A new type of micro-disseminated gold deposits in association with diabase found in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region—Their geological characteristics and metallogenic conditions

With the continuous development of gold ore prospecting and exploration in recent years a new type of micro-disseminated gold deposits have been found in the regions of Southwest Guizhou Province and Northwest Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,with the orebodies directly occurring in diabase or in the contact zone between diabase and strata.The orebodies are strictly controlled by fault structures.The discovery of this type of gold deposits has brought about new prospects for gold ore prospecting in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Golden Triangle region.From the preliminary analysis of the geological characteristics of the Qiaoxiang gold deposit in Wangmo County,in combination with the results of research work in the adjacent areas in recent years,this paper roughly described the geological characteristics and metallogenic conditions of this type of gold ore deposits with an attempt to make more and more geologists pay enough attention to this type of gold ore deposits,so as to promote gold ore prospecting in Guizhou Province to develop toward a variety of types of gold deposits in all round way.     

Sequence Stratigraphy of the Jurassic Coal Measures in Northwestern China

The sequence stratigraphy of the Jurassic coal measures of northwestern China has been studied based on data from outcrop and borehole sections. Because of the geological background and the diversity of basin types, such as isochronisms of coal seams and recognition of key sequence boundaries, it is rare to summarize and correlate sequence structure and framework. The types and recognition characteristics of the sequence boundaries of the Jurassic coal measures are revealed by comparing climatic characteristics, structural styles and the base level cycle. A total of five third-order sequences and 15 systems tracts have been subdivided and the sequence stratigraphic framework has been reconstructed confirming that the thick coals accumulated in the late stage of transgression system tracts of sequence I (SQ I) and sequence III (SQ III). This idea is of important academic significance for instructing coal resources exploration, and enhancing geological effects of prospecting engineering. It is also of practical significance for guaranteeing construction of the large-scale coal production base in northwestern China, accelerating the westward development of the coal industry stratagem.     

RS and GIS‐based Statistical Analysis of Secondary Geological Disasters after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

Abstract: Using RS and GIS means, this article analyzes the general geological characteristics and the structural belt distribution features in Wenchuan County, Sichuan province, P.R. China as well as the characteristics of the large-scale landslides, mud-rock flows, earthquake lakes, etc., after the earthquake on May 12, 2008. Based on the above work, comprehensive indoor and outdoor research is launched on disaster distribution characteristics and their relationship with earthquakes, terrains, strata, lithology, and structures. Weights of evidence method is utilized to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the spatial distribution of secondary geological disasters after the earthquake occurred. 3 remedying grades for secondary geological disasters are derived from the results of the weights of Evidence, followed by suggestions given to remedy earthquake secondary disasters.     

Engineering Geological Study of the Active Tectonic Region for Hydropower Development on the Jinsha River,Upstream of the Yangtze River

The Jinsha River runs across the Hengduanshan north-south tectonic zone where neotectonism was relatively strong, accompanied by various geologic hazards. In this case, it seems necessary to make a quantitative assessment and grading of the engineering geological environment for the planning and development of hydropower projects on the Jinsha River.The studies of crustal structures and activities of neotectonic fault blocks provide a three-dimensional geomechan-ics model for us to make an assessment of the engineering geological environment. Based on the survey data and results from geologic hazard risk analysis, a hierarchical analysis model on the quality of the engineering geological environment is established with respect to the crustal stability, ground stability, and rock and soil mass stability. Nine factors relevant to the geological environment are selected and five levels are used for the quality grades: very bad, bad, mediocre, good, very good. The result indicates that active deep faults ha     

Gas Hydrates in the Qilian Mountain Permafrost, Qinghai, Northwest China

Qilian Mountain permafrost, with area about 10×104 km2, locates in the north of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. It equips with perfect conditions and has great prospecting potential for gas hydrate. The Scientific Drilling Project of Gas Hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost, which locates in Juhugeng of Muri Coalfield, Tianjun County, Qinghai Province, has been implemented by China Geological Survey in 2008–2009. Four scientific drilling wells have been completed with a total footage of 2059.13 m. Samples of gas hydrate are collected separately from holes DK-1, DK-2 and DK-3. Gas hydrate is hosted under permafrost zone in the 133–396 m interval. The sample is white crystal and easily burning. Anomaly low temperature has been identified by the infrared camera. The gas hydrate-bearing cores strongly bubble in the water. Gas-bubble and water-drop are emitted from the hydrate-bearing cores and then characteristic of honeycombed structure is left. The typical spectrum curve of gas hydrate is detected using Raman spectrometry. Furthermore, the logging profile also indicates high electrical resistivity and sonic velocity. Gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain is characterized by a thinner permafrost zone, shallower buried depth, more complex gas component and coal-bed methane origin etc.     

Types and Characteristics of Volcanostratigraphic Boundaries and?Their Oil-Gas Reservoir?Significance

Just like in sedimentary stratigraphy, the volcanostratigraphic boundary is an important factor for constructing volcanostratigraphic framework. The fundamental factor of volcanostratigraphic boundaries is to classify the types and define their characteristics. Based on field investigation and cross-wells section analysis of Mesozoic volcanostratigraphy in NE China, 5 types of volcanostratigraphic boundaries have been recognized, namely eruptive conformity boundary(ECB), eruptive unconformity boundary(EUB), eruptive interval unconformity boundary(EIUB), tectonic unconformity boundary(TUB) and intrusive contacts boundary(ICB). Except ICB, the unconformity boundaries can be divided into angular unconformity and paraconformity. The time spans and signs of these boundaries are analyzed by using age data of some volcanic fields that have been published. The time spans of ECB and EUB are from several minutes to years. In lava flows, cooling crust is distributed above and below ECB and EUB; in pyroclastic flows, airfalls and lahars, a fine layer below these boundaries has no discernable erosion at every part of the boundary. EUB may be curved or cross curved and jagged. The scale of ECB/EUB is dependent on the scale of lava flow or pyroclastic flows. The time span of EIUB is from decades to thousands of years. There is also weathered crust under EIUB and sedimentary rock beds overlie EIUB. In most instances, weathered crust and thin sedimentary beds are associated with each other laterally. The boundary is a smooth curved plane. The scale of EIUB is dependent on the scale of the volcano or volcano groups. The characteristics of TUB are similar to EIUB’s. The time interval of TUB is from tens of thousands to millions of years. The scale of TUB depends on the scale of the basin or volcanic field. Both the lab data and logging data of wells in the Songliao Basin reveal that the porosity is greatly related to the boundaries in the lava flows. There is a high-porosity belt below ECB, EUB or EIUB, and the porosity decreases when it is apart from the boundary. The high-porosity belt below ECB and EUB is mainly contributed by primary porosity, such as vesicles. The high-porosity belt below EIUB is mainly contributed by primary and secondary porosity, such as association of vesicles and spongy pores, so the area near the boundary in lava flows is a very important target for reservoirs.     

Permafrost and taliks and their changes on the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the climate warming北大核心CSCD

The distribution of permafrost and taliks is very complex in the Tuotuo River Basin(TRB), which is located in interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Characterizing the spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and taliks is of great significance to community activities and engineering construction in TRB. Based on the zonation of permafrost and talik distribution around TRB conducted in the 1980s, the soil temperature and its variation process of permafrost and taliks in the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River were analyzed by using the observation data of five boreholes(N1~N5)along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the north bank and five boreholes(S1~S5)on the first terrace in the south bank. The results showed that, under the climate warming, permafrost and taliks in the north banks experienced significant degradation and warming process. From 2005 to 2020, the permafrost at the N1 borehole has undergone a significant down-draw degradation process, from extremely unstable and high-temperature permafrost to thawed zone. From 2005 to 2013, the annual average ground temperature of the talik at N2 increased at a rate of 0. 3~0. 4 °C·(10a)-1. At Maqutang on the south bank, permafrost prevails from the first-class terrace to the gentle slope of the Kaixinling Mountain, with both through and non-through taliks on the first-class terrace. The spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and talik in the TRB are further promoted by analyzing the changes in temperatures at boreholes in the basin. However, to meet the requirements of mapping and engineering construction of permafrost and taliks in the TRB, it is still necessary to carry out geological investigation with multiple methods and in-depth research on development mechanism of taliks in the future. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University. All rights reserved.     

The Present Research and Prospect of Chinese Geosciences History

It has been over a hundred years since the birth of research on Chinese geosciences history, which was accompanied by the continuous progress of Chinese geosciences. For hundreds of years, it has grown out of nothing to brilliant performance by several generations of Chinese geologists committing their hearts and minds with the spirit of exert and strive without stop to promote the process of China's industrialization and to produce the significant impact on serving the society. The study of Chinese geosciences history reflects objectively and historically the history of geosciences in China, which has recorded, analyzed and evaluated the dynamic process sitting in the background and clue of the history of Chinese geosciences development. The study of the history of geological science has roughly experienced two stages in China. The first stage is the study of individual researchers. It spanned approximately 70 years from the early 20th century to the end of the 1970s. The research contents were mainly based on the evolution of geological organizations, the development and utilization of individual mineral species, the history of deposit discovery and the research of geological characters. The main representatives are Zhang Hongzhao, Ding Wenjiang, Weng Wenhao and Li Siguang, Ye Liangfu, Huang Jiqing, Yang Zhongjian, Xie Jiarong, Gao Zhenxi, Wang Bingzhang and etc. The most prominent feature of this period is the accumulation of a very valuable document for the study of the history of China's geological history and lays a foundation for the exchange of geological science between China and foreign countries. The second stage is organized group study. It took around 60 years from the 1920s to 1980s. It includes the history of Chinese geology, the history of geological organizations, the history of geological disciplines, the history of geological education, the history of geological philosophy, the history of Chinese and foreign geological science communication, the history of geologists and etc. The most chief feature of this stage is the birth of academic research institute―the establishment of the Commission on the History of Geology of the Geological Society of China.     

多年冻土区路桥过渡段的一种新结构

The design of roadbed-abutment transition part is always a challenging problem in transportation engineering, especially in permafrost distribution zone. A new type of roadbed-abutment transition part on permafrost was presented, and long-term observation was conducted for the deformation and the thermal regime of a roadbed-abutment transition part in the constructing Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In this paper, a new structure was presented and the observed settlements both in the subgrade and the base and its dependency with the thermal regime (permafrost table) were analyzed. In conclusion the roadbed-a-butment transition method for permafrost distribution zone was evaluated.     

Deep Mineralization Background and Metallogenic Regularity of the Tongling Ore District

Based on the geological conditions and characteristics of mineralization present, three-dimensional geological modelling is used in conjunction with previous deep research results, in order to discuss the process of deep mineralization in the Tongling ore district. The structural analysis shows that surface deformation is strong, deep deformation is weak, the surface has mainly experienced brittle deformation, with the possibility of a large number of deep ductile deformations. There is a thrust nappe between the Tongling uplift and the Nanling basin, that is the boundary of the Tongling block, which has resulted in the southwest uplift of the Tongling block. Combined with the deep exploration data, the three-dimensional shape of the main rock masses is interpreted, with three-layer structures in the deep magma chamber. The spatial distribution of magmatic rocks is mainly controlled by the structure. The movement of magmatic hydrothermal fluid is dominated by mesoscale seepage in the deep part and ‘dike’ type upwelling in the shallow part. There is a certain coupling relationship between the ore-forming rock mass and the surrounding rock. The ore-forming age is dominated by the Yanshanian period. Based on the distribution, types and metallogenic characteristics of the deposits, the metallogenic model of ‘layer coupling’ in the Tongling ore district is summarized, with the ‘one body, two belts and a multilayer metallogenic system’ is established, which is significant for the future direction of deep prospecting in the Tongling area.     

青藏高原开发中的冻土问题

在国家决策西部大开发战略之际, 正确评价青藏高原开发中所面临的冻土问题, 为生态环境建设和国民经济持续稳定发展提供依据, 显得更为重要。多年冻土占据着青藏高原一半以上的疆土面积, 受全球气候变化和人为活动的共同影响, 在过去的几十年中已发生了不同程度的变化, 且随着人类活动增强, 变化必将加剧, 冻土问题也将显得日益突出。多年冻土的变化主要表现为多年冻土的地温升高、上限下降和面积缩减等, 进而影响到各类工程的地基稳定性, 使工程建筑受到不同程度的破坏;同时, 由于气候变化、过度放牧和工程活动的影响, 地面水热状况改变, 尤其是地表土壤层中水分含量的降低, 导致了草场退化, 生态环境恶化。在分析这些冻土问题原因的基础上, 作者预测了在未来开发中可能出现的冻土问题, 并提出了建议。     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程地质特征及其评价

青藏高原多年冻土是地质历史时期高海拔寒冷气候条件下的产物,也是青藏铁路建设的三大难题之一;而多年冻土工程地质特征及其评价工作是作出合理、可靠的工程设计的基础。结合青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区的15个地形地貌分区,在青藏铁路多年冻土区选择了70个典型断面进行了地质勘查,采用地质钻探和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了各区的工程地质特征并对其工程地质类型进行了评价。研究表明:青藏铁路多年冻土区冻土类型多样,高含冰量冻土、厚层地下冰广泛分布,不同区段地温差异性较大,工程地质条件复杂多变,良好、一般、不良和极差的工程地质区段交错分布。     

多年冻土工程地质制图的阶梯发展

多年冻土工程地质制图是区域和历史冻土学研究的基础内容之一.多年冻土工程地质制图是根据需要和制图原则,在特定时空尺度分析多年冻土特征,以及各种自然、工程、环境要素共同影响下的多年冻土属性的量化描述.多年冻土工程地质制图所解决的科学问题从多年冻土的分布、规律和格局、冻土功能,认识不断提高.制图的内容从研究多年冻土的基本要素...     

青藏铁路北麓河试验段冻土工程地质特征及评价

冻土问题是青藏铁路建设的难题之一,为良好的解决这一问题,详细了解线路通过地区的冻土工程地质特征并对其做出工程地质评价至关重要.在目前完成的青藏铁路北麓河试验段的冻土勘察工作表明,该试验段的土层以富含厚层地下冰的细粒土为主,试验段地下水丰富,全段高温与低温多年冻土都有分布,冻土上限深度一般为2～3m.综合上述特征,该试验段综合评价为不良和极差冻土工程地质地段.在类似地区进行铁路建设,工程措施设计和采用中要充分考虑冻土工程地质特征,否则可能导致工程建设的隐患甚至所采取工程措施的失败.     

工程地质区及其在地球各大陆的分布

在地球各大陆上工程地质条件水平和垂直上的变化反映出它们的区域性,它受控于该地区的热量、湿度及其比率。这就是在类似地质结构的地区中,不同的纬度和海拔高度形成了不同的工程地质条件的原因。引入工程地质区这个概念的目的在于说明工程地质条件的区域性。工程地质区一词的意义是指一个大的工程地质地区或省,在其中主要由水的形态决定的岩土状态是均一的并从工程地质观点来看具有区域稳定性。已经确定了以下工程地质区类型:永久性的多年冻土区域、多年冻土和融化沉积共存区域,以及融化和不冻岩石区域,它们再细分为亚区。工程地质条件区域性概念要考虑的主要问题有:分区原则、工程地质区域的类型和种类、地球各大陆上工程地质区域的空间分布规律性、“理想”大陆上的分布模型。     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践

青藏铁路建设需穿越高原多年冻土区, 在探明沿线多年冻土分布特征的基础上, 合理确定了青藏铁路线路的走向方案.在多年的冻土研究和工程实践的指导下, 有针对性地开展了 5 个不同类型冻土工程试验研究, 取得重要科研成果, 指导设计和施工.全面总结4 a来青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践, 提出了“主动降温, 冷却地基, 保护冻土”的设计思想, 制定了路基、桥涵、隧道成套工程技术措施和先进施工工艺, 对确保多年冻土工程质量发挥了重要作用.     

青藏铁路冻土区路桥过渡段沉降原因分析

青藏铁路开通近10 a以来,各类冻土工程稳定,保证了列车平稳安全的运行。然而,青藏铁路工程也不可避免出现了一些病害问题。现场调查资料表明,冻土区路桥过渡段下沉现象较为严重。通过冻土区路桥过渡段的沉降特点和工程地质条件综合分析,结果表明：地表水或冻结层上水水热侵蚀,引起人为多年冻土上限下降、高含冰量冻土层融化,致使路基发生强烈的融化下沉。建议这类工程病害应采取主动降温措施增强地基土的冻结能力,并加强防排水设施和改善地表水条件,消除水热侵蚀所产生的融化下沉。研究结果为青藏铁路路桥过渡段的稳定性和养护提供了科学依据。     

祁连山柴木铁路沿线多年冻土区工程地质特征及评价

在多年冻土区,由于特殊的冻土工程地质条件带来的冻土问题,是铁路建设及维护面临的难题之一.为评价铁路沿线冻土工程地质条件,从分析影响冻土工程地质条件特征的两大因素冻土热稳定性和自然环境条件出发,结合现场勘探资料,采用突变级数法建立了可量化的冻土工程地质评价模型并划定评价等级,评价结果S分为5级:恶劣(S≤0.77)、较差...     

214国道沿线的多年冻土及其工程地质条件评价

214国道位于青藏高原的东缘,1985-2012年期间的冻土勘察和地温监测资料表明,在河卡山至清水河439 km范围内的高山、滩地和沼泽化草甸地区分布着不连续和岛状多年冻土,公路实际穿越的多年冻土段累计里程约232.4 km,沿线绝大部分路段的地温高于-1.5℃,含冰量、冻土上限等多年冻土特征指标随地形、地貌变化剧烈. 在分析上述资料的基础上,从冻土热稳定性和自然环境两个因素入手,采用突变级数法建立了多年冻土工程地质条件评价模型并对214国道多年冻土工程地质条件进行了定量评价. 结果表明：214国道沿线冻土热稳定性普遍较差,自然环境多处于一般状态. 除局部少冰、多冰冻土路段以外,沿线多年冻土工程地质条件总体处于较差或恶劣状态. 与214国道病害调查资料进行比较后发现,路基病害一般发生在工程地质条件差的路段. 这表明该评价结果比较准确的反映了沿线的多年冻土工程地质条件,对于现有214国道和新建共和-玉树高速公路的运营和维护具有重要的指导意义.     

影响青藏铁路冻土区主要工程措施可靠性的气温变化指标分析

多年冻土是气候条件控制的特殊地质体,气温升高和降水条件变化将对青藏铁路沿线的多年冻土产生深刻影响.从全球气温变化背景和青藏高原气候变化的实际情况出发,分析和论述了气候变化对青藏铁路沿线多年冻土地温特征及冻土区工程建筑物的可靠性产生缓慢而持续影响的气温变化指标.通过对冻土区工程设计原则和工程结构、工程措施可靠性产生重大影响的气温变化特征的分析,提出对目前冻土工程可靠性的看法,并提出应对工程措施.