地震波变化与地震预报

地震波含有大量的关于大震发生前震源及其周围地区介质的物理性质的信息。一般认为，在大震孕育阶段该地区发生大范围的微破裂，本文回顾了探测介质随时间变化的地震波动法的理论基础和原理及其应用，特别注意讨论固有的问题和今后研究的方向。实用的方法分为以下几类：（１）地震波速变化；（２）地震尾波衰减率变化；（３）Ｓ波分裂；（４）地震波的其他变化，如地震频谱变化和Ｐ波的线性变化等。     

景泰6.2级地震前后地震波参数异常特征研究

景泰６．２级地震前后地震波参数异常特征研究１前言在地震预报研究中，地震学方法占有重要的地位。作者通过对景泰６．２级地震前，兰州地震台所观测的地震波参数异常的分析研究，发现使用单台地震波参数资料可以对地震作出较好的预报。２资料选取我们选取以兰州地震台为...     

井水位的振荡与地震波

利用弹性理论和渗流理论研究了井水位振荡试验,给出了一种计算水井含水层频率特性参数（固有振动周期和阻尼系数）的新方法,对５口水井进行了ＳＬＵＧ试验,计算水井含水层的固有振动周期和阻尼系数,分析了水井对地震波响应的规律和内在联系。水井含水层系统对地震波的响应主要取决于水井含水层系统的固有振动周期和振动的阻尼系数,固有振动周期越是接近地震波－瑞利波的振动周期２０ｓ振动的阻尼系数越小,它对地震波的响应越好     

中等地震前地震波异常特征

本文利用P波初动符号,垂直向P波、S波最大振幅比,尾波衰减系数a值,尾波持续时间比τ_b/τ_v及尾波衰减速率p值等方法研究了1990年10月25日乌苏5.2级地震波异常曲时空变化特征。结果表明,地震波参数的分析可以提取中强地震前的异常信息。     

永登5.8级地震前后地震波频谱变化特征研究

研究了１９９５年７月２２日甘肃永登５．８级地震前后发生在该区的３２个小地震的地震波频谱变化特征,结果表明Ｐ、Ｓ波频谱的峰值频率、拐角频率、频谱峰值、零频谱值、高频段的谱线斜率绝对值等频谱特征量大多数在主震前后出现了明显的上升或下降异常变化,因而可作为地震预报指标。     

乌苏5.8级地震前单台地震波参数异常及跟踪预报

通过分析１９９５年５月２日新疆乌苏５．８级地震前北天山部分跟踪台站地震波参数异常特征，特别是石场台视孕震区内地震直达波振幅比的空间分布和时序变化规律，及时发现了异常并大致判断出潜在孕震区的范围，为预报决策和动态跟踪提供了依据。     

地震群触发了加州中部的警报

地震群触发了加州中部的警报赖克联邦和州政府当局于星期日（即１９９３年１１月１４日——译注）向加州中部帕克菲尔德村庄周围的７个县发布了最高一级的地震警报，警告他们在星期三（即１９９３年１１月１７日——译注）早晨以前圣安德烈斯断层发生６级强震的“概率约为...     

地震波预报方法在青海地区的应用

回顾和总结了地震波方法在青海省地震预报工作中的研究应用情况,提出了影响该方法应用的问题,介绍了利用数字地震波形资料开展研究的优点,同时也介绍了深入开展地震波研究的新方法。     

相对密实度对随机波与定次数波作用下土体变形关系的影响

通过砂土的一系列动三轴实验,研究不规则地震荷载作用下与定次数等幅荷载作用下土体变形间的关系,给出砂土相对密实度对二者间关系的影响规律。结果表明:真实地震荷载下土的变形发展与等幅正弦荷载明显不同,应变发展时程的形态主要受地震动的形态控制;应变比C与砂土相对密度间关系具有规律性,随相对密度增大而降低,若采用以20周作为标准作用次数、0.65倍地震波峰值为等幅荷载代替不规则的地震荷载,修正真实地震应力下的残余变形,其应变比C随砂土密实度的增大而减小。同时,冲击型荷载的应变比C`要远大于振动型荷载。     

On the propagation of finite Love Waves

Summary The problem of the propagation of finite Love Waves in a heterogeneous elastic half space lying over a homogeneous elastic half space, using the quasilinear stress-strain relation due toS. Ferhst [4] is considered in detail. The variations of the parameter in the layer assumed to be of the form 1= 0e ^z, 0e ^z where is a constant andz is distance measured from the surface into the layer.     

地震波研究://car

回顾了近4年来中国地球物理学家在地震波研究方面取得的主要进展. 分别简要地讨论了层状均匀介质、横向不均匀介质和多孔介质中的地震波传播,地震面波及波形反演,以及地震勘探、测井问题中的地震波研究方面取得的新成果. 指出当前地震波研究的重要课题是发展高效的数值方法,并利用该方法开展复杂介质中的地震波激发和传播,以及强地面运动的研究,为精细的地震危险分析与预测奠定基础.     

Seismic Tomography of the Lithosphere with Body Waves

— A pair of papers in 1976 lead-authored by Kei Aki heralded the beginning of the field of seismic tomography of the lithosphere. The 1976 paper by Aki, Christoffersson, and Husebye introduced a simple and approximate yet elegant technique for using body-wave arrival times from teleseismic earthquakes to infer the three-dimensional (3-D) seismic velocity heterogeneities beneath a seismic array or network (teleseismic tomography). Similarly, a 1976 paper by Aki and Lee presented a method for inferring 3-D structure beneath a seismic network using body-wave arrival times from local earthquakes (local earthquake tomography). Following these landmark papers, many dozens of papers and numerous books have been published presenting exciting applications of and/or innovative improvements to the methods of teleseismic and local earthquake tomography, many by Aki's students.¶This paper presents a brief review of these two types of tomography methods, discussing some of the underlying assumptions and limitations. Thereafter some of the significant methodological developments are traced over the past two and a half decades, and some of the applications of tomography that have reaped the benefits of these developments are highlighted. One focus is on the steady improvement in structural resolution and inference power brought about by the increased number and quality of seismic stations, and in particular the value of utilizing shear waves. The paper concludes by discussing exciting new scientific projects in which seismic tomography will play a major role — the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) and USArray, the initial components of Earthscope.     

Modelling Internal Solitary Waves in the Coastal Ocean

In the coastal oceans, the interaction of currents (such as the barotropic tide) with topography can generate large-amplitude, horizontally propagating internal solitary waves. These waves often occur in regions where the waveguide properties vary in the direction of propagation. We consider the modelling of these waves by nonlinear evolution equations of the Korteweg–de Vries type with variable coefficients, and we describe how these models are used to describe the shoaling of internal solitary waves over the continental shelf and slope. The theories are compared with various numerical simulations.     

Persistence of Planetary Waves in the Lower Ionosphere

The transient planetary waves in the atmosphere and ionosphere seem to occur in the form of bursts of a couple of waves with limited persistence. To study persistence of planetary wave events in the lower ionosphere, data from two radio paths from Central Europe are used, Luxembourg – Panská Ves (f = 6.09 MHz, f _eq = 2.1-2.2 MHz) and Deutschlandfunk – Panská Ves (f = 1539 kHz, f _eq = 650-700 kHz). The absorption along the former radio paths is formed very predominantly at altitudes of about 90-100 km, whereas the latter absorption is formed mostly at altitudes of about 85-90 km. The persistence of planetary wave type oscillations is studied in three period bands centred at 5, 10 and 16 days. Waves with period T near 5 days reveal a typical persistence of wave events around 5 cycles. Waves with T = 10 days are less persistent with a typical persistence of 3-4 cycles. The typical persistence of waves T = 16 days is no more than 3 cycles. In terms of number of cycles, the persistence of oscillations evidently decreases with increasing period. On the other hand, in terms of number of days, the persistence seems rather to increase with increasing period.     

On Motion of Wind Waves

Parameters of wind waves in a deep-water zone of a reservoir is studied in the context of wave influence on shore stability. Data from measurements of wave parameters in reservoirs of Czech Republic are used. The relationship between the period and phase velocity of wind waves is discussed.     

Visco-Elastic Waves in Rock-Like Composites

The subject of this paper is the treatment of rocks - and, especially, fluid-saturated and partially saturated reservoir rocks, as composite visco-elastic media. By this we mean to study and partially answer the question of how the effective material (frequency-dependent and complex-valued stiffness/density) parameters can be estimated from a knowledge of the constituents of the rocks, their volume fractions, the statistical distribution of sizes, shapes, orientations and positions of the individual particles (minerals of quartz, clay, etc.) and cavities (pores, cracks, etc.); in addition to parameters related to the fluid and its ability to flow, at the scale of the microstructure as well as that of the wavelength (assumed to be long compared to the scale-size of the microstructure).Our approach is to develop and combine a theory of stochastic waves with established results for the micromechanics of defects in solids, as well as state-of-the-art models of wave-induced fluid flow. Specifically, we first derive an exact formal expression for the effective material parameters in terms of a dynamic T-matrix for the material, which satisfies a single integral equation of the Lippmann-Schwinger type (known from quantum scattering theory), but formulated in an abstract vector space, associated with the combination of the strain and velocity fields into a more general state vector . Inclusions-based models are developed on the basis of standard many-body techniques, known from the static T-matrix approach as well as nuclear collision theory. The t-matrix of a low-aspect-ratio spheroidal crack is expressed in terms of the familiar displacement discontinuity parameters of Hudson, via the so-called K-tensor, which is of interest in itself, for example, when connecting cracks to pores (in the presence of multiple solid constituents) on the basis of an expression for the t-matrix of a communicating cavity.The present theory can in principle be used beyond the Rayleigh limit, but explicit estimates of the effective material parameters have so far been derived only under the assumption that (scattering attenuation can be ignored) the wavelength is large compared to the scale-size of a representative volume element. Starting with the dynamic equations of motion, we show that the behaviour of the mean wave in the Rayleigh limit is indeed determined by the effective stiffness tensor associated with a static theory of composites, in conjunction with the spatially averaged density for the heterogeneous material as a whole. Thus, we have provided justification to the procedure we used in a series of related papers, where we started out with the static equilibrium condition and employed the elastic/visco-elastic correspondence principle. Numerical examples (dealing with the effects of randomly oriented cracks on the isotropic velocity and attenuation spectra of a dual porosity model of clay-sand mixtures, and the effects of spatial distribution on the anisotropic attenuation spectra of fully aligned cracks that are partially saturated with two different fluids) will be provided in order to complement those in our earlier papers.     

粘弹性介质中的地震波

给出了三元件的标准线性粘弹性固体在半平面内传播的地震波的解析解，它是由已知的弹性半平面内的解析解迭粘滞性解而得，从而克服了视地壳为二元件粘弹性体的Voigt模型或Maxell模型的缺点。