Integrated chronostratigraphy of Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary beds in the western Anabar region, northern Siberia

Carbonate-rich sedimentary rocks of the western Anabar region, northern Siberia, preserve an exceptional record of evolutionary and biogeochemical events near the Proterozoic/Cambrian boundary. Sedimentologically, the boundary succession can be divided into three sequences representing successive episodes of late transgressive to early highstand deposition; four parasequences are recognized in the sequence corresponding lithostratigraphically to the Manykal Formation. Small shelly fossils are abundant and include many taxa that also occur in standard sections of southeastern Siberia. Despite this coincidence of faunal elements, biostratigraphic correlations between the two regions have been controversial because numerous species that first appear at or immediately above the basal Tommotian boundary in southeastern sections have first appearances scattered through more than thirty metres of section in the western Anabar. Carbon- and Sr-isotopic data on petrographically and geochemically screened samples collected at one- to two-metre intervals in a section along the Kotuikan River, favour correlation of the Staraya Reckha Formation and most of the overlying Manykai Formation with sub-Tommotian carbonates in southeastern Siberia. In contrast, isotopic data suggest that the uppermost Manykai Formation and the basal 26 m of the unconformably overlying Medvezhya Formation may have no equivalent in the southeast; they appear to provide a sedimentary and palaeontological record of an evolutionarily significant time interval represented in southeastern Siberia only by the sub-Tommotian unconformity. Correlations with radiometrically dated horizons in the Olenek and Kharaulakh regions of northern Siberia suggest that this interval lasted approximately three to six million years, during which essentially all 'basal Tommotian' small shelly fossils evolved.     

Mixed-layer corrensite-chlorites and their formation mechanism in the glauconitic sandstone-clayey rocks (Riphean, Anabar Uplift)

The paper presents the first detailed mineralogical, structural, and crystal-chemical characteristics of the mixed-layer corrensite-chlorites from the glauconitic sandy-clayey rocks that make up the bottom (0.10 m) of a basal member (1.50 m) of the lower subformation of the Yusmastakh Formation (Riphean, Anabar Uplift, North Siberia). Like the overlying mudstones (1.40 m) in the basal member, these rocks are generally transformed up to the deep catagenesis level and included in a thick dolomite sequence. In mudstones represented by the dioctahedral micas, the corrensite-type minerals are observed as traces.     

Rb-Sr geochronology of Vendian shales,the Staraya Rechka Formation,Anabar Massif,northern Siberia

Fine-grained clayey subfractions (SF) with particle sizes of 1–2, 0.6–1.0, 0.3–0.6, 0.2–0.3, 0.1–0.2, and <0.1 μm were extracted from shales of the Vendian Staraya Rechka Formation in the Anabar Massif and studied by XRD and Rb-Sr methods. All the clayey subfractions are represented by illite with high crystallinity indices, which are characteristic of the low-temperature diagenesis/catagenesis zone and grow with the decrease of the particle size. The Rb-Sr systematics in clayey subfractions combined with mineralogical data provide grounds for the conclusion that illite from clayey rocks of the Staraya Rechka Formation was forming during two periods: approximately 560 and 391–413 Ma ago. The first illite generation was likely formed in the course of lithostatic subsidence of the Staraya Rechka sediments and the second one, during the Devonian lithogenesis stage. It is assumed that age of the first generation (∼560 Ma) is close to that of the Staraya Rechka Formation. This inference is consistent with biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and geochronological data obtained for both rocks of the Anabar Massif and Vendian sediments from other regions of Siberia.     

Zircon U-Pb Ages of Bottom and Top Parts of the Zhangjiakou Formation in Lingyuan Area （West Liaoning Province） and Luanping Area （North Hebei Province） and Their Significance

Thecharacteristicsofthetectonics,stratigraphy, paleontologyandvolcanicpetrologyoftheMesozoicin NorthHebeiandWestLiaoningaresimilarinmanyas pects,butthetworegionsalsohavesomeobvious differences.Thetworegionshavebeen“hotspots”inthegeologicalworldforafewy…     

Distinguishing eustatic and epeirogenic controls on Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary successions in West Gondwana (Morocco and Iberia)

Major eustatic fall has been invoked to explain Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary sandstones and faunal replacements on a number of Cambrian palaeocontinents. This proposal has been tested on the Moroccan and Spanish margins of West Gondwana and found to be inadequate to explain stratigraphical developments. In these regions, sandstone intervals long presumed to be regressive and late Early Cambrian in age are now shown to be early Middle Cambrian, and composed of a lower regressive and an overlying transgressive sandstone separated by a regional unconformity. Only the lower tidalites (i.e. Tazlaft Formation in Morocco and lower Daroca sandstones in Spain) record the Hawke Bay eustatic regression in West Gondwana. The Tazlaft is overlain by a newly recognized, unconformably overlying sandstone (Talelt Formation) that onlapped southern Morocco with reactivation of a pull‐apart or transcurrent regime. Up to 150 m of erosion on uplifted blocks in the High Atlas range and foundering of the Souss Basin to the south preceded onlap and deposition of the volcanic‐rich Tatelt, the correlative and depositional analogue of the upper Daroca and lower Valdemides Formations in northern Spain. With folding and erosion, a type 1 depositional sequence boundary also caps the Tatelt at its contact with an overlying, lower Middle Cambrian mudstone‐dominated succession. This unconformity probably occurs in Spain within the Valdemiedes Formation and corresponds to a faunal discontinuity called the ‘Valdemiedes geoevent’. The Iberian ‘Daroca regression’ and Moroccan ‘Asrir regression’ are misnomers, as the sandstones on which they are based are composite units with a lower regressive interval that records eustatic fall and an upper transgressive unit that records epeirogenically driven onlap.     

准噶尔盆地中侏罗统西山窑组与头屯河组间不整合面特征及其油气勘探意义

准噶尔盆地侏罗系顶、底及其内部不整合广泛发育,其中中侏罗统下部西山窑组和上部头屯河组之间的角度不整合尤为清楚。它表现为区域性不整合,沉积间断时限达4～10 Ma,剥蚀厚度达100～340 m。该不整合“面”的结构由不整合面之上的砂岩、不整合面之下的风化粘土层和半风化岩石组成,以砂岩-泥岩-砂岩的组合为主,平均厚度达70～90 m。依靠风化粘土层,不整合面之上头屯河组的砂岩形成了地层超覆圈闭,不整合面之下西山窑组的砂岩形成了地层削截不整合遮挡圈闭。油气勘探实践表明：该不整合面上、下是油气聚集的重要场所;该不整合面的后期掀斜演变对油气聚集和调整再分配产生了重要影响。     

海南同安岭-牛腊岭火山地层划分与对比

将同安岭—牛腊岭火山地层划分为六罗村组、汤他大岭组、岭壳村组,总厚度达５４２９ｍ。六罗村组下部以玄武安山质火山岩为主,上部为流纹质火山碎屑岩、熔岩;汤他大岭组主要为英安岩类火山岩,岭壳村组为流纹岩类的岩石,构成２个喷发旋回。根据同位素年龄,确定火山岩的时代为早白垩世,与海南岛下白垩统鹿母湾组为同期产物,相当于我国东南沿海白垩纪火山岩。     

西藏林周盆地林子宗群火山岩的精细年代框架

林子宗群火山岩是一套出露于拉萨地块南缘的冈底斯弧之上的未变形的新生代火山岩,是研究拉萨地块在新特提洋北向俯冲到印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的转换过程中古地磁位置、古高程变化及岩浆演化的窗口。位于拉萨市北部约30km的林周盆地是一个火山沉积盆地,因其火山岩剖面完整、岩组之间界限清晰而被视为研究林子宗群火山岩的理想地区。本文选取林周盆地林周县典中村北和强噶乡北两条经典的林子宗群火山岩剖面进行详细的地层学及岩石学研究,并在剖面关键位置挑选18件样品进行了详细的岩石薄片镜下观察、锆石阴极发光及U-Pb年代学研究（LA-ICP-MS）。结果表明:厚约3500m的林子宗群火山岩是一套火山-沉积岩相的地层,自下而上可分为典中组（E1d）、年波组（E2n）和帕那组（E2p）3个组,其中帕那组又可以分为帕那组一段（E2p1）和帕那组二段（E2p2）两个岩性段。典中组主要岩性为玄武安山质熔岩,年龄范围为66~59Ma;年波组主要为一套河湖相泥岩、砂岩及砾岩等碎屑沉积岩,夹有少量的湖相灰岩及薄层凝灰岩,并被后期基性岩墙切割,年龄范围为56~54Ma;帕那组一段由具柱状节理的流纹质安山岩及安山质熔结凝灰岩组成,年龄范围为54~50Ma;帕那组二段则主要由河流相沉积夹数层熔结凝灰岩组成,年龄范围为为49~47Ma。结合本区已有的年龄数据和地质资料,根据上覆典中组底部火山岩的年龄,进一步限定林周地区林子宗群火山岩与下伏白垩纪设兴组地层之间区域不整合的上限时代为66Ma。典中组与年波组之间存在一个平行不整合,为3Ma的火山活动休眠期,而年波组和上覆帕那组之间为连续过渡。     

云南罗次澄江组下部火山岩系的发现与震旦系底界年龄的讨论

米士(1942)根据滇中澄江组与昆阳群之间的不整合面命名为晋宁运动,刘鸿允(1963)又提出以晋宁运动导致的不整合面作为震旦系的底界,这些意见曾被地质界普遍采纳。     

对江西晚白垩世赣州群茅店组的重新厘定

根据1：5万区调最新成果资料，对《江西省岩石地层》中的赣州群茅店组进行了重新厘定，在原茅店组正层型剖面上，识别出了5种不同性质的沉积界面，即沉积不整合界面、超覆不整合界面、平行不整合界面、相转变面、同相叠复面，从而将原茅店组划分为两个不同的组级岩石地层单位。按照岩石地层单位的命名原则，超覆不整合面之下的原茅店组中下部层位划归赣州群茅店组，其中发育的一套玄武岩－火山碎屑沉积岩组合单独划出，新建为陈坑火山岩段；超覆不整合面之上的原茅店组上部层位的粗碎屑沉积岩，则划归晚白垩世灌溪群宏冈组。重新厘定的茅店组仅相当于原正层型茅店组的中、下部层位，且可细分为下段、陈坑火山岩段和上段。     

Secondary alterations of globular and platy phyllosilicates of the glauconite–illite series in the Precambrian and Vendian–Cambrian rocks

Previously published and new data on secondary transformations of the globular and platy phyllosilicates of the glauconite–illite series from the Upper Proterozoic terrigenous rocks of the Olenek and Anabar uplifts (East Siberia), Srednii Peninsula (Murmansk coast), and Vendian–Cambrian boundary rocks of the Podolian Dniester area (Ukraine) are generalized for the first time. Plastic deformation, aluminization, chloritization, berthierinization, as well as replacement of phyllosilicates of different morphology by corrensite- chlorite and pyrite at different lithogenesis stages, are considered and lithological-mineralogical characteristics of the glauconite-bearing rocks are reported. The structural, crystal-chemical, genetic, and isotopegeochronological features of di- and trioctahedral phyllosilicates are discussed.     

Sequence Stratigraphy of Upper Proterozoic Glacigenous Rocks in Southeastern Margin of Yangtze Platform

INTRODUCTIONTheUpperProterozoicglacigrnousrocksarewidelydistributedinthesoutheasternmarginoftheYangtzeplatformandaflpreservedinHunan,Hubei,GulhouandGuanghProvince.PreviousbarkontheSestudhasbeendonebyLuetal.(1985)andLiuetal.(1991).TheysUggeStedthatthesegladgenousrockscanbeusedasbarkersforhighresolutionstratigl'aphiccoagulationfromcontinenttocontinent,andadoptedtheconceptofPrecambrianglobaliceagepearland,1900.ReCentresea~showthattheSestudhaveah~useaschronostratigraphicmarkers.InrejeC…     

New ammonite zonation of the lower Callovian in North Siberia

The lower Callovian succession observable in cliffs of Anabar Bay and Bolshoi Begichev Island is described with consideration of zonal subdivisions and beds with ammonites. The unified summary biozonation suggested for North Siberia includes the Cadoceras elatmae Zone with C. frearsi and C. elatmae (instead former C. anabarense) subzones, subsequent C. tschernyschewi and C. tolype zones, and successive C. cf. sublaeve, Rondiceras milaschevici, and Cadoceras ex gr. durum (formerly part of the middle Callovian) beds. As in Siberia and East Europe there are species in common C. elatmae (Nik.), C. frearsi (Orb.), C. tolype Buck., and C. emelianzevi Vor.; certain ammonite zones of Siberian succession are directly correlated with the East European, East Greenland and standard zonations. It is concluded that the lower Callovian is completely represented in Siberia. The lower part of the interval, formerly attributed to the middle Callovian, represents the upper part of the lower Callovian Substage. Zones established in the lower Callovian succession of Siberia are contiguous, whereas equivalents of the Elatmae Subzone and Tschernyschewi Zone have not been distinguished in sections of East Greenland. Evolutionary trends of species in subfamily Cadoceratinae are preliminary discussed.     

大兴安岭北部下侏罗统战备村组的建立及其地质意义

大兴安岭北部战备村地区出露一套火山岩,岩石组合主要为一套浅灰色、灰白色流纹质火山碎屑岩、流纹质火山熔岩、碎屑熔岩夹少量火山沉凝灰岩。在1∶5万区域地质填图的基础上,查明该套地层下部呈角度不整合覆盖于晚三叠世二长花岗岩之上,上部被中—上侏罗统塔木兰沟组平行不整合覆盖,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为178~192Ma,时代为早侏罗世。根据《中国地层指南》关于新建"组"的要求,指定战备村剖面为层型,新建为战备村组。下侏罗统地层单位的建立,对大兴安岭早中生代火山构造岩浆活动的研究及中生代火山岩地层划分对比具有重要地质意义。     

扬子克拉通北缘神农架-崆岭地区中-新元古代地层厘定——兼论“神农架群底界”

综合近几年来扬子克拉通北缘中新元古代最新研究成果,厘定扬子克拉通北缘神农架-崆岭地区中新元古代地层序列,自下而上依次为：吴家台组、神农架群、马槽园组、南沱组、陡山沱组和灯影组。吴家台组仅出露于距神农架不到20 km的北崆岭西汊河地区,为一套浅变质砾岩-含砾砂岩-细砂岩-白云岩组合,与下伏古元古界黄凉河岩组、上覆南华系南沱组均呈角度不整合接触,详细的年代学工作限定其形成时代为~1800-1500 Ma,代表扬子克拉通核部中元古代最早期沉积记录,可视作与神农架群底部-下部相当的层位（吴家台组与神农架群未见直接的接触关系露头）。神农架群主要岩性为藻礁白云岩、泥粉晶白云岩、粉砂岩等,夹砾岩、细砂岩、泥岩、火山岩层,与上覆马槽园组角度不整合接触,不见底,形成于~1.4-1.0 Ga。马槽园组为一套白云质或砂质胶结的杂砾岩、白云质砾岩,角度不整合于神农架群和南沱组之间。南沱组为杂砾岩-含砾粉砂质泥岩-碳质泥岩组合,形成时代为~657-635 Ma,属 Marinoan冰期产物。陡山沱组、灯影组为碳酸盐岩建造,是扬子克拉通基底之上第一套稳定盖层,沉积时限为~635-541 Ma,也是早期生命演化的关键时期。     

The Upper Jurassic of the Laptev Sea: interregional correlations and paleoenvironments

The Late Jurassic evolution of Boreal and Arctic basins is reflected in the widespread deposition of organic-rich black shales (source rocks). In this connection, the priority should be placed on the development and refinement of zonal schemes for the Upper Jurassic of the Laptev Sea coast based on ammonites, foraminifers, ostracods, dinocysts, and spores and pollen from reference sections as the basis for stratigraphic, paleogeographic, and facies studies. The Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reference section of interest is located on the left side of the Anabar Bay of the Laptev Sea (Nordvik Peninsula, Urdyuk-Khaya Cape). An uninterrupted and continuous section from Upper Oxfordian to Lower Valanginian is exposed in coastal cliffs and consists mainly of silty clay deposits with abundant macro- and microfossils. A reliable biostratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Jurassic interval of this section was taken as the basis for the assessment of the correlation potential of different fossil groups and subsequent interregional correlations, facies analysis, and detailed paleogeographic reconstructions of the study area. The analysis of variations in the composition of macrobenthic communities and microphytoplankton and terrestrial palynomorph assemblages and the biofacies analysis allowed the reconstruction of the evolution of marine paleoenvironmental settings in the western part of the Anabar–Lena sea and in the terrestrial settings in the adjacent land area of Siberia.     

新疆西准噶尔哈山地区佳木河组的重新厘定及地质意义

岩石地层单位建立的正确与否,关乎区域地层序列、建造对比、盆地分析与构造演化等,是地质学最基础最重要的研究内容之一.新近1: 5万区域地质调查证实,西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山地区的“佳木河组”,并非前人所述火山岩呈夹层状与陆相碎屑岩互层,实由下部陆相粗碎屑岩和上部火山岩构成,二者间为区域性角度不整合接触关系,相互独立且新老关系层序清楚,岩石组合差异性显著.上部火山岩构成较完整的火山机构,火山通道相集块岩、次火山岩及岩株、岩脉与陆相粗碎屑岩为侵入接触,火山喷发相中基性熔岩、凝灰岩与陆相粗碎屑岩呈角度不整合关系.下部陆相砾岩-含砾粗砂岩组合具有典型磨拉石建造特征,产早二叠世Paracalamites stenocostatus,Lepidodendrales等植物化石及孢粉Protohaploxypinus,Striatoabietites.依据中国地层指南、岩石地层单位清理相关规范,以及组的命名优先权原则,现将具有独立火山机构的全部陆相火山岩从原“佳木河组”剔出(新建为白杨河组),将新建白杨河组之下伏的陆相砾岩-含砾粗砂岩组合重新清理厘定谓之佳木河组.这一成果,为正确建立本区地层格架,合理进行区域地层划分与对比等研究提供了重要佐证.      

Revised age of proximal deposits in the Zagros foreland basin and implications for Cenozoic evolution of the High Zagros

The regionally extensive, coarse-grained Bakhtiyari Formation represents the youngest synorogenic fill in the Zagros foreland basin of Iran. The Bakhtiyari is present throughout the Zagros fold-thrust belt and consists of conglomerate with subordinate sandstone and marl. The formation is up to 3000 m thick and was deposited in foredeep and wedge-top depocenters flanked by fold-thrust structures. Although the Bakhtiyari concordantly overlies Miocene deposits in foreland regions, an angular unconformity above tilted Paleozoic to Miocene rocks is expressed in the hinterland (High Zagros).

The Bakhtiyari Formation has been widely considered to be a regional sheet of Pliocene–Pleistocene conglomerate deposited during and after major late Miocene–Pliocene shortening. It is further believed that rapid fold growth and Bakhtiyari deposition commenced simultaneously across the fold-thrust belt, with limited migration from hinterland (NE) to foreland (SW). Thus, the Bakhtiyari is generally interpreted as an unmistakable time indicator for shortening and surface uplift across the Zagros. However, new structural and stratigraphic data show that the most-proximal Bakhtiyari exposures, in the High Zagros south of Shahr-kord, were deposited during the early Miocene and probably Oligocene. In this locality, a coarse-grained Bakhtiyari succession several hundred meters thick contains gray marl, limestone, and sandstone with diagnostic marine pelecypod, gastropod, coral, and coralline algae fossils. Foraminiferal and palynological species indicate deposition during early Miocene time. However, the lower Miocene marine interval lies in angular unconformity above ~ 150 m of Bakhtiyari conglomerate that, in turn, unconformably caps an Oligocene marine sequence. These relationships attest to syndepositional deformation and suggest that the oldest Bakhtiyari conglomerate could be Oligocene in age.

The new age information constrains the timing of initial foreland-basin development and proximal Bakhtiyari deposition in the Zagros hinterland. These findings reveal that structural evolution of the High Zagros was underway by early Miocene and probably Oligocene time, earlier than commonly envisioned. The age of the Bakhtiyari Formation in the High Zagros contrasts significantly with the Pliocene–Quaternary Bakhtiyari deposits near the modern deformation front, suggesting a long-term (> 20 Myr) advance of deformation toward the foreland.     

西天山下石炭统大哈拉军山组底部角度不整合特征及其对天山古生代洋陆转换时限的约束

西天山广泛出露下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山-沉积岩系,其与下伏地层(前寒武纪结晶基底或前石炭纪褶皱基底)之间呈广泛的区域性角度不整合接触。通过对这些角度不整合面及大哈拉军山组底部冲洪积相碎屑岩或陆相火山岩特征的研究,认为该不整合面代表了一次强烈的褶皱、隆升造山事件;不整合面之上初始沉积物地层序列是天山石炭纪后碰撞裂谷盆地新一轮沉积旋回的起点。取自大哈拉军山组底部粗碎屑岩中夹层安山岩样品的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄为359±2.3Ma,这一年龄值不但限定了这一区域性角度不整合的形成时代,而且代表天山后碰撞裂谷盆地的开启时间。因此,天山古生代洋陆转换时限在晚泥盆世-早石炭世之交,随后,天山造山带进入后碰撞裂谷演化阶段。     

Drowning history of a Miocene carbonate platform (Zhujiang Formation, South China Sea)

The identification and interpretation of drowning events in the geologic record can aid significantly to the reconstruction of the depositional, tectonic and eustatic history of a study area and often improve reservoir and seal prediction in carbonate rocks. The differentiation between drowned platforms showing a record of continuous deepening and those with a record of exposure followed by rapid deepening remains, however, problematic. The Zhujiang carbonate platform (Liuhua 11-1 field, South China Sea) study shown here provides an example of an integrated approach combining high-resolution geochemistry, microfacies analyses and foraminiferal biostratigraphy in order to improve the reconstruction of environmental conditions prior, during and after platform demise and drowning. The Zhujiang carbonate platform displays the following vertical succession of four facies types i) skeletal grain facies with a miogypsinid/lepidocyclinid-dominated fauna deposited in a moderately deep (< 50 m), oligotrophic back-reef setting; ii) in situ corals in patch-reef facies in an oligotrophic lagoon (< 10 m); iii) rhodoid facies with in situ red algal crusts, dominated by Heterostegina sp. and spiroclypeids, possibly capped by a subaerial exposure surface. Well-rounded rhodoids representing a mesotrophic lagoon dominate the upper portions of the rhodoid facies; iv) pelagic marine shales of the Hanjiang Formation burying the carbonate platform after drowning. This facies succession, in combination with geochemical evidence suggests a deepening-upward trend. This trend might have been interrupted by transient subaerial exposure but no evidence for meteoric diagenesis was found at the drowning unconformity topping the carbonate platform. Instead, microfacies analyses suggest that platform demise may be related to progressive changes in environmental conditions, including increasing nutrient-levels and/or decreasing temperature up-core towards the drowning unconformity. These findings are of significance for those concerned with Miocene carbonate factories and, more specifically, the demise of carbonate platforms in general.