朝鲜海峡气候特征

本文收集了1960～1990年间的水文气象资料进行累年统计,并参考有关航海资料和海洋图集,详细地对朝鲜海峡进行了分析研究,阐明了该海峡气候及水文特征的变化规律。     

海峡效应作用与局地水文气候特征分析

海峡对气流和海流的效应作用是明显的。由海峡效应作用使风力的增强和海况的恶性化，对海峡及邻近海区危害极大。但狭管效应又有得地调节了不同纬度和海区的气候和热状况。海峡效应作用与季节变化、盛行气流和天气系统不同季风天气过程的强度变化关系密切，与各海峡所处地理位置和走向有关等。     

澳门及其临近海域水文气象特征

本文资料来源于１９０１－１９０２年国间内外有关澳门的气象资料及１９８０－１９９５年海上船舶气象报。     

香港地区的水文气象特征

本文在广泛收集以往和现今资料的基础上，对香港地区的气候和水文特征进行了综合分析和探讨。可看出是一个具亚热带海洋气候，潮汐为不规则半日潮，流速不大，易于船舶停靠的天然良港。由于本文所用的资料年代新、序列长、分析所得出的结果、数据更准确。文中对香港的气象与水文各要素作了较为全阐述。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡区域重力场特征及异常分析

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡及周边区域是南极大陆火山、地震等新构造活动最活跃的地区,与南设得兰海沟、南设得兰群岛一同构成南极大陆边缘现存唯一的"沟-弧-盆"构造体系。本文基于"雪龙"船第28、第30航次实测数据及两个航次的国际共享资料,利用均衡改正数据处理方法获得布兰斯菲尔德海峡的莫霍面深度及其分布规律,分析深部构造-断裂的区域分布及其重力异常特征等。布兰斯菲尔德海峡内的空间重力异常呈条带状分布,走向总体与地形相近,布格重力异常则由两侧向中间升高,大致在坡折处形成异常场值为100×10-5 m/s2的分界线,在中央次海盆和东部次海盆海山处形成两个异常高值圈闭,异常值最高为150×10-5 m/s2。莫霍面深度以弧后扩张中心为最低值,向南设得兰群岛和南极半岛两个方向递增,深度从12 km递增至陆坡位置的24 km。     

菲律宾海及其邻近海区的水文特征

根据国内外的有关资料,对非律宾海及其邻近的水文特征进行了分析与研究,得出了菲律宾海及其邻近海区的潮汐、海流、海浪、盐度、水温、透明度及水色等水文要素的特点和特征,进一步闸明菲律宾及其邻近海区水文要素的分布特征及季节变化规律,为船舶在海上航行和海洋学研究,提供可靠的参考数据。     

丹麦海峡海洋锋时空变化特征研究

丹麦海峡海洋锋可为局地气候变化、海峡鱼类分布以及海峡中尺度涡等方面研究提供参考,在军事领域也具有较高应用价值。然而目前国内外缺乏对于丹麦海峡锋的系统研究。本文利用WOA13数据,对丹麦海峡锋位置、强度空间分布以及相应的季节变化进行了分析。结果显示,锋轴线位置在34°W以西150 m以浅相对稳定,34°W以东锋轴线随深度和季节均有摆动。锋强度在水平和垂直方向分布不均匀,水平方向上锋轴线最大值与最小值差值一般在3倍以上。垂直方向盐度锋主要集中在100 m以浅,且强度随深度不断减小;温度锋强度最大值在表层以下且在300 m以深随深度增加锋强度减小,但有一些区域如27°W和28°W附近,受到海底地形的影响温度锋强度随着深度的变化有大幅度增加的特点。     

南海北部海峡热输送特征

计算和分析了南海北部(14.75°N以北)热含量、吕宋海峡和台湾海峡的体积输送和热输送的时空变化和季节转换特征。研究表明:南海通过吕宋海峡交换体积输送和热输送,两者都在12月份达到最大,但体积输送5月达到最小,而热输送则滞后1个月,在6月达到最小。南海北部水体热含量异常具有2～3 a的变化周期。吕宋海峡的整体热输送异常存在3 a左右变化周期,季节变化上比南海北部热含量超前2个月。台湾海峡的整体热输送异常存在2～4 a变化周期,季节变化上整体向外热输送最小值比南海北部热含量最大值超前1～2个月。吕宋海峡的整体热输送与台湾海峡相比季节变化上反位相。     

基于LLC4320环境数据的吕宋海峡声学特征分析

声波是水下信息获取和目标探测的主要手段,其在海洋波导中的传播特性及声场分布与海洋动力环境紧密相关。基于LLC4320再分析数据,针对吕宋海峡及其周边海域,开展了局部环境场特征和声学特征分析,评价了高分辨率数据对于声学特征研究的适用性。首先,通过分析该区域1月温盐场的时间和空间变化特征,结合跃层的空间分布和时间变化,研究了吕宋海峡区域的动力环境特征;其次,开展了声传播规律的研究,并评价了声速、声传播特征等与温盐场的相关性,可为高分辨率的海洋数值模拟在海洋声学特征研究中的应用提供参考。     

吕宋海峡黑潮季节变化初步分析

本文根据吕宋海峡所处海域(17°~23°N、117°~122°E)1、4、7、10月的0、100、500m流场图、南海北部和台湾以东海域(17°~30°N、110°~130°E)逐月标准层温度场以及1、4、7、10月平均SSH场等相关资料,分别从冬、夏、春秋三种季节描述吕宋海峡黑潮流的季节特征,并试图从黑潮产生的机制着手,结合季节性风场及实际温盐分布状况,分析吕宋海峡黑潮的季节变化原因以及吕宋海峡黑潮对南海与西太平洋之间的物质能量交换过程的影响。     

Simulation of characteristics of thermal and hydrologic soil regimes in equilibrium numerical experiments with a climate model of intermediate complexity

The IAP RAS CM (Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, climate model) has been extended to include a comprehensive scheme of thermal and hydrologic soil processes. In equilibrium numerical experiments with specified preindustrial and current concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the coupled model successfully reproduces thermal characteristics of soil, including the temperature of its surface, and seasonal thawing and freezing characteristics. On the whole, the model also reproduces soil hydrology, including the winter snow water equivalent and river runoff from large watersheds. Evapotranspiration from the soil surface and soil moisture are simulated somewhat worse. The equilibrium response of the model to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide shows a considerable warming of the soil surface, a reduction in the extent of permanently frozen soils, and the general growth of evaporation from continents. River runoff increases at high latitudes and decreases in the subtropics. The results are in qualitative agreement with observational data for the 20th century and with climate model simulations for the 21st century.     

南冲绳海槽地质与地球物理调查的气象和水文条件

为保障南冲绳海槽地质与地球物理调查工作的顺利进行,对该海区气象和水文条件进行了分析。结果表明,影响南冲绳海槽海洋地质与地球物理调查的气象和水温要素主要包括海面风、热带气旋、波浪、黑潮等;根据气象和波浪特征的分析认为,该地区海上调查的最佳时间为每年3-6月,其次为10月至次年2月;调查过程中应采取适当方法应对较强的黑潮表层流和底流对仪器设备的冲击。     

Variations of temperature and hydrologic regimes of the region of Ladoga Lake catchment basin in the 20th and 21st centuries according to data of modern climate models

In the region of the Ladoga Lake catchment basin, we perform data analysis on a set of different modern climate models with different Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios in the 20th and 21st centuries; this set includes global models such as ECHAM4/OPYC3 (Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany), HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, England), and RCAO (Rossby Centre Regional Atmosphere-Ocean) models. Two variants of the boundary conditions for these climate models (Rossby Center of Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SMHI) are used. We present the results of a diagnosis of the model-predicted near-surface temperature (T), precipitation (P), evaporation (E), and water budget (P-E) in the Ladoga Lake catchment based on their comparison with empirical data in twentieth century. We obtain scenario estimates of the variations of temperature and hydrologic regimes of Ladoga Lake catchment when IPCC IS92a, A2, and B2 scenarios are fulfilled, describing the prognostic growth of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol to the atmosphere, and discuss the recommendations for their use.     

The cluster analysis of the water masses in western Taiwan Strait from hydrologic and chemical factors

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ISTOK hydrologic probes: development and application

A brief survey of the thirty-year history of creation and development of hydrologic probes at the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is given. We describe problems arisen before developers and analyze the principles of design of equipment, algorithmic support, software for data processing, and methodological and metrological support. The results of intercalibration and application of probes in expeditions are presented. Translated by Peter V. Malvshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

琼州海峡的波浪特征

本文依据多年实测波浪资料揭示了琼州海峡的波浪特征,结果表明,本海域以风浪为主,其出现频率占76.7％以上。波浪随季节变化明显,常见浪向和强浪向颇为一致它们是NE～ENE。一般来说,本海区的最大波浪是由台风产生的;海峡两端海区的波浪比中部海区的大。     

Babin模式特征分析及应用

讨论了气象条件对Babin模式的影响,对比分析了Babin模式模拟结果与典型的P—J模式模拟结果,前者一般小于后者;还计算了南海海区的蒸发波导高度,平均结果与现有文献上的此海区统计结果基本一致,这为Babin模式用于研究蒸发波导气候变化提供了基础。     

Problems of modeling climate and climate change

The properties of the climate system as a physical object are considered. Major concepts of the mathematical theory of climate are stated, and the problems of constructing mathematical climate models are discussed. The results of reproducing the present-day climate are analyzed, and the sensitivity of the climate system to changes in the content of greenhouse gases is considered. Major directions are formulated in which the development of the mathematical theory of climate and of modeling climate and climate change is possible.