南京市区建筑场地地下水腐蚀性评价

本文介绍南京市区地下水的化学成分和建筑场地地下水腐蚀性评价以及腐蚀性原因分析。     

曹妃甸滨海区浅层地下水腐蚀性评价

浅层地下水对地下建筑具有一定的腐蚀性,影响建筑物安全,沿海地区尤为严重.随着曹妃甸新区城市建设的加快,浅层地下水和土对工程的腐蚀性及对工程结构设计的影响也越来越受到关注.本文对曹妃甸滨海区的地下水腐蚀性数据进行了统计分析,并对地下水的侵蚀性进行了评价,得出曹妃甸滨海区域地下水腐蚀性的规律.浅层地下水对混凝土结构具有弱-强的腐蚀性,自北向南逐渐加重;对混凝土结构中的钢筋普遍具有腐蚀性,对钢结构具有弱-中等腐蚀性,总体向南加重.此研究可以为区内的城市规划和工程建设提供借鉴.     

红层区城镇地下水对建筑物基础腐蚀及防治研究以天水市为例

地下水对建筑物基础腐蚀是发育广泛、速率缓慢的地质灾害,它对红层区城市基础工程危害尤显突出。以天水市的红层区为例,利用长期积累的大量地下水化学资料,探讨了腐蚀性地下水的成因,提出了防治地下水对建筑物基础腐蚀的对策。     

若羌河水库地下水强腐蚀性原因分析

地下水腐蚀性会影响混凝土结构的耐久性、可靠性,在工程建设中必须引起足够的重视.以新疆若羌河水库为例,该水库坝址区工程地质和水文地质条件勘察结果显示,若羌河的河床地表水对混凝土均无腐蚀性,但基岩裂隙水对混凝土具强腐蚀性.通过对基岩裂隙水产生强腐蚀性的原因、腐蚀性与岩性接触带的关系进行分析,明确了地下水强腐蚀性的根本原因....     

天水市区浅层地下水硫酸根离子含量时空变化趋势及超标成因分析

甘肃省天水市区的浅层地下中存在硫酸根离子含量超标的问题,但相关研究成果较为匮乏。本研究利用2019-2021年26个地下水采样井水质数据,对比分析了天水市区的秦州城区、麦积城区的浅层地下中硫酸根离子含量的时空变化趋势,并对超标原因进行了分析。结果表明：硫酸根离子含量年际变化趋势总体为稳定型。硫酸根离子含量高低具有明显的空间分布规律性,东部的麦积城区普遍高于西部的秦州城区,麦积城区的南北两岸黄土丘陵山前区普遍高于中部河谷区。造成硫酸根离子含量超标的主要原因为区域地层中富含硫酸盐类矿物的溶解,其次可能与零星点状的人类活动污染有关。研究成果可为当地地下水污染防治提供科学依据。     

漯河市区地下水超采现状及评价

依据大量监测、调查资料,分析了漯河市地下水开采现状以及由地下水超采引发的环境地质问题,对地下水超采现状进行评价,在此基础上提出优化开采布局科学开发利用地下水.     

南宁市区地下水水化学特征及形成机制

为了深入研究南宁市区地下水水化学特征、水质情况及地下水质量演变的主要水化学过程,文章采集南宁市区22组孔隙水和7组岩溶水,检测pH值、阴阳离子、溶解性总固体（TDS）和总硬度等化学指标,探讨地下水水化学特征和形成机制。结果表明:研究区孔隙水和岩溶水pH平均值均小于7,两种水TDS和总硬度基本一致,主要的阴离子（HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-）中含量最高的是HCO3-,平均分别为68.08 mg/L和106.68 mg/L;对于阳离子（Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+）,研究区孔隙水和岩溶水均表现为Ca2+≥Na+>Mg2+>K+,其中Ca2+的平均含量分别为24.04 mg/L和31.34 mg/L;地下水化学成分主要通过风化-溶滤作用与混合作用形成,地下水水化学类型为HCO3--Ca2+型水;地质环境背景是地下水pH值普遍偏低的主要原因,人类活动对地下水的影响越来越重要,pH值和水化学类型改变均与经济发展、人口增加、工矿企业增加等人类活动密切相关。      

浅谈水土对工程建筑物的腐蚀性及检测方法

论述了土体或水体（地下水或地表水）对工程建筑材料的腐蚀作用,介绍了腐蚀性评价中几种特殊化学组分的腐蚀原理和检测方法,并指出了水、土样品采集时应注意的问题。     

密云县平原区地下水资源现状评价

密云县平原区是北京市重要水源地之一。本文在分析该区水文地质条件的基础上，采用均衡原理对其进行地下水资源现状评价，并提出了针对性的建议。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality and pollution in Daqing Oilfield

Daqing Oilfield is located in the northeast of Songnen Plain in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, which is a petrochemical industry gathering place based on petroleum refining, chemical industry, chemical fiber and fertilizer. In recent years, the quantity demand of petroleum and petrochemical production for groundwater in Daqing Oilfield is growing, and it’s of great significance to analyze and study the quality and pollution degree of groundwater for groundwater exploitation, utilization and protection. In this paper, groundwater quality of Daqing Oilfield evaluated by Nemerow Index is poor, and most points are Class IV groundwater; When evaluating groundwater pollution by hierarchical ladder method, the results show that the severe and extremely severe pollution points account for 34.48% in shallow phreatic water and 20% in deep confined water, showing that shallow groundwater is more seriously polluted than the deep. The main components influencing the quality of groundwater in the study area are total hardness, total dissolved solids, Cl-, SO42- and so on, which are affected by both the native environment and human activities; The main pollution components in groundwater are nitrite and nitrate nitrogen which are affected by human activities. Daqing Oilfield groundwater pollution is characterized by inorganic pollution, while organic components related to human activities contribute less to the groundwater pollution currently.     

Dynamic assessment of pollution risk of groundwater source area in Northern China

Based on the dynamic analysis and research of pollution risk of groundwater sources, this paper creates the dynamic assessment method of pollution risk of groundwater source area under the theory of “source-pathway-receptor”, and applies this method to one typical fissure karst groundwater source area in northern China. Following the 30-year petroleum pollutant migration simulation and pollution risk assessment of groundwater source area, this study finds that the very high risk zone is mainly located in Q Petrochemical Company and the surrounding area and the area adjacent to River Z. Within this period of thirty years, the pollution risk of groundwater source area has showed a dynamic trend that features an inverted “V” shape. The ratio of very high risk zone to the total area will be 18.1%, 17.47% and 16.62% during the tenth year, the twentieth year and the thirtieth year separately, and will reach the highest level of 19.45% during the fifteenth year. Meanwhile, the vertical migration distance of pollutant centre concentration changed from the surface soil at the outset to the deepest point of about 250 meters underground during the tenth year. The results of this risk assessment indicate the dynamic feature of pollution risk. The dilution, degradation and migration of petroleum pollutants in groundwater system contribute to an ultimate decline in pollution risk.     

全面禁采以来锡西澄南地区地面沉降动态特征分析

锡西澄南地区在苏锡常地区地面沉降研究中具有一定代表性,是地面沉降的典型地区之一。本文在已有的长期地下水水位、地面沉降监测资料的基础上,结合区域地质条件就全面禁采以来锡西澄南地区的地面沉降特征的诸多方面作进一步的探索分析。分析结果显示:目前锡西澄南地区出现南北沉降差异;差异特征与相应区域的地下水补给条件密切相关;北部Ⅱ承压层沉降为预防重点。     

Change of groundwater chemistry from 1896 to present in the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong

In this study, groundwater quality information collected in 1896 (well waters), 1980/1981 (piezometric and seepage samples) and 2002/2003 (seepage samples) in the regions centered by the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong Island, was compared to illustrate how groundwater quality has changed over a century and the processes controlling it. As shown by saline ammonia and nitrate levels in the late nineteenth century, groundwater was severely polluted by widespread and obvious leakage from poorly designed wastewater collection systems, although groundwater was still a drinking water source for local residents. The extremely high residual chlorines in groundwater demonstrated that large doses of disinfection agents were added to wells at that time. In view of the decline in saline ammonia and nitrate levels, groundwater became less organically polluted in the 1980s probably due to significant improvement of the design of underground sewers. However, more leakage from sources such as salty flushing water and fresh water pipes emerged in the past few decades which added complexity to groundwater chemical systems. Some chemicals were used to identify possible locations of leakages. The temporal variations of the distribution of these chemicals over the area may shed light on the rate of leakage. Leakage from service pipes seems to have improved from the early 1980s to 2002/2003. However, the area is still suffering from widespread and small-scale leakage from service pipes. More efforts should be paid to control small leakages in the future. The findings will be instructive to various government organizations such as the Water Supplies Department and Drainage Services Department to identify possible locations of unobvious leakages in the area.     

Evaluation of change in subsurface thermal environment due to groundwater flow in the Tokyo Lowland,Japan

Information on the distribution of subsurface temperature and hydraulic heads at 24 observation wells in and around the Tokyo Lowland, the eastern part of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, were examined to make clear the relationship between groundwater and the subsurface thermal environment in the urban area. Minimums in temperature–depth logs due to subsurface temperature increasing at shallow parts were recognized in 21 wells. This fact shows subsurface temperature is affected by ground surface warming in almost all of this area. Deeper than minimums, where the effects of surface warming became relatively small, regional variation is observed as follows: high temperatures are shown in the central part to the southern part, and low temperatures shown in the inland to eastern part. The high temperature area corresponds to an area where the lower boundary of groundwater flow is relatively shallow. This area corresponds also to an area with severe land subsidence resulting from excessive groundwater pumping. It is considered that this high temperature area is formed by the effects of upward groundwater flow affected by hydrogeological conditions and pumping. On the other hand, a comparison between past data (1956–1967) and present data (2001–2003) revealed widespread decreasing temperature in the inland area. This is explained by downward groundwater flow based on an analysis of temperature–depth logs. This fact suggests that subsurface temperature is not only increasing from the effects of surface warming but also decreasing from the effects of groundwater environment change due to pumping.     

Fluoride incidence in groundwater in an area of Peninsular India

Groundwater samples were collected from Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The district is mainly underlain by Peninsular Gneisses of Archaean age. The samples were analysed for fluoride (F^–) along with other chemical parameters. The results suggest that the main sources of F^– in groundwater in the district are the country rocks, in which fluorine is strongly absorbed in soils consisting of clay minerals. A strong positive correlation between F^– and lithogenic sodium reflects weathering activity. This is responsible for the leaching of F^–, which is also caused by the semi-arid climate and intensive irrigation in the area. An alkaline environment of circulating water in the investigated area mainly facilitates leaching of F^– from the soils, contributing to high F^–-containing groundwater. A longer residence time of water in the aquifer zone, caused by a high rate of evapotranspiration and a weathered zone of low hydraulic conductivity, which promotes the dissolution of fluorine-bearing minerals, is another factor that further increases the F^– content in groundwater. Suggestions are made to improve groundwater quality and, thus, the health status of the population.     

江阴南部地区建筑荷载和地下水开采与 地面沉降耦合研究

针对江阴南部地面沉降问题,结合地下水开发利用现状和城市建设规划,根据比奥固结理论,引入黏性土流变理论,将土体本构关系拓展至黏弹塑性,并考虑土体的土力学参数和水力学参数随应力场的动态变化,建立江阴南部地区建筑荷载、地下水开采与地面沉降三维全耦合数值模型,分别模拟预测了江阴南部地区2015年12月31日至2030年12月31日建筑荷载、地下水开采单独作用及二者叠加作用三种情况下地面沉降发展趋势。模拟结果显示,建筑荷载为引起江阴南部地区地面沉降的主因,其次是地下水开采,二者的主压缩层分别为第Ⅰ黏性土弱含水层和第Ⅱ黏性土弱含水层,分别占总压缩量的42.94%和62.60%;建筑荷载和地下水开采叠加作用下引发的地面沉降具有耦合效应,二者叠加量小于单独作用引发量的线性叠加。     

苏锡常地区地下水禁采后的地质环境效应研究

1995年以来,针对严重的区域性地面沉降和地裂缝灾害,苏锡常地区地下水资源保护和管理工作逐渐加强,特别是从2000年开始,江苏省政府分阶段实施限期禁止开采工作,首先在超采区实行地下水禁采,到2005年底,在苏锡常地区全面禁止开采地下水,全区地下水环境、地面沉降状况出现明显好转,地下水水位普遍回升,地面沉降速率逐渐减缓。根据近年来苏锡常地区地面沉降基岩标、分层标的系统监测资料,对地下水禁采后地质环境的效应特别是地面沉降的变化特征进行了初步分析、研究,并对该区今后地质环境保护工作提出了对策和建议。     

Changes in groundwater chemistry due to metallurgical activities in an alluvial aquifer in the Moa area (Cuba)

The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in groundwater chemistry in an alluvial aquifer in the Moa area. Surface and ground water, metallurgical waste and various geological material samples were collected in order to evaluate groundwater composition. The results show that the alluvial aquifer is polluted with SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺and heavy metals. According to its major components in the alluvial aquifer, two types of groundwater are identified: magnesi-bicarbonated and sulphate-magnesic. Maximum SO₄^2– and Mg²⁺ contents are more than 1000 mg/L, and are four times higher than the acceptable levels for human consumption of water. The high values of Cr(VI), Ni(II), Mn(II) Fe_(total), SO₄^2– and Mg²⁺ in alluvial aquifers are due to polluted recharge from metallurgical waste from the tailing dam. This recharge is favoured by the preferential flow due to desiccation cracks in metallurgical waste. Geochemical modelling showed that potentially toxic heavy metals might exist largely in the forms of MSO₄^2– and M²⁺ in pore water of SAL metallurgical waste. All samples were supersaturated in goethite and hematite. Results from batch testing indicate that the heavy metals have two origins: natural, due to the existing ultramaphic rocks and laterites, and anthropogenic, by metallurgical waste rich in sulphate and (oxy)hydroxide minerals. These results highlight the need to locate and evaluate a new water source to supply the population of the city of Moa.     

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Moro area,Kwara state,Nigeria

Detailed study of chemical analysis results of several groundwater samples (UNICEF-Assisted Water project, Kwara state, Nigeria) were carried out in an attempt to assess the quality and usability of groundwaters in the Moro area. Chemical analysis results indicate higher concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and HCO₃ ^– as compared to Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^–, and SO₄ ^2–. With exception of few locations where Fe is relatively higher, the concentrations of these ions together with other water quality parameters are all within permissible limits of the domestic and agricultural standards.On the basis of the analytical results, groundwaters in the study area are largely characterized as Ca-(Mg)-HCO₃ type reflecting (possibly) young facies with limited migratory history. The occurrence of Ca-(Mg)-Na-HCO₃ water type in certain areas is attributed to cation exchange processes. In addition, the observed scattered relationship between the TDS and the thickness of weathered horizons in the boreholes indicates the contribution of precipitation (recharge) to the ionic inputs in the groundwaters in addition to the weathering and dissolution processes.