大兴安岭地区古生代构造格架重建:来自俯冲增生杂岩研究进展

大兴安岭地区古生代处于古亚洲洋闭合阶段,其间发育众多的弧盆系和蛇绿岩带,笔者等在大兴安岭地区1: 1 000 000地质编图和野外地质调研基础上,应用“洋板块地质”学术思想在大兴安岭地区元古宙、古生代地质体中划分出一系列“俯冲增生杂岩”、地块基底残块、岛弧、弧前盆地、弧后盆地等构造单元,结合陆(地)块和岩浆弧、弧前盆地、弧后盆地和“俯冲增生杂岩”的时空展布,划分出9条俯冲增生杂岩带,其中新识别出3条俯冲增生杂岩带。俯冲增生杂岩带主要分布于兴蒙造山带内部各地块之间和地块与大型岛弧带之间,相当于地块间及地块与岛弧带间的缝合带。依据俯冲增生杂岩带两侧对应的陆(地)块、岛弧带等构造级别,归并出5条结合带。俯冲增生杂岩带的展布方向以北东向为主,时代自北向南依次变新,从早奥陶世演化到中—晚二叠世,暗示古亚洲洋洋盆向大兴安岭地区陆(地)块俯冲作用最早发生在北部额尔古纳一带,逐渐向南后撤,不断形成新的洋壳和产生俯冲增生作用,相应的活动陆缘从北部额尔古纳地块向南逐渐增生,配套弧盆系时代也逐渐向南变新。早—中三叠世至西拉木伦一带发生陆-陆拼贴,完成华北板块与西伯利亚板块的对接。通过对大兴安岭地区古生代“俯冲增生杂岩”的研究,重建了大兴安岭地区古生代构造格架,提高了古亚洲洋东段洋-陆转换的研究程度。     

东南极普里兹带多期变质作用及其对罗迪尼亚和冈瓦纳超大陆重建的启示

东南极普里兹带是一条经受格林维尔期和泛非期高级构造热事件影响的多相变质带,其构造演化过程与罗迪尼亚和冈瓦纳超大陆的形成密切相关.新的岩石学和年代学资料表明,普里兹带中的格林维尔期高级变质作用是区域性的,并经历了>970Ma和930～900Ma两个演化阶段(期),变质条件达到相对高温高压的麻粒岩相.格林维尔期造山作用起始于活动大陆边缘或岛弧环境下的岩浆增生,最后发展到陆陆碰撞,从而使印度、东南极西陆块和非洲的卡拉哈里克拉通拼合在一起,构成了罗迪尼亚超大陆的重要组成部分之一.普里兹带中的泛非期高级变质作用并不象前人认为的那样只发生在中低压麻粒岩相条件下,而是达到高压麻粒岩相,并具有近等温减压的顺时针P-T演化轨迹.格林维尔期变质先驱的普遍存在说明泛非期碰撞造山事件主要叠加在印度-南极陆块东缘的基底杂岩之上,所以其主缝合线的位置应该在现今普里兹带的东南方向,并可能向南极内陆延伸到甘布尔采夫冰下山脉.对不同类型岩石的精细定年揭示,普里兹带中泛非期造山作用过程从570Ma一直持续到490Ma,这与东非造山带的晚期碰撞阶段大致相吻合.因此,冈瓦纳超大陆的最后拼合可能是通过西冈瓦纳、印度-南极陆块和澳大利亚-南极陆块等三个陆块的近于同期碰撞来完成的.     

Tectono-magmatic evolution from accretion to collision in the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic BeltSCIEI北大核心CSCD

造山带演化及增生到碰撞的转变是板块构造与大陆动力学研究中的前沿科学问题。中亚造山带被认为是古亚洲洋长期俯冲-增生演化形成的显生宙最大的增生造山带,以发育巨量的面状展布的俯冲-增生相关的弧岩浆岩为特征。并且,由于中亚增生型造山带在潘吉亚最后聚合过程中发生弧弧(陆)碰撞,因此缺乏大规模且跨构造单元的碰撞相关的构造和变质等物质标志。显然,能否识别出大洋闭合期间碰撞作用的岩浆标志成为确定增生造山带增生过程终止的关键之一。本文系统研究确定:中亚造山带东南缘二叠纪到三叠纪钙碱性-碱钙性岩浆在空间分布上显示出由北西向南东迁移演化的特征;在岩浆性质上具有从二叠纪新生地壳来源的弧岩浆向早-中三叠世碰撞挤压背景下古老陆壳组分逐渐增多的高Sr/Y岩浆以及晚三叠世后造山伸展相关的A型花岗岩演化的特征。这些特征提供了俯冲-增生向碰撞造山演变的关键岩浆岩证据。结合区域资料,厘定出增生造山带最后碰撞相关的标志性岩浆为沿缝合带呈零星线性展布的增厚下地壳源区的高Sr/Y花岗岩类,构建了中亚造山带南缘从双向俯冲-增生到增生楔-增生楔碰撞及后造山伸展的三阶段构造-岩浆演化模型。系统对比研究,揭示出增生-碰撞相关的岩浆记录沿横向展布在中亚造山带南缘甘肃北山到吉林中部一带,表明碰撞挤压相关的岩浆作用在中亚造山带南缘具有一定的普适性。中亚造山带南缘从增生到碰撞的岩浆演化记录的厘定,证实显生宙最大的巨型增生造山带演化末期经历了碰撞造山作用,对进一步深入探索增生造山演化末期碰撞相关的标志性岩浆具有重要意义。     

西秦岭晚新生代构造变形的几何图像、运动学特征及其动力机制

西秦岭位于东西向展布的秦岭-大别-苏鲁中央造山带与南北向展布的贺兰山-龙门山-川滇地震带构成的巨型"十字"构造区的交汇点,是中国大陆中部"西秦岭-松潘构造结"的重要组成部分.西秦岭晚新生代的构造变形与青藏高原的侧向扩展过程密切相关.该区构造变形的几何图像、运动特征及其深部动力学机制对于揭示青藏高原东北部的动力过程及强震...     

冈底斯造山带的时空结构及演化

冈底斯带的构造属性及其构造单元划分一直是青藏高原基础地质研究中最热门的科学问题之一。根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合我们的分析数据，对冈底斯带的地质构造格局进行了厘定和划分，讨论了冈底斯带晚古生代-中生代的构造演化历史。冈底斯带可划分为6类不同的构造单元和18个次级单元，这些不同级别的构造划分较为全面准确地概括了冈底斯带的地质面貌。通过对不同构造单元时空结构的剖析和对相关火山岩浆作用记录的分析，认为冈底斯带不是简单的地块、陆块或地体，而很可能是以隆格尔-念青唐古拉为主轴，经历石炭-二叠纪、早中三叠世、晚三叠世、早中侏罗世、晚侏罗世-早白垩世、晚白垩世-始新世六次造弧增生作用和相关的弧-陆、陆-陆碰撞作用并最终定型于新生代晚期的复合造山带，并在此基础上，提出冈底斯带的构造演化很可能受班公湖-怒江特提斯洋向南、雅鲁藏布洋向北的双向俯冲的制约。强调以增生弧为背景的火山岩浆弧（如昂龙岗日火山岩浆弧、东恰错弧、桑日火山弧）可能是冈底斯地区寻找斑岩铜矿的最佳有利场所。     

Multiple accretion at the eastern margin of the Rio de la Plata craton: the prolonged Brasiliano orogeny in southernmost Brazil

The Neoproterozoic-Eoplalaeozoic Brasiliano orogeny at the eastern margin of the Rio de la Plata craton in southernmost Brazil and Uruguay comprises a complex tectonic history over 300?million years. The southern Brazilian Shield consists of a number of tectono-stratigraphic units and terranes. The S?o Gabriel block in the west is characterized by c.760?C690?Ma supracrustal rocks and calc-alkaline orthogneisses including relics of older, c. 880?Ma old igneous rocks. Both igneous and metasedimentary rocks have positive ??Nd(t) values and Neoproterozoic TDM model ages; they formed in magmatic arc settings with only minor input of older crustal sources. A trondhjemite from the S?o Gabriel block intruding dioritc and tonalitic gneisses during the late stages of deformation (D₃) yield an U?CPb zircon age (LA-ICP-MS) of 701?±?10?Ma giving the approximate minimum age of the S?o Gabriel accretionary event. The Encantadas block further east, containing the supracrustal Porongos belt and the Pelotas batholith, is in contrast characterized by reworking of Neoarchean to Palaeoproterozoic crust. The 789?±?7?Ma zircon age of a metarhyolite intercalated with the metasedimentary succession of the Porongos belt provides a time marker for the basin formation. Zircons of a sample from tonalitic gneisses, constituting the Palaeoproterozoic basement of the Porongos belt, form a cluster at 2,234?±?28?Ma, interpreted as the tonalite crystallization age. Zircon rims show ages of 2,100?C2,000?Ma interpreted as related to a Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic event. The Porongos basin formed on thinned continental crust in an extensional or transtensional regime between c. 800?C700?Ma. The absence of input from Neoproterozoic juvenile sources into the Porongos basin strongly indicates that the Encantadas and S?o Gabriel blocks were separated terranes that became juxtaposed next to each other during the Brasiliano accretional events. The tectonic evolution comprises two episodes of magmatic arc accretion to the eastern margin of the Rio de la Plata craton, (i) accretion of an intra-oceanic arc at c. 880?Ma (Passinho event) and (ii) accretion of the 760?C700?Ma Cambaí/Vila Nova magmatic arc (S?o Gabriel event). The latter event also includes the collision of the Encantadas block with the Rio de la Plata craton to the west. Collision and crustal thickening was followed by sinistral shear along SW?CNE-trending orogen-parallel crustal-scale shear zones that can be traced from southern Brazil to Uruguay and have been active between 660 and 590?Ma. Voluminous granitic magmatism in the Pelotas batholith spatially related to shear zones is interpreted as late- to post-orogenic magmatism, possibly assisted by lithospheric delamination. It marks the transition to the post-orogenic molasse stage. Localized deformation by reactivation of preexisting shear zones continued until c. 530?Ma and can be assigned to final stages of the amalgamation of West Gondwana.     

青藏高原新生代地壳变形对同碰撞岩浆侵位的制约

同碰撞岩浆作用是青藏高原新生代构造-岩浆活动的一种重要形式，各种类型岩浆岩广泛分布于高原内不同的构造单元中，其中有的来自地幔，不过规模都不大，它们是如何穿过异常厚的地壳侵位到近地表或喷出地表，这还是个未解之谜。根据构造分析，这些岩浆岩均侵位于新生代向斜构造中，例如侵入于高原东南边缘的楚雄复向斜、兰坪．思茅复向斜和老君山向斜的碱性岩，侵入于高原南缘的北喜马拉雅拉轨岗日向斜的片麻状花岗岩以及喷出于高原北部巴颜喀拉和雁石坪复向斜的安山-玄武岩。文中通过一个力学模式，说明这些岩浆岩的侵位受控于地壳应力场特征，即：向斜构造的下部承受的是张应力，地壳发生减薄和张裂，下地壳或上地幔熔融物质以此为通道发生向上的侵位。不过，因向斜顶部地壳承受的是挤压应力，地壳发生挤压缩短，所以只有少量岩浆能侵位到近地表并发生变形。与此相反，背斜构造的下部地壳产生的是挤压应力，阻止了下伏地壳内岩浆的侵入。因此，岩浆的侵位一般不会沿背斜发生。这一力学机制解释了为什么青藏高原规模很小的同碰撞岩浆能穿过异常厚的地壳沿一系列向斜构造侵位到近地表或喷出地表的原因。     

A Preliminary study on deep geodynamic process of Xar Moron tectonic belt in eastern Central Asia Orogenic BeltSCIEI北大核心CSCD

板块汇聚边缘的陆壳厚度变化与构造和岩浆过程的动态相互作用有着错综复杂的联系,也是对深部地球动力学背景的直接响应。西拉木伦构造带是中亚造山带东部重要的汇聚板块边界,查明其浅部构造变形及深部动力学过程对于理解中亚造山带构造演化具有重要意义。本文通过野外地质工作查明晚二叠世-早三叠世西拉木伦构造带的上地壳发育一系列北东向、轴面向南东倾的宽缓褶皱以及向南东逆冲的断层,变形样式属于薄皮构造,显示出由北西向南东挤压的单向构造应力背景,平衡剖面恢复显示此时期构造变形造成地表~30%的缩短以及~4km的浅部地壳增厚。利用林西地区火成岩全岩La/Yb比值和锆石Eu/Eu*参数构建的年龄-地壳厚度曲线揭示,二叠纪早-中期地壳厚度从49km连续减薄到33km,反映此时期整体处于伸展环境。二叠纪晚期至三叠纪初期,地壳厚度增加了~15km,峰值厚度达~48km,这个迅速的地壳增厚过程可能是岩浆作用导致的地壳垂向增生和构造作用产生的造山带物质堆叠综合作用的结果。本文根据构造带同汇聚期岩浆岩面积和地壳厚度估算造山作用形成了~11%的新生陆壳。同时,两个时期的深部壳幔相互作用方式也有不同,二叠纪早期西拉木伦构造带火成岩锆石的εHf(t)值相对较高(6.1~19.9;均值10.1),δ^(18 )O值较分散(5.1‰~8.3‰),指示岩浆在形成过程中有幔源物质的加入,示踪了林西地区深部与软流圈上涌有关的伸展过程;而晚二叠世至三叠纪初期花岗岩锆石εHf(t)值相对下降(-1.1~17.2;均值9.3),δ^(18 )O值仍高于幔源值(>5.9‰),揭示同源地幔岩浆的持续重融改造过程。综合沉积环境、地壳厚度变化、岩浆岩同位素变化、地壳增生量及地表单向构造应力背景等特征,本文提出西拉木伦构造带可能经历了地幔俯冲;而早-中二叠世的软流圈上涌和晚二叠世-早三叠世的下地壳及岩石圈地幔密度增大,可能是发生地幔俯冲的深部地球动力学原因。     

保山地块西缘早古生代增生造山作用

在保山地块西缘泸水-潞西构造带内, 出露一套构造混杂岩.主体为强变形的震旦系-古生界蒲满哨群、公养河群浅变质碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩及火山岩等复理石浊积岩系等构成, 另有硅质岩、杂砂岩、灰岩、砾岩、玄武岩及花岗岩等弱变形的构造块体.岩石时代从震旦纪至古生代, 跨度大, 高度混杂, 并有从东向西变新的逐势, 表现为后退式增生.构造样式早期为同斜倒转冲断作用的叠瓦构造, 后期表现为近N-S向剪切.玄武安山岩、流纹岩类具弧火山岩特征, 而玄武岩类则为板内火山岩, 2种火山岩分别对应岛弧与弧后拉张洋盆产物.寒武纪、奥陶纪侵位的花岗岩也分为东西2个带, 西晚东早, 代表了保山陆块西缘岩浆弧的一部分.这样就记录了洋壳俯冲消亡、增生楔形成过程的沉积、火山-岩浆、变质和构造变形的地质事件群, 也记录了保山地块西缘早古生代增生造山形成过程的地质事件, 并证明了泸水-潞西构造带在震旦纪-古生代存在一洋盆.      

Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: new results from recent geological and geophysical investigations

Multidisciplinary studies of geotransects across the North European Plain and Southern North Sea, and geological reexamination of the Variscides of the North Bohemian Massif, permit a new 3-D reassessment of the relationships between the principal crustal blocks abutting Baltica along the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ). Accretion was in three stages: Cambrian accretion of the Bruno–Silesian, Lysogory and Malopolska terranes; end-Ordovician/early Silurian accretion of Avalonia; and early Carboniferous accretion of the Armorican Terrane Assemblage (ATA). Palaeozoic plume-influenced metabasite geochemistry in the Bohemian Massif explains the progressive rifting away of peri-Gondwanan crustal blocks before their accretion to Baltica. Geophysical data, faunal and provenance information from boreholes, and dated small inliers and cores confirm that Avalonian crust extends beyond the Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt eastwards to northwest Poland. The location and dip of reflectors along the TESZ and beneath the North European Plain suggest that Avalonian crust overrode the Baltica passive margin, marked by a high-velocity lower crustal layer, on shallowly southwest-dipping thrust planes forming the Heligoland–Pomerania Deformation Belt. The “Variscan orocline” of southwest Poland masks two junctions between the Armorican Terrane Assemblage (ATA) and previously accreted crustal blocks. To the east is a dextrally transpressive contact with the Bruno–Silesian and Malopolska blocks, accreted in the Cambrian, while to the north is a thrust contact with easternmost Avalonia, deeply buried beneath younger sedimentary cover. In the northeast Bohemian and Rhenohercynian Massifs Devonian “early Variscide” deformation dominated by WNW and NW-directed thrusting, records closure of Ordovician–Devonian seaways between detached “islands” of the ATA and Avalonia.     

Structured serpentinite melanges of the Koryak-Kamchatka fold system

The Kuyul, Taigonos, and Upper Khatyrka structured serpentinite melanges at the Pacific continental margin of Northeast Asia considered in this paper are diverse in tectonic setting, age, and geological history. They are characterized by an ordered internal structure expressed in regular arrangement of rock blocks different in composition. These blocks make up mappable tectonic sheets deformed into complex, nappe-related folds. Difference in the block composition of particular sheets is often combined with different composition of serpentinite matrix. The structured melanges of Cape Povorotny (Taigonos Peninsula) and the Kuyul Terrane were formed during accretion of oceanic complexes to a suprasubduction zone and their subsequent juxtaposition. The Upper Khatyrka melange comprises oceanic, island-arc, and marginal-sea complexes. The study of structured melanges makes it possible to ascertain the history of continental accretion and transformation of the oceanic crust. The combination of ordering and chaotic structure allows us to consider structured melanges as manifestations of nonlinear geodynamics.     

长江中下游中生代花岗岩类源区的壳—壳混源性质

长江中下游地区中生代花岗岩类形成于大别造山带碰撞后岩石圈物质的调整演化过程。Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成数据表明，早、晚阶段花岗岩类具有相似的壳－壳混合源区性质，其主要源岩端员可能分别相当于以大别杂岩为代表的深变质岩系和中、新元古界底侵（ｕｎｄｅｒｐｌａｔｉｎｇ）基性物质与部分古元古界沉积－火山－侵入岩系组成的扬子陆块下地壳岩石。这两种成分不同的下地壳物质在这里呈指状穿插体结构。长江中下游地区下地壳在碰撞造山过程中曾是大别地块与扬子地块之间的深部构造混杂带。本文主要根据各类已有的Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成资料讨论花岗岩类的源区性质问题     

The Gundahl Complex of the New England fold belt,Eastern Australia: a tectonic mélange formed in a palaeozoic subduction complex

The New England Fold Belt of eastern Australia preserves a Palaeozoic fore-arc terrain with a magmatic arc, fore-arc basin and a subduction complex. The Gundahl Complex is a tectonic mélange of regional extent in the subduction complex. The matrix and slabs of the Gundahl Complex have six mappable lithofacies: argillite, greywacke-argillite, greywacke, argillite-tuff, bedded chert and greenstone. The argillite matrix is pervasively sheared with many slickensided shear fractures. Locally the matrix is formed by highly sheared greenstone. Greywacke and greenstone blocks are affected by internal shear zones and the blocks themselves pinch and swell. Folds, in places with axial-surface spaced cleavage, are common within those slabs comprised of well-bedded sequences. Bedding-plane shear and faulting at a high angle to bedding also occur in these slabs. On a map-scale much of the Gundahl Complex comprises slabs up to 10 km long in imbricate fault-bounded slices which repeat the disrupted pre-mélange stratigraphic sequence. Elsewhere there are lithologically distinctive blocks containing thick coherent sequences which are structurally incorporated into the Gundahl Complex. The unit is believed to have formed by accretion, imbrication and subsequent tectonic disruption of arc-derived sediments and less abundant pelagic sediment and greenstone in an ancient subduction complex.     

Mesoproterozoic Continental Arc Type Granite in the Central Tianshan Mountains: Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb Dating and Geochemical Analyses

The Central Tianshan belt in northwestern China is a small Precambrian block located in the southern part of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt （CAOB）, which is considered as ＂the most voluminous block of young continental crust in the world＂ that comprises numerous small continental blocks separated by Paleozoic magmatic arcs. The Precambrian basement of the central Tianshan Mountains is composed of volcanic rocks and associated volcano-sedimentary rocks that were intruded by granitic plutons. Geochemical analyses demonstrate that the granitic plutons and volcanic rocks were generated in the Andean-type active continental arc environment like today＇s Chile, and the zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating indicates that they were developed at about 956 Ma, possibly corresponding to the subduction of the inferred Mozambique Ocean under the Baltic-African super-continent.     

Tertiary arc-magmatism of the Sierra Madre del Sur,Mexico, and its transition to the volcanic activity of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

The Tertiary magmatic rocks of the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) are broadly distributed south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and extend to the southern continental margin of Mexico. They represent magmatic activity that originated at a time characterized by significant changes in the plate interactions in this region as a result of the formation of the Caribbean plate and the southeastward displacement of the Chortis block along the continental margin of southwestern Mexico. The change from SMS magmatism to an E–W trending TMVB volcanism in Miocene time reflects the tectonic evolution of southwestern Mexico during these episodes of plate tectonic rearrangement.The distribution and petrographic characteristics of the magmatic rocks of the SMS define two belts of NW orientation. The first is represented by the nearly continuous coastal plutonic belt (CPB), which consists of batholiths and stocks of predominantly felsic composition. The second belt is inland of the first and consists of discontinuously distributed volcanic fields with piles of andesitic to rhyolitic flows, as well as epiclastic and pyroclastic materials. These two belts were emplaced along a continental crust segment constituted by a mosaic of basements with recognizable petrologic and isotopic differences. These basements originated during different tectono-thermal events developed from the Proterozoic to the Mesozoic.Major and trace element data of the SMS magmatic rocks define a clear sub-alkaline tendency. Variations in the general geochemical behavior and in the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios indicate different degrees of magmatic differentiation and/or crustal contamination. These variations, specially in the inland Oligocene volcanic regions of Guerrero and Oaxaca states, seem to have been controlled by the particular tectonic setting at the time of magmatism. In northwestern Oaxaca greater extension related to transtensional tectonics produced less differentiated volcanic rocks with an apparently lower degree of crustal contamination than those of northeastern Guerrero.The geochronologic data produced by us up to now, in addition to those previously reported, indicate that the Tertiary magmatic rocks of the SMS range in age from Paleocene to Miocene. The general geochronologic patterns indicate a southeastward decrease in the age of igneous activity, rather than a gradual northeastward migration of the locus of magmatism toward the present-day TMVB. SMS magmatic rocks exposed to the west of the 100°W meridian are dominantly Late Cretaceous to Eocene, while those to the east range from Oligocene to Miocene, also following a southeastward age-decreasing trend. Paleocene and Eocene magmatic rocks of the western region of the SMS seem to keep a general NNW trend similar to that of the Tertiary magmatic rocks of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). In the eastern region of the SMS the Oligocene magmatic rocks show a trend that roughly defines an ESE orientation. The change in the trend of arc magmatism may be the effect of the landward migration of the trench, for a given longitude, as a result of the displacement of the Chortis block. The transtensional tectonic regime developed in Oligocene time in NW Oaxaca probably accentuated this trend by facilitating magma generation and ascent in these northerly regions.The geochronologic data of the SMS, in conjunction with those of the TMVB, suggest that there is a spatial and temporal magmatic gap in south central Mexico between 97 and 100°W longitude during late Oligocene and middle Miocene time (24–16 Ma). This magmatic gap is interpreted in terms of a combination of the relatively rapid change in the subducted slab geometry after the passage of the Chortis block from a moderate to a shallow angle and the time needed for the mantle wedge to mature sufficiently to produce magmas.     

塔里木盆地及邻区寒武纪——三叠纪构造古地理格局的初步重建

塔里木陆块寒武纪——三叠纪主要经历了从东冈瓦纳大陆西北缘裂解、到向劳亚大陆聚合的演化过程,北部长期为被动大陆边缘环境,南部主要为裂谷、持续裂解以及漂移过程中陆块地体增生拼合,主要为弧后前陆盆地或隆起。塔里木盆地一级层序地层、区域不整合事件、次级构造单元的构造演化等,与板块边界上构造活动及其板块运动轨迹的变化具有明显的一致性,板块边界上的挤压造山活动,造成盆地隆升以及盆地岩相古地理格局的剧烈变化。引发塔里木盆地早二叠世大火成岩省的地幔柱活动,垂向上也造成石炭系穹隆状剥蚀抬升。塔里木叠合盆地的形成是小陆块上不同时期不同盆地类型复合的产物,而在世界其他大板块上,它们在横向上可能处于不同位置,不会发生垂向叠合,而以不同时代的不同盆地出现。塔里木陆块较全球典型克拉通盆地规模小,在与周边陆块碰撞汇聚时受改造强烈,构造变形程度大并由陆块边缘向陆块内扩展,南、北两侧陆块边界上的强烈构造作用易于对整个盆地产生强烈影响,发育挤压期盆地隆起和前陆盆地等。     

Reassessment of continental growth during the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

We argue that the production of mantle-derived or juvenile continental crust during the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) has been grossly overestimated. This is because previous assessments only considered the Palaeozoic evolution of the belt, whereas its accretionary history already began in the latest Mesoproterozoic. Furthermore, much of the juvenile growth in Central Asia occurred in late Permian and Mesozoic times, after completion of CAOB evolution, and perhaps related to major plume activity. We demonstrate from zircon ages and Nd–Hf isotopic systematics from selected terranes within the CAOB that many Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic granitoids in the accreted terranes of the belt are derived from melting of heterogeneous Precambrian crust or through mixing of old continental crust with juvenile or short-lived material, most likely in continental arc settings. At the same time, juvenile growth in the CAOB occurred during the latest Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic in oceanic island arc settings and during accretion of oceanic, island arc, and Precambrian terranes. However, taking together, our data do not support unusually high crust-production rates during evolution of the CAOB. Significant variations in zircon εHf values at a given magmatic age suggest that granitoid magmas were assembled from small batches of melt that seem to mirror the isotopic characteristics of compositionally and chronologically heterogeneous crustal sources. We reiterate that the chemical characteristics of crustally-derived granitoids are inherited from their source(s) and cannot be used to reconstruct tectonic settings, and thus many tectonic models solely based on chemical data may need re-evaluation. Crustal evolution in the CAOB involved both juvenile material and abundant reworking of older crust with varying proportions throughout its accretionary history, and we see many similarities with the evolution of the SW Pacific and the Tasmanides of eastern Australia.     

中国大地构造基本特征及其发展的初步探讨

大地构造是地壳形变的结果,而地壳形变是在地壳形成的基础上发展起来的。地壳的形成主要表现为地质体的建造过程,包括地壳形成的地质时期中,不同温度和压力下所产生的沉积岩、岩浆岩和变质岩的类型、组合和相带的发展。地壳的形变主要表现为地质体的改造过程,包括各种岩层在形成过程之中或以后,经受内力和外力作用而产生的各种微观和宏观的结构变化,如流动、褶曲、破碎和断裂等。     

福贡地区石炭系地层可能属于拉萨地块:来自碎屑锆石年龄谱的指示

欧亚与印度大陆的碰撞使得印度大陆的北东角强烈挤入欧亚大陆内部,形成东构造结,其引发的强烈变形将南羌塘地块、北羌塘地块、拉萨地块、保山地块、兰坪-思茅地块以及地块之间的缝合带挤压于很窄的范围内,造成青藏高原腹地与其东南缘之间构造单元划分、对比困难。滇西福贡地区位于青藏高原东南缘,东构造结影响范围内,是三江造山带及青藏高原相关地块的汇聚处。福贡地区石炭系岩石组合表明其形成于较为稳定的浅海相沉积环境中,具有被动大陆边缘沉积特征。三件石炭系二云母石英片岩碎屑锆石表面年龄数据(194个有效分析点)形成五个主要年龄区间:2550~2400Ma、1800~1550Ma、1200~1080Ma、1000~850Ma和600~480Ma,峰值分别为~2502Ma、~1724Ma、~1120Ma、~886Ma和~512Ma。对比其他地块同时代地层的碎屑锆石年龄谱表明,福贡地区石炭系可能是拉萨地块的一部分,与腾冲地块一样,属于其南延部分。结合中新生代岩浆岩带的构造连续性,我们认为,印度板块东北角向北、北东方向的强烈挤压导致拉萨地块及冈底斯岩浆岩带弯曲、缩颈、并发生分离与旋转。     

中国大陆地壳“镶嵌与叠覆”的结构特征及其演化

初步探讨了中国大陆地壳“块带镶嵌多层叠覆”的结构特征和多阶段的构造演化过程。中国大陆地壳新元古代中期以来的一级构造单元有中朝、塔里木、扬子、敦煌4个陆块和中央、西北、东北、西南、东南5个造山区(带)。中朝陆块的形成源于古元古代期间发生的古大陆裂解;扬子、塔里木和敦煌陆块的形成源于新元古代早期发生的古大陆裂解。西北造山区的形成源于古生代晚期洋盆关闭、大陆碰撞并叠加新生代陆内再造山;东北造山带的形成过程包括古生代碰撞造山及中生代增生、碰撞造山;中央造山带至三叠纪大陆碰撞才最后形成并叠加有新生代再造山;东南造山带的形成经历了古生代至新生代的多次造山作用;西南造山带主要是中—新生代造山作用的产物。这些单元都具有“块带镶嵌多层叠覆”的结构特征和多阶段构造演化的特点。中国大陆地壳的形成与演化可以划分为太古宙—古元古代、中元古代—新元古代早期、新元古代中期—古新世和始新世以来4个构造阶段,每个阶段都对应不同的超大陆裂解-聚合旋回。其中新元古代中期以来的地壳形成演化与全球洋陆格局中的古亚洲洋、古特提斯洋、古太平洋、特提斯洋和太平洋5个动力学体制有关,相应地可以归结为古亚洲、古特提斯、古太平洋、特提斯和太平洋5个造山域。正是这些多阶段的超大