期的铝土质岩中观察到大量的火山灰，含量大于30%；火山灰种类有岩屑、晶屑、玻屑和火山尘，塑性—半塑性变形及刚性爆裂显著，自由降落为主，属原地—准原地沉积；火山灰易于分解为水铝石、高岭石、赤铁矿等微细矿物，屑状火山灰相对尘状火山灰更易于矿化，大量火山灰主要以直接铝土矿化作用成矿。元素地球化学特征显示铝土矿和铝土质岩具有亲岩浆性，不活动元素图解判别及铝土矿测年数据显示火山灰原岩浆以碱性玄武岩为主，与岛弧火山岩一致，主要来自于哀牢山—松马造山带的二叠纪岛弧，铝土矿层具有穿时性，部分火山灰可来源于峨眉山火成岩。铝土矿层中的火山灰丰富，跨度长，可能是瓜德鲁普世末生物灭绝的肇凶。     

桂西铝土矿中火山灰特征及其地质意义

岩溶型铝土矿中火山物质参与成矿的直接证据需要进一步明确。通过线路调查和剖面研究，在桂西大范围内的铝土矿及其早期的铝土质岩中观察到大量的火山灰，含量大于30%；火山灰种类有岩屑、晶屑、玻屑和火山尘，塑性—半塑性变形及刚性爆裂显著，自由降落为主，属原地—准原地沉积；火山灰易于分解为水铝石、高岭石、赤铁矿等微细矿物，屑状火山灰相对尘状火山灰更易于矿化，大量火山灰主要以直接铝土矿化作用成矿。元素地球化学特征显示铝土矿和铝土质岩具有亲岩浆性，不活动元素图解判别及铝土矿测年数据显示火山灰原岩浆以碱性玄武岩为主，与岛弧火山岩一致，主要来自于哀牢山—松马造山带的二叠纪岛弧，铝土矿层具有穿时性，部分火山灰可来源于峨眉山火成岩。铝土矿层中的火山灰丰富，跨度长，可能是瓜德鲁普统末生物灭绝的肇凶。     

Geography and the pragmatic tradition: The threefold engagement

Geography has had only limited interchange with the American philosophical tradition of pragmatism. This paper claims that a closer engagement with pragmatism has much to offer to geography, not least in providing an arena within which very different types of geographical inquiry - qualitative and quantitative, human and physical - may find some common ground for useful conversation and debate. However, this will only be fully achieved if geography embarks on a threefold engagement with pragmatism: (1) studies that develop and deploy specific pragmatist ideas and concepts within particular geographical research; (2) studies that attempt to relate geographical research to the wider arena of the pragmatic tradition; (3) historical examination of early links between pragmatism, social science and geography. The history and contemporary revival of pragmatism is described, together with its impacts on social theory and social science. The existing literature on geographical engagement with pragmatism is then examined, and it is argued that there is a much broader relevance within both human and physical geography, not linked to particular styles of research. The question of the history of earlier influences of pragmatism on American geography is then raised, and some linkages charted. The philosopher Hilary Putnam has used the term ‘pragmatist enlightenment’ to describe what he sees as the promise of pragmatism, and the paper concludes by suggesting that this also promises an exciting and fruitful engagement for geography.