合肥盆地下蜀黄土年龄及物源探讨

OSL测龄结果表明合肥盆地下蜀黄土(下蜀组)在中更新世晚期已开始沉积;将主量化学元素和粒度分析与西北黄土、镇江下蜀黄土、巫山黄土和宣城黄土进行对比,研究了合肥盆地下蜀黄土物源。研究结果表明,地球化学、粒度及沉积速率等均显示合肥下蜀黄土物源有别于镇江黄土及西北黄土;并从岩相古地理及古气候特征探讨了淮河沿岸及淮北地区河流相、湖相及湖沼相细粒沉积物或许是其潜在的物源。     

“巫山黄土”元素地球化学特征及成因和物源意义

为了探讨“巫山黄土”的成因及物源,对剖面73个样品进行了常量元素测试和分析,并与已知典型的黄土剖面的元素地球化学特征进行了比较．结果表明:（1）“巫山黄土”主要化学成分以SiO₂、Al₂O₃和TFe₂O₃(TFe₂O₃=Fe₂O₃+FeO)为主,三者的平均含量之和为84.84%,与上部陆壳(UCC)（86.2%）、洛川黄土（85.34%）、镇江下蜀土（86.76%）均非常接近。（2）“巫山黄土”常量元素质量百分含量与洛川、甘孜黄土和西风红黏土的均比较接近,显示了具有相同或相近的沉积环境和类型。（3）“巫山黄土”的TiO₂/Al₂O₃-K₂O/Al₂O₃的数据点主要分布区域与镇江下蜀土与川西的甘孜黄土大致相同,经UCC 标准化后的“巫山黄土”分布曲线与其它风成黄土也显示了较好的相似性,从而说明“巫山黄土”具有风积成因的特点。（4）元素比值分析显示“巫山黄土”与甘孜黄土、洛川黄土均十分相近,在Mg/Mn、Al/Mg、Fe/K方面与甘孜黄土更为接近,而在Mg/Ca 、Si/Al方面与洛川黄土更为一致,可能与两处黄土同源。     

Soil conservation and sustainable eco-environment in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world because of its thick loess and severe soil erosion. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is considerably susceptible to water erosion. The Loess Plateau also has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration serious soil and water loss were obviously problems on Loess Plateau. This article analyzes several strategies of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau, such as terracing, planting trees, natural vegetation rehabilitation and construction of warp land dams. Different periods had different strategies of soil and water conservation and each strategy had its characteristics and effects. Finally, the research directions and future perspectives of the Loess Plateau were discussed, including the strategies of sustainable eco-environment of Loess Plateau in China.     

三峡巫山黄土Sr-Nd同位素组成与物源示踪

巫山黄土作为中国南方黄土的重要组成部分,弄清该区的物源将为破译这一宝贵沉积记录提供重要的环境信息.对巫山黄土剖面进行了系统取样和Sr-Nd同位素分析,并与黄土高原同期黄土及近源的河流沉积物等进行了比较.结果表明,巫山黄土的87Sr/86Sr值变化范围为0.717 411~0.719 163,平均值为0.717 998,与黄土高原末次冰期黄土的87Sr/86Sr值（变化范围为0.718 235~0.719 673,平均值为0.718 623）几乎一致;巫山黄土ε_Nd（0）值在-10.1~-11.7之间,平均值为-11.4,明显与长江上游现代河漫滩沉积物ε_Nd（0）值（-5.9~-7.2）差别较大,而与黄土高原黄土ε_Nd（0）值（-9.2~-11.3）接近.研究结果表明巫山黄土的粉尘主要为北方输入,与黄土高原黄土同源.据此认为,巫山黄土的形成并不是因为冰期导致三峡地区干旱河滩干涸暴露而引发粉尘近源堆积,这与近年来长江下游下蜀黄土的研究结果有所不同.      

晋东南黄土

本文论述了晋东南榆社一带的各期黄土。这里是黄土自西而东分布的过渡地带,黄土的性状有共性也有各自的特性。晋东南的黄土分为早更新世老Ｒ红土、早至中更新世新Ｒ红土、中更新世上离石黄土、晚更新世马兰黄土和全新世黄土。古地磁年代学测试和剖面观察获得的各期黄土年龄为：老Ｒ红土形成于２．５－１．５ＭａＢ．Ｐ,新Ｒ红士形成于０．９—０．６ＭａＢ．Ｐ,离石黄土形成于０．６—０．１ＭａＢ．Ｐ。它们彼此之间都有不整合面相隔。自Ｒ红土开始出现,就意味着榆社古湖开始消失,气候环境向半干旱－半湿润方向发展。但比黄土高原略为湿润,夏季风的影响更强些。     

Sources and paleoclimatic significance of Holocene Bignell Loess, central Great Plains, USA

This paper reexamines the stratigraphy, sources, and paleoclimatic significance of Holocene Bignell Loess in the central Great Plains. A broadly similar sequence of loess depositional units and paleosols was observed in thick Bignell Loess sections up to 300 km apart, suggesting that these sections record major regional changes in the balance between dust deposition and pedogenesis. New optical ages, together with previously reported radiocarbon ages, indicate Bignell Loess deposition began 9000–11,000 yr ago and continued into the late Holocene; some Bignell Loess is <1000 yr old. There is little evidence that Holocene Loess was derived from flood plain sources, as previously proposed. Instead, thick Bignell Loess occurs mainly near the downwind margins of inactive dune fields, particularly atop escarpments facing the dunes. Thus, the immediate loess source was dust produced when the dunes were active. Previous work indicates that widespread episodes of dune activity are likely to have resulted from drier-than-present climatic conditions. The regionally coherent stratigraphy of Bignell Loess can be interpreted as a near-continuous record of climatically driven variation in dune field activity throughout the Holocene.     

长江中下游地区下蜀黄土成因研究的回顾

为了进一步认识下蜀黄土的成因及其在我国东部环境演为研究中的意义，回顾了20世纪30年代以来下蜀黄土研究的主要成果，系统地评述了下蜀黄土的风成说、水成说和多成因说。下蜀黄土的成因，从营力的先后及主交看，风成应是第一位的。因此，在利用下蜀黄土保存的古环境信息研究我国东部变化时，应慎重选择剖面，以获得良好的结果。     

黄土高原近两千年来土地利用和环境的变迁

在220～1368A.D.期间内累计有859年,全部黄土高原在非汉族的管辖之下;而其余289年,该地区的某些部分依然被非汉族所控制。非汉族进入黄土高原以后,土壤侵蚀速度随放牧地的扩张而减小。在隋朝和唐朝期间(581～907A.D.),黄土高原的生态环境较当今温暖湿润,植被更为繁茂,林地约占整个黄土高原面积的25%。在明朝和清朝期间(1368～1911A.D.),黄土高原的大部分森林被破坏,土壤侵蚀速度随自然植被损毁而增大     

哈尔滨黄山黄土粒度特征及其对成因的指示

哈尔滨黄山黄土是东北地区黄土沉积的典型代表,其成因研究是恢复东北地区古气候和古环境的基础.为探讨松嫩平原地区中更新世晚期黄土成因问题,对具代表性的哈尔滨黄山黄土剖面进行系统、高分辨率的粒度和磁化率特征分析,并与哈尔滨现代沙尘沉降物、黄土高原典型黄土-古土壤、现代河流沉积物及大连市滨海黄土粒度特征进行对比.结果显示:黄山黄土粉砂级(10~50 μm)颗粒和黏土颗粒(＜5 μm)的平均含量分别是43.86%(主众数粒组)和23.40%(次众数粒组);各粒度参数的平均值为:分选系数标准偏差σ=1.83、平均粒径Mz=6.25φ、中值粒径Md=5.89φ、偏度SK=0.21、峰态KG=0.86、中值粒径Kd=2.01;粒度频率曲线以双峰态分布为主,且主峰突出;岩性三角投影图、粒度象(C-M图、L-M图、A-M图)投影图及粒度参数(Mz-σ、Mz-SK、Mz-KG)散点投影图与风成沉积物基本一致,但与河流沉积物差异明显;判别函数Y＜0.基于以上粒度特征分析表明哈尔滨黄山黄土为典型的风成成因.      

试论黄土高原的生态环境与“土壤水库”──重塑黄土地的理论依据

值今西部开发如火如荼之际, 黄土高原生态环境的重建又在全国生态环境建设总体 布局中被列为最严峻的问题来对待。可见谋求一个为各家共识的治黄对策已刻不容缓。笔者 愿就５０年来的研究所得, 对黄土高原的形成及其演变规律和“土壤水库”确是其中关键等问题 的机理作一比较系统的介绍, 以广求共识和加强各家协作共事, 从而使“顺天时, 得地利, 促人 和”的“黄土高原国土整治２８字方略”能够顺利有序地实施。一个山川秀美、举世无双的黄土 高原可望在下个世纪初重现于中国大陆。     

山东庙岛群岛全新世黄土

庙岛群岛横跨渤海海峡,在这些岛屿上发育了第四纪各个阶段的黄土地层。在该区的马兰黄土之上普遍发育了全新世黄土。两者间有一清楚的侵蚀面相隔。全新世早期以浅棕黄色的黄土为特征,粒度较粗,其堆积时间约在10000—8000aB.P.之间。黄土层底部有零星散布的海相砾石和海螺化石。全新世中期为黑垆土发育期,其时间从8000aB.P.持续到2500aB.P。黑垆土厚约1.5m。全新世晚期又以砂质黄土堆积为特征,厚约30cm。     

洛川黄土剖面土壤地层学的初步研究

我国西北黄土高原的黄土地层中,含有多层古土壤。梭颇(Thorp. J.)早就注意到中国黄土中的古土壤。刘东生、朱显谟曾多次阐明了黄土中古土壤的成因及其地质意义,并认为中更新世离石黄土中的古土壤多属褐色土类型。近年来,唐克丽对黄土中古土壤的类型也进行了研究。     

黄土高原黄土地层的对比及细分

将前人对黄土高原黄土地层划分的研究成果进行全面总结、分析,结合洛川、宝鸡、西峰3个经典剖面,利用土壤 地层学、沉积学、磁性地层学、古生物学、年代学、地球化学等研究方法对黄土高原的黄土地层进行详细对比以及进一步 细分。将早、中更新世界线调整为B/M极性倒转开始的对应层位——L9顶部。根据岩性和气候旋回周期的差异性等,将离 石黄土三分,S8/L9作为离石黄土内部划分的一条新界线,S1~L5划分为上离石黄土,S5~S8划分为中离石黄土,L9~L15划分为 下离石黄土。在分析过程中发现关键层位（S0,L1,S1,S5,L9,L15,L33） 的年龄具有差异性。     

Consistent grain size distribution of pedogenic maghemite of surface soils and Miocene loessic soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau

There is agreement that ultrafine maghemite grains (<100 nm) are responsible for the magnetic enhancement of Chinese loess. Recent studies show that grain size distribution of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains within the aeolian sequences on the central Chinese Loess Plateau deposited in the last 8 Ma is consistent. However, whether the observed grain size distribution of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains can be observed in the western Chinese Loess Plateau and modern soils is not entirely clear. Here we find that young surface soil samples across the Chinese Loess Plateau and early Neogene loessic soils from the western Chinese Loess Plateau also show consistent grain size distribution with that of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. The fact that young surface soil samples show apparent magnetic enhancement suggests that the ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains derive from oxidation of ultrafine magnetite grains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil erosion processes in the loess plateau of Northwestern China

The soil erosion processes in the Loess Plateau may be divided into three types: namely, waterflow erosion; gravitational erosion; wind erosion. The waterflow erosion is most widely distributed and is the main erosion action in the Loess Plateau. The main factors dominating the occurrence and development of the soil erosion in the Loess Plateau are: 1. rainfall; 2. topography; 3. vegetation; 4. soil character. The energy of erosion action depends upon the rainfall and topography, but erodiblity depends upon the vegetation and soil properties. The degree of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau changes with variations of interaction of erosion and anti-erosion measures.     

"巫山黄土"粒度特征及其对成因的指示

为了探讨"巫山黄土"的成因, 对剖面样品进行了粒度分析.结果表明: "巫山黄土"主要由 < 50 μm的颗粒组成, ＞50 μm的砂级以上颗粒平均含量为16.9%;作为风尘"基本粒组"的10~50 μm的粗粉砂平均含量达43.1%, 为众数粒组; 5~10 μm的细粉砂颗粒含量平均为14.5%;＜5 μm的粘土颗粒含量平均为25.5%, 为次众数粒组.粒度参数、频率曲线与典型风尘沉积物相似, 显示为典型的风积成因; 粒度参数的C-M、L-M、A-M图等粒度象分析及结构参数散点图与现代河流沉积物差别明显, 而与长江中下游分布的下蜀土却基本一致.判别分析结果绝大部分为负值, 显示了风积成因为主、个别层位受到水流作用改造的成因特征.      

Late Quaternary aeolian dust input variability on the Chinese Loess Plateau: inferences from unmixing of loess grain-size records

The grain-size distributions (GSDs) of loess–paleosol sequences may provide valuable information on provenance, transport and paleoclimate variability, and consequently, a wide range of methods to extract genetic information from loess GSDs has been proposed. Here it is shown that a genetically meaningful decomposition of a series of Late Quaternary loess grain-size records extending across the Chinese Loess Plateau can be accomplished with the end-member modelling algorithm (EMMA). The unmixing results in conjunction with loess accumulation rate estimates reveal that two contrasting dust supply patterns were active over the Loess Plateau during the last glacial–interglacial cycle: (i) a background sedimentation pattern that was dominant during interglacial periods, especially over the central and southern parts of the Loess Plateau, is reflected by the constant flux of the fine-grained loess component, (ii) an episodic, highly variable dust input pattern, that was dominant during glacial periods throughout the Loess Plateau and noticeable during interglacial periods mainly over the northern Loess Plateau and almost disappearing over the southern Loess Plateau, is reflected in the admixture of two coarse-grained loess components. A genetic interpretation and the paleoclimatic significance of the mixing model are provided by comparison of the modelled end members with modern dust samples in terms of their GSD and flux rates.     

黄土高原缺水的地质环境及找水环境

文章分析了黄土高原地下水形成的地质环境，认为降水量、地形地貌、岩性构造和地下水循环是造成黄土高原产重缺水的主要因素，地层岩性和新构造运动是影响地下水富集的决定性因素。指出黄土高原基岩风化带潜水的相对富水岩组和富水地段，提出研究含水层的岩性和构造，寻找基岩风化带潜水是解决黄土高原局部地段缺水的较好途径。     

济南张夏黄土堆积及其成因分析

鲁中南山地西北边缘的山麓地带、大沙河沿岸阶地广泛分布厚度不一的黄土堆积。其中出露在河岸阶地的济南市长清区张夏镇的黄土物质来源复杂，既有西北气流，东部渤海湾气流搬运而来的物质，又有当地生成的坡洪积碎屑物质。张夏黄土下部呈现明显的水流侵蚀痕迹，中间夹有围岩碎屑，应属于风成-洪积、坡积成因的黄土状土。     

黄土高原降水量空间插值方法研究

为了研究黄土高原降水量的空间分布特征,利用ARCGIS软件分别采用多种空间内插方法对黄土高原108个气象站点1980-2009年30年间的平均年降水量进行空降插值。经过正交检验以及内插检验得到最优的插值方法为普通克里金法,最终对利用该方法获得的黄土高原降水量内插图进行分析,得出近30年来黄土高原区降水量分布呈现出明显的由东南向西北递减的态势。