自动气象站雨量传感器特殊故障维修两例

自动气象站雨量计雨量传感器记数不准是一种常见故障。本文重点分析了应用常规处理方法无法解决的两例特殊故障,说明了故障处理的思路和过程,提出了在故障处理过程中仔细观察有无记录跳变,准确判断类似故障原因所在的有效处理方法即：①雨量计有规则多记数,计量翻斗翻转一次有采集记录0．2mm雨量的现象,最终导致雨量记数偏大;②雨量计不规则多记数,由于计量翻斗翻转后的惯性反弹,吸附在磁钢上的金属物尖状靠近干簧管,使干簧管开关闭合造成误记数,这种误记数使得采集记数不规则偏大。     

SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器测量误差试验分析

基于SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器的结构原理进行测量误差分析。根据传感器翻斗承水量的不同,采用模拟降水试验的方法比对降水误差,得到在大、小雨强(1mm/min和4mm/min)下计量10mm降水量时的上翻斗与计量翻斗合适的比例关系,从而使得测量误差最小且两种雨强下测量误差一致性最好。结果表明:10mm降水计量,上翻斗与计量翻斗翻动次数的比例关系为9∶10最合适。比例关系的确定为双翻斗雨量传感器的超差调整提供了技术参考和依据,为雨量观测数据的准确可靠提供了保障。     

如何提高雨量传感器的数据质量

1雨量传感器的构造及工作原理自动站雨量传感器(上海气象仪器厂造)主要由外筒(承水器)、上翻斗、计量翻斗、计数翻斗及干簧管组成。工作原理:降水通过承水器进入上翻斗,自然降水积聚到一斗后翻转,进入计量翻斗,每翻转1次为0.1 mm降水量,这样进入计量翻斗的水流速度近似于大气降     

两种翻斗式雨量测量仪器原理及常见故障分析

通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器和DSDZ3型智能翻斗式雨量测量仪的结构、原理进行比较,结合2种雨量传感器常见故障,分析2种雨量传感器各自优势和不足,总结常见故障处理方法,为雨量观测仪器设计和气象站保障工作提供借鉴和参考。结果表明：2种雨量传感器原理相同,校准和误差调节方法相似。SL3-1型雨量传感器结构简易,便于维护,但不能及时发现堵塞、干簧管老化等问题;DSDZ3型智能翻斗式雨量测量仪具有自检功能,可实时监控传感器状态,及时发现故障并处理,有效提高观测数据质量,但其结构复杂,维护及故障处理难度较大。     

光纤传感器在双翻斗雨量传感器超差调整中的应用

双翻斗雨量传感器标校过程中,对于不同雨强超差方向相反的雨量计需要分别调节上翻斗的定位螺钉和计量翻斗的容量调节螺钉,同时也需要记录上翻斗和计量翻斗的翻动次数。雨量计使用的是无源脉冲输出,计量翻斗的每次翻动触发干簧管产生一个脉冲,利用单片机即可采集这个信号自动记录。而上翻斗的翻动次数靠人工观察统计,由于翻斗翻动速度较快人工计数不准确,最终造成标校不准。并且人工每次只能记录1台雨量计,无法批量自动记录数据。本文采用光纤传感器在不干扰雨量计运行情况下自动统计上翻斗翻动次数,为标校提供准确数据。     

两种翻斗式雨量传感器原理及常见故障分析

摘要：开展新观测仪器的研究应用,优化观测仪器设计是气象业务发展需求,也是提高气象观测数据质量的有效手段。通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器和DSDZ3型智能翻斗雨量测量仪传感器结构、原理进行比较,结合两类雨量传感器常见故障,分析两类雨量传感器各自优势和存在的不足,总结常见故障处理方法,为雨量传感器改进和从事气象站保障工作的同行提供借鉴和参考。结果表明：两种雨量传感器原理相同,校准和误差调节方法相似; SL3-1型雨量传感器结构简易,便于维护,但不能及时发现堵塞、干簧管老化等问题;DSDZ3型智能翻斗式雨量测量仪具有自检功能,可实时监控传感器状态,及时发现故障并处理,有效提高观测数据质量,但其结构复杂,维护及故障处理难度较大。     

用计数器解决双翻斗雨量计超差故障

利用自动站雨量传感器工作原理和计数器计数累加功能,当仪器测雨精度超过仪器技术指标（即与雨量筒相比,10mm以下为±0．3mm,10mm以上为±0．4mm）时均为超差。通过故障判断,逐步调整,达到解决自动站雨量器超差的故障问题。     

SL2-1型雨量传感器几种异常记录原因及解决方法

1 雨量传感器翻斗翻转不灵活或不翻转 这种情况造成干簧接点不闭合,不输出或少输出电路导通脉冲,就会出现雨量记录与人工观测记录相差较大.处理方法:清除翻斗支点的脏物,以减少翻斗翻转阻力,重新安装翻斗,轻轻拨动使其正常翻转,注意不要用手触摸翻斗内壁或其他物体,以免粘附油污.     

自动气象站雨量误差分析及维护

在分析翻斗式雨量传感器产生误差的现象与原因的基础上,介绍了具体的调整和维护方法,并认为雨量调整涉及的问题较多,也比较复杂,只有在确定是由于传感器基点位置不正确而造成的雨量误差时,才做基点调整,且一般不提倡台站自行进行调整.     

SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器常见故障处理及误差调节

通过对SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器结构和工作原理进行分析,找出雨量传感器易发生故障现象、原因和维修方法,总结雨量传感器在校准过程中的注意事项和误差调节方法,供同行借鉴参考。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.