杭州软黏土非共轴特性的试验研究

利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对杭州软黏土进行了一系列不排水试验,包括对原状软黏土在不同主应力方向上的定向剪切试验和主应力轴旋转试验以及对重塑软黏土的主应力轴旋转试验,主要研究不同应力路径下软黏土非共轴角的发展特性以及中主应力系数b、初始剪应力水平和次生各向异性对其非共轴特性的影响。试验结果表明,软黏土的非共轴特性虽与砂土存在相似之处,但又不尽相同。原状软黏土在定向剪切条件下的非共轴角均较小,并且与加载方向有关,然而受剪应变发展的影响,试样接近破坏时的非共轴角并不为0°;主应力轴旋转条件下,无论原状还是重塑黏土其非共轴角均随主应力方向角? 增加而循环波动变化,且周期约为90°;非共轴角基本随中主应力系数b的增加而减小,但这种影响并不十分显著;剪应力水平对非共轴角的大小和发展趋势均存在一定的影响。对于重塑土的试验表明,软黏土的非共轴特性并不完全由土体的初始各向异性所决定,次生各向异性的影响也很大。     

Experimental investigation on the deformation characteristics of granular materials under drained rotational shear

Rotational shear is the type of loading path where samples are subjected to cyclic rotation of principal stress directions while the magnitudes of principal stresses are maintained constant. This paper presents results from an experimental investigation on the drained deformation behaviour of saturated sand in rotational shear conducted in a hollow cylinder apparatus. Two types of granular materials, Leighton Buzzard sand and glass beads are tested. A range of influential factors are investigated including the material density, the deviatoric stress level, and the intermediate principal stress. It is observed that the volumetric strain during rotational shear is mainly contractive and most of strains are generated during the first 20 cycles. The mechanical behaviour of sand under rotational shear is generally non-coaxial, i.e., there is no coincidence between the principal axes of stress and incremental strain, and the variation of the non-coaxiality shows a periodic trend during the tests. The stress ratio has a significant effect on soil response in rotational shear. The larger the stress ratio, the more contractive behaviour and the lower degree of non-coaxiality are induced. The test also demonstrates that the effect of the intermediate principal stress, material density and particle shape on the results is pronounced.     

四向振动空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟主应力轴旋转应力路径能力分析

主应力轴旋转对土体的动力特性有着显著影响。利用GDS动态空心圆柱扭剪仪（HCA）能够实现内围压、外围压、轴力和扭矩四向动态加载的功能,提出了3种主应力方向变化的应力路径加载方式,分析了3种应力路径在实际工程中的应用,并进行了试验验证。当四向动载根据推导的波形函数加载时,可以实现：① 平均主应力p、中主应力系数b和偏应力q保持恒定,主应力轴循环旋转的应力路径;② 平均应力p和中主应力系数b保持不变,偏应力q循环变化,而主应力方向角? = 90°突变的应力路径;③ 平均主应力p、中主应力系数b保持不变,偏应力q、主应力方向角α连续变化的应力路径。应力路径①为模拟海洋波浪荷载作用下的应力路径试验提供了理论依据,应力路径②可用于模拟不同方向地震荷载的作用,应力路径③可以模拟波浪荷载作用下桩周土体的应力路径以及交通荷载作用下的应力路径。     

Influence of initial state and intermediate principal stress on undrained behavior of soft clay during pure principal stress rotation

It is important to be fully aware of the dynamic characteristics of saturated soft clays under complex loading conditions in practice. In this paper, a series of undrained tests for soft clay consolidated with different initial major principal stress direction ξ were conducted by a hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA). The clay samples were subjected to pure principal stress rotation as the magnitudes of the mean total stress p, intermediate principal stress coefficient b, and deviator stress q were all maintained constant. The influences of intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction on the variation of strain components, generation of pore water pressure, cyclic degradation and non-coaxiality were investigated. The experimental observations indicated that the strain components of specimen were affected by both intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction. The generation of the pore water pressure was significantly influenced by intermediate principal stress coefficient. However, the generation of pore water pressure was merely influenced by initial major principal stress direction when b?=?0.5. It was also noted that the torsional stress–strain relationships were affected by the number of cycles, and the effect of intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction on the torsional stress–strain loops were also significant. Stiffness degradation occur under pure principal stress rotation. Anisotropic behavior resulting from the process of inclined consolidation have considerable effects on the strain components and non-coaxial behavior of soft clay.

     

Cyclic degradation and non-coaxiality of soft clay subjected to pure rotation of principal stress directions

Foundation soils are often under non-proportional cyclic loadings. The deformation behaviour and the mechanism of non-coaxiality under continuous pure principal stress rotation for clays are not clearly investigated up to now. In order to study the effect of pure principal stress rotation, a series of cyclic undrained tests on Shanghai soft clay subjected to cyclic rotation of principal stress directions keeping the deviatoric stress constant under the pure rotation condition were conducted using hollow cylinder apparatus. Based on this, the evolutions of excess pore pressure and strains during cyclic loading were investigated, together with the effects of the intermediate principal stress parameter and the deviatoric stress level on stress–strain stiffness and non-coaxiality. The result can provide an experimental basis for constitutive modelling of clays describing the behaviour under non-proportional loadings.     

基于广义位势理论的土的非共轴特性研究

传统的塑性位势理论隐含了应力主方向和塑性应变增量主方向共轴的假定,无法客观地描述主应力轴旋转过程中的非共轴现象。基于广义位势理论提出的拟弹性弹塑性本构模型,把总的塑性应变分解为满足弹性分解准则的拟弹性部分和符合传统塑性理论假设的纯塑性部分,分解后建立的模型更为合理和简便,同时又可以解决土的非共轴问题。通过单剪试验结果的验证表明,基于广义位势理论的拟弹性弹塑性模型的模拟效果较好,传统的弹塑性模型（共轴模型）模拟得到的主应力方向和塑性主应变增量方向保持共轴,而拟弹性弹塑性模型（非共轴模型）的模拟结果则能够合理地描述主应力轴旋转过程中的非共轴特性,结果更符合实际,从而为解决土的非共轴特性问题提供了一种有效的方法。     

复杂加载条件下珊瑚砂抗液化强度试验研究

循环加载方式与应力路径对砂土的抗液化强度有很大的影响。利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪对南海珊瑚砂进行了一系列复杂加载条件下均等固结不排水循环试验,探讨了90°突变应力路径下主应力方向角对珊瑚砂抗液化强度的影响。试验结果发现：以循环应力比（CSR）作为应力水平指标,当不控制中主应力系数b的变化时,主应力方向角 对珊瑚砂的抗液化强度并无显著影响;当控制b始终保持0.5时,珊瑚砂的抗液化强度随着 的增加呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,且在 45°时的抗液化强度最低。基于分析循环荷载引起的土单元大、小循环主应力 、 变化,定义了单元体循环应力比（USR）作为一个新的物理指标,发现不同循环加载方式与应力路径条件下施加于珊瑚砂试样的USR与引起液化所需的循环次数NL存在事实上的唯一性关系。通过引自文献的4种无黏性土原始试验数据的再处理,独立地验证了以USR表征砂类土液化强度的适用性。     

循环荷载下考虑主应力旋转的软土力学响应研究

目前用于轨道路堤分析计算的参数多是通过三轴试验获得,而列车荷载经过时土单元应力路径与循环三轴试验加载路径的显著差异可能导致预测失真而引发工程问题。针对某城市轨道进行了三维计算,并分析了移动列车荷载下土单元应力幅值、循环周数、主应力轴旋转的分布规律。在该基础上,采用空心圆柱循环扭剪试验对该复杂应力路径进行了模拟,研究了饱和软黏土的孔压及变形累积特性。结果表明,列车荷载经过时地基土单元大主应力将在(－90°, 90°)内发生旋转;该主应力轴旋转将显著促进软黏土孔压和应变的累积,竖向应力幅值为15 kPa时,循环扭剪试验产生的孔压值比循环三轴试验高77%,累积应变增大了近50%;随着循环应力水平提高,二者累积孔压及累积应变的差值还会进一步增大,甚至出现循环三轴下仅产生较小应变而循环扭剪下已破坏的本质性差异。     

空心圆柱仪模拟列车荷载下土中应力路径能力分析

土体作为各向异性散粒体材料,其动力特性依赖于所处的应力路径。列车荷载下地基土在最大剪应力空间呈心形线旋转应力状态,但目前还未见室内试验中模拟心形线应力路径的相关研究。首先提出了土体动力响应解的简化拟合形式,并通过典型列车荷载作用下地基土所受应力特征分析验证了该简化形式的合理性。针对目前国际上已有的3类空心圆柱仪（HCA）,推导出模拟列车荷载下地基土应力特征的加载方式：（1）双向振动HCA可通过确定轴力和扭矩的应力形式来实现心形线应力路径加载,此时球应力p的变化规律与轴力的加载波形一致,中主应力系数b在内、外压相等时呈余弦变化规律;（2）三向振动HCA在模拟列车荷载下的应力特征时,可以保持p不变或b恒为0.5;（3）四向振动HCA能够通过控制轴力、扭矩和内、外压的共同变化来较全面地模拟列车荷载下土单元体的应力特征,并可实现b为任意合理值且保持不变的前提下p、q之间保持恒定线性关系。并推导了3类HCA的加载参数在正应力均以压应力为主及中主应力方向维持在直径方向时的约束条件。     

从各向异性的角度解释和模拟土的非共轴特性

从发挥面的角度出发,分析论证各向异性是引起岩土材料出现非共轴现象的根本原因,得到与材料力学一致的结论。当共轭的两发挥面与沉积面的夹角不相等时,主应力面上将出现塑性应变增量的切向分量,所以塑性应变增量的主方向与应力的主方向非共轴。按照这一结论,对非共轴的数值模拟,也应当根据各向异性本构模型进行。为考虑各向异性影响新近提出的各向异性变换应力法,改变了各应力分量的相对大小,得到的各向异性变换应力张量与真实应力张量的主方向不一致,因此也能反映非共轴。利用各向异性变换应力法,能够在现有的弹塑性本构模型的框架下,描述土的非共轴现象。以各向异性UH模型为例,预测各种加载条件下的非共轴变形,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Influence of the intermediate principal stress and principal stress direction on the mechanical behavior of cohesionless soils using the discrete element method

In this paper, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is employed to numerically explore the response of hollow cylinder specimens of granular soils under complex stress paths. Two series of numerical tests are conducted to clarify the effects of the principal stress direction α and the intermediate principal stress through the b-value on the mechanical response of granular materials. The effects of α and b-value on the non-coaxiality of the principal stress and the principal plastic strain increment directions are investigated. It is observed that b-value and α significantly affect the non-coaxial behavior of granular materials. Finally, the results are discussed and compared with those obtained from physical laboratory tests.     

主应力方向和偏应力比对TJ-1模拟月壤各向异性的影响

采用空心圆柱扭剪仪对干燥TJ-1模拟月壤试样进行了应力主轴固定的定向剪切试验及不同偏应力比时主应力方向的纯旋转试验。从应力-应变关系角度出发,研究主应力方向、偏应力比对其各向异性的影响,并探讨了上述因素对TJ-1模拟月壤非共轴性的影响。试验结果表明：主应力方向和偏应力比对TJ-1模拟月壤的各向异性均有显著影响;应力主轴旋转引起的非共轴现象比定向剪切时明显,且偏应力比较小时非共轴角随应力主轴旋转呈先减小后增加的趋势,偏应力比较大时非共轴角一直减小直至试样破坏时非共轴现象消失。上述成果可弥补干砂试样非共轴领域的研究空白,并可望为将来月球上基础设施的修建提供技术支持。     

考虑主应力方向变化的原状软黏土应力应变性状试验研究

为反映真实工程条件下主应力轴旋转应力路径引起土体性状的变化,对杭州地区正常固结原状软黏土在固结不排水的主应力轴定向剪切和主应力轴单调旋转条件下的应力-应变关系进行试验研究。研究发现,不同主应力方向的定向剪切路径下,随主应力方向变化,试样中各应变发挥程度显著不同,但破坏时的临界八面体应变变化较为稳定,且当八面体应变达到5%时,强度发挥程度已接近甚至超过90%。若剪切过程中增加了主应力幅值不变的不排水主应力轴单调旋转应力路径,只要破坏时主应力方向一致,经历与未经历主应力轴旋转试样的临界应变分量接近,但主应力轴旋转会影响加载阶段试样主应力、主应变增量方向所表现出的不共轴性,并且此影响随旋转时剪应力水平的提高而趋于显著,即使在临界破坏状态下依然明显。试验结果表明,由于土体原生各向异性、黏塑性等性质的存在,并不适宜用相关联流动法则来分析主应力轴旋转条件下土体的应力-应变关系特征。     

主应力轴旋转对地铁荷载作用下 软黏土累积变形的影响

为了定量评价主应力轴旋转对地铁荷载作用下隧道下卧软黏土累积变形的影响,通过有限元方法并结合实测数据的验证对地铁荷载下地基土的应力路径进行分析;在此基础上,借助空心圆柱仪对这一复杂应力路径进行室内模拟和对比试验研究。结果表明：主应力轴旋转增大了软黏土的累积变形,且最大有效主应力比（有效最大主应力与有效最小主应力之比）越大、或加载频率越高增大更明显。在实际地铁荷载和通常隧道埋深条件下,考虑主应力轴旋转使软黏土的累积变形增加9%～23%（加载频率越高,增加越大）。可用常规循环三轴的累积变形试验结果乘以土体分别在有、无主应力轴旋转下变形的比值,来预估实际地铁荷载下软黏土的累积变形,初步研究得到该比值与土体的最大有效主应力比之间存在幂函数关系。     

应力幅值比对土-结构接触面非共轴特性影响研究

运用80 t大型三维多功能土工试验机（3DMAS）,进行了不同应力幅值比下粗粒土与结构接触面大型三维循环直剪试验,深入分析了应力控制往返椭圆剪切路径下接触面切向位移、非共轴角和剪切柔度等三维力学特性以及应力幅值比的影响规律。应力控制往返椭圆剪切路径下,接触面产生了明显的x向和y向位移、非共轴角和剪切柔度。x向和y向位移幅值、剪切柔度峰值均随循环剪切的进行逐渐减小而后趋于稳定,表现出演化特性。非共轴角受切向应力幅值及切向应力增量方向共同影响,其最值、稳定值随循环周次基本保持不变;正向剪切时非共轴角最大值（最小值）与反向剪切时最小值（最大值）基本出现在同一位置。接触面剪切柔度与非共轴角随旋转角度的变化趋势相反,剪切柔度的增加会抑制非共轴角的发展,反之亦然,两者对立统一。应力幅值比对接触面切向位移间椭圆关系及其时程变化形式、切向应力位移类椭圆关系等影响较小,主要影响切向位移幅值及其偏移程度、切向位移间椭圆关系的长短轴大小及方向、切向应力位移类椭圆关系的长短轴大小、非共轴角的数值及其随旋转角度的变化形式和最值出现位置、剪切柔度随旋转角度的变化形式和峰值及其产生位置等。应力幅值比越大,切向位移幅值越大、向负向偏移越大,剪切柔度峰值越大,随循环剪切的进行减小的速率越慢。应力幅值比ξ_τ=1和ξ_τ≠1时接触面非共轴角和剪切柔度随旋转角度的发展变化形式差别很大。     

宏-细观结合的砂土单剪试验非共轴特性分析

针对传统本构理论无法描述土体单剪试验非共轴变形的不足,采用非共轴修正模型进行改进。模型基于材料状态相关临界状态理论,采用宏-细观结合的方法,将1个新的各向异性状态变量引入本构模型来描述砂土的各向异性。考虑细观组构张量和应力张量的几何关系的变化,模型可以描述砂土在主应力轴旋转条件下材料状态的变化,材料状态变化直接导致模型的硬化规律和剪胀性发生变化,因此,模型可以描述该条件下原生向异性对砂土变形的影响。引入非共轴理论对本构模型进行修正,建立了三维非共轴各向异性模型。单剪试验的加载条件会造成主应力轴相对土体沉积面发生旋转,修正模型不但能够描述砂土在主应力轴旋转条件下其原生各向异性对变形的影响,而且可以描述主应力轴旋转造成的应力诱发各向异性对土体变形的影响,因此,该模型能够对整个单剪试验的变形规律进行描述,而且物理意义清晰。通过铝棒堆积体和Toyoura砂单剪试验验证表明,非共轴修正各向异性模型能对单剪试验的整个变形过程进行较好的模拟。     

圆形应力路径下软黏土的动力特性试验研究

实际交通荷载作用下,路基土单元内的竖向应力和水平应力大小不断发生变化,剪应力幅值和方向也不断变化,从而导致土体中的应力路径呈现出主应力轴连续旋转的现象。通过GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟类似交通荷载作用下的应力路径,开展不同围压和不同循环应力比下的主应力轴连续旋转试验,旨在研究在交通荷载类轴向纯压缩条件下主应力轴方向连续旋转时循环应力比与围压对原状软黏土的强度、累积应变、回弹应变、软化等因素的影响。试验结果表明：随着孔压的不断累积,原状饱和软黏土试样逐渐软化,轴向模量和剪切模量均随着循环应力比和围压的增加而逐渐降低,并在主应力轴旋转一定的循环次数后达到稳定。当循环应力比较小时,轴向和剪切应力-应变滞回曲线均呈线性,不同主应力轴循环旋转次数下的轴向和剪切应力-应变滞回曲线近乎重合。随着主应力轴循环旋转次数的增加,轴向和剪切应力-应变滞回曲线越来越表现出明显的非线性,不同循环次数下试样的轴向和剪切应力-应变滞回圈不再重合且滞回圈逐渐向x轴倾斜。随着循环应力比的增加,在主应力轴连续旋转初期,轴向模量和剪切模量迅速衰减,且随着循环次数的增加而达到稳定,并且试样的轴向模量和剪切模量达到稳定时的主应力轴连续旋转的循环次数随循环应力比和围压的增大而不断增大。     

Novel findings on the dilatancy and non-coaxiality of sand under generalised loading

Acta Geotechnica - The dilatancy and non-coaxiality of sand are investigated under generalised loading including rotation of the stress principal axes (PA), in drained and undrained conditions....     

不同应力路径下饱和黏土耦合循环剪切特性

地基土单元体在波浪荷载的作用下将发生主应力轴连续旋转,这对土的强度和变形特性会产生显著的影响。针对饱和黏土,利用土工静力－动力液压三轴－扭转多功能扭剪仪进行了均等固结下的耦合循环剪切试验,着重研究了不同循环应力路径对应力-应变关系和强度特性的影响。试验结果表明,耦合循环荷载下黏土扭转剪切分量和正向偏差分量的应力-应变关系曲线与应力路径有关,且随着振动次数的增加逐渐疏松,割线模量 和 不断衰减,这与不固结不排水条件下的应力-应变关系曲线的变化规律明显不同;扭转剪切分量大的椭圆应力路径的动强度略小于正向偏差分量大的动强度。饱和黏土在不同应力路径下的力学特性的试验研究可以为建立复杂应力路径下的本构模型提供试验依据。     

Monotonic and cyclic characteristics of K0-Consolidated saturated soft clay under a stress path involving a variable confining pressure

In certain field conditions such as offshore projects under wave loads or embankments under traffic loads, both the vertical and horizontal stresses are variable. However, previous investigations rarely considered the variation in horizontal stress. To better understand the characteristics of natural saturated soft clay, a series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests with a K₀-consolidation state were carried out under a variable confining pressure (VCP) stress path. The development of axial strain, pore water pressure and effective stress path is analysed. The results show that with the increase in η (the ratio of the variation in the mean effective principal stress to that of the deviatoric stress), the undrained shear strength (q_f) decreases continuously. The pore water pressure generation is slightly improved under a stress path with increasing confining pressure. Based on the test results, a unified formula was established to predict the pore water pressure under VCP stress paths. The unique p–q–e relationship of normally consolidated clay in monotonic VCP triaxial tests was also demonstrated. Under VCP stress paths, the amplitude of the pore pressure increases, and the effective stress path tilts more sharply to the right. Moreover, a unified formula was established that can provide a good reference for predicting effective stress paths under cyclic VCP triaxial tests.