季节冻土区扩底单桩受力性能研究进展与展望

在深季节冻土区, 正冻土和桩相互作用时可能会导致桩基的拔断或整体冻拔破坏。在桩周土冻胀过程中, 等截面直桩主要通过桩和未冻区融土间的摩阻力达到锚固效果。而对于端部直径大于桩身直径的扩底桩来说, 当桩基有整体上拔的趋势时, 扩大头会受到上覆土层的阻力而起到锚固/抗冻拔作用。通过回顾国内外研究文献, 介绍了扩底抗拔桩现有的工程背景及应用情况, 并对季节冻土区桩基的受力性能进行了总结和分析, 主要内容包括： 土体冻胀和桩基的相互作用研究, 切向冻胀力试验研究和理论研究, 切向冻胀力作用下扩底桩基冻胀反力试验研究及理论研究, 切向冻胀力作用下未冻区桩-融土间摩阻力的研究概况等。最后, 结合现有的研究内容, 对季节冻土区扩底桩的应用及研究提出进一步的展望。     

负温对基坑悬臂桩水平冻胀力影响的模拟研究

寒冷地区基坑悬臂桩支护工程,在桩后土体水平冻胀力作用下,易出现桩体倾斜、水平裂缝、剪断等问题.负温是水平冻胀力产生的关键因素,采用数值模拟方法,分别模拟粉质黏土、黏土在一定的负温变化下,桩体水平冻胀力的大小和分布模式,结果表明：负温越低,土体冻结速率越大,水平冻胀力越大;桩身范围内,水平冻胀力大致呈上下小、中间大的抛物线型分布,最大值出现在基坑的中下部,为开挖深度的0.5～0.8倍,力值约为冻胀前土压力的2～15倍,同时拟合出最大水平冻胀力与温度、桩顶位移之间的关系公式;此外,桩体水平位移随负温增加而增加,桩顶位置处,冻胀引起的水平位移为开挖引起位移量的0.88～11.38倍.     

饱和正冻土水分迁移及冻胀模型研究

正冻土在温度梯度大的情况下,冻结锋面快速移动,孔隙水变成冰,造成原位体积膨胀;而通常在天然条件下,温度梯度都不大,水从未冻区向冻结区迁移,在某一个位置引起冰的累积,形成分凝冰。由于此诱发的冻胀要比原位冻胀大很多,因此,建立一个能够模拟土体水分迁移及分凝冰形成过程的冻胀模型尤其重要。基于第2冻胀理论,建立了饱和土体冻胀模型。在模型中,假设冻结缘中单位时间内水分迁移速度为常数,以计算冻结缘内水压力,再根据克拉方程得到冰压力。根据冰压力的大小作为分凝冰形成判据,研究中假设新的分凝冰形成以后,上一层分凝冰停止生长。模型把水分迁移和冻胀速率当作基本的未知量,模拟了与可天然土体冻胀类似的底部无压补水和顶部加压的冻胀情况。通过数值模拟与试验结果进行对比,初步验证模型的可靠性,其研究结果为实际寒区工程的冻胀预测提供参考。     

Frost jacking characteristics of screw piles in seasonally frozen regions based on thermo-mechanical simulations

In this paper, a thermo-mechanical model is proposed to simulate the frost jacking behaviour of screw piles subjected to frost heave, and the results are further validated by laboratory tests. The calculated results show that large multi-helix piles yield the least frost jacking when the freezing depth reaches half the embedment depth of pile. Based on the modified cylindrical shear method and individual bearing method, the optimal geometric parameters of screw piles are determined by a series of numerical calculations. The numerical approach is expected to serve as a reference for designing effective and economical pile types in practice.     

Transversely isotropic frost heave modeling with heat–moisture–deformation coupling

The transversely isotropic (TISO) constitutive and frost heave models for the freezing of fine-grained soils are more accurate than the isotropic model and simpler than the orthotropic models. First, in combination with the mesoscopic composition of freezing soils, a mechanical model for the interaction between the equivalent ice lens and the soil in frozen soils is established based on the series and parallel models in the theory of composite mechanics. Second, the TISO constitutive model together with the analytic expression of five elastic constants is provided for analysis of the freezing soils. Third, a preliminary elastoplastic model for TISO freezing soil is established based on the Hill plastic model. Fourth, the heat–moisture–deformation coupling TISO model and the hydrodynamic frost heave model are derived according to a thermodynamics equation, a soil water motion equation, and generalized Hooke’s law. Synchronization and uniformity of the TISO constitutive model and the TISO frost heave model are realized for analyzing the interaction between permafrost soils and buildings. Finally, an indoor standard frost heave test and the frost heave of a prototype canal are simulated based on the above models. The numerical results indicated that the models presented in this paper accurately described the frost heave and revealed the interaction between permafrost and buildings.

     

Effect of the soil–pile–structure interaction in seismic analysis: case of liquefiable soils

The design of earthquake-resistant structures depends greatly on the soil–foundation–structure interaction. This interaction is more complex in the presence of liquefiable soils. Pile and rigid inclusion systems represent a useful practice to support structures in the presence of liquefiable soils in seismic zones. Both systems increase the bearing capacity of soil and allow reducing the settlements in the structure. Numerical models with a 3-storey reinforced concrete frame founded on inclusions systems (soil–inclusion–platform–structure) and pile systems (soil–pile–structure) were analyzed. Finite difference numerical models were developed using Flac 3D. Two different soil profiles were considered. A simple constitutive model for liquefaction analysis that relates the volumetric strain increment to the cyclic shear strain amplitude was utilized to represent the behavior of the sand, and the linear elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model with a Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion was used to represent the behavior of the earth platform. Two earthquakes were used to study the influence of the different frequency of excitation in the systems. The results were presented in terms of maximum shear forces distribution in the superstructure and spectrum response of each system. The efforts and displacements in the rigid elements (piles or rigid inclusions) were compared for the different systems. The bending and buckling failure modes of the pile were examined. The results show that the pile system, the soil profile and the frequency of excitation have a great influence on the magnitude and location of efforts and displacements in the rigid elements.

     

Transverse seismic kinematics of single piles by a modified Vlasov model

Within the framework of soil–pile interaction, a novel displacement scheme for the transverse kinematic response of single piles to vertically propagating S waves is proposed on the basis of the modified Vlasov foundation model. The displacement model contains a displacement function along the pile axis and an attenuation function along the radial direction. The governing equations and boundary conditions of the two undetermined functions are obtained in a coupled form by using Hamilton's principle. An iterative algorithm is adopted to decouple and solve the two unknown functions. In light of the governing equation of the pile kinematics, a mechanical model is proposed to evaluate the present method on a physical basis considering material damping. The coefficient of the equivalent Winkler spring is derived explicitly as function of the displacement decay parameter γ and soil Poisson's ratio. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of the soil–pile system properties on the kinematic response of single piles. The results show that the dimensionless pile length controls the transverse kinematics of piles. In terms of the theory of beams on elastic foundation, the classification limits of the dimensionless pile length may be π ∕ 4 and π, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冻结粉质黏土-桩基接触面剪切特性试验研究

在寒区工程中, 建筑物的冻拔病害和冻土-桩基接触面间的剪切特性密切相关。借助自制的试验模具, 采用压桩法对冻结粉质黏土中埋置的混凝土桩、 钢桩以及木桩进行了不同负温条件下的剪切试验。结果表明： 在负温下随着剪切位移的增加, 剪切力经历线性增长、 骤降的脆性破坏、 维持恒定三阶段。温度越低, 桩与冻土间的冰胶结力越大, 冻结强度越大, 残余强度越大, 破坏允许位移也越大。在-30 ℃时, 木桩与冻土间的冻结强度最大, 混凝土桩与冻土间的冻结强度次之, 钢桩与冻土间的冻结强度最小。混凝土桩、 钢桩对应的冻结强度及残余强度与温度的关系可用线性拟合, 木桩对应的冻结强度及残余强度与温度的关系可用二次多项式拟合, 三种桩的破坏允许位移与温度的关系均呈现线性规律。研究成果可为寒区结构物抗冻拔病害防治提供参考。     

Soil Deformations During Casing Jacking and Extraction of Expanded-Shoe Piles,Using Model Tests

A small-scale 1-g transparent soil model was employed to investigate soil deformations caused by casing-assisted pile jacking of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete piles. The transparent soil was made of fused quartz and a refractive index matched blended oil. Models were sliced with a laser light sheet and digital images were employed to record jacking and extraction of the casing, allowing the use of digital image correlation to derive the generated displacement fields, non-intrusively. The effects of the shoe shape as well as use of a casing to jack the pile were investigated. It was found that under unconfined conditions, soil response to jacking is significantly affected by the pile shoe shape, with displacements adjacent to a conical shoe markedly smaller compared to a flat shoe. Moreover, casing extraction results in recovery of some of the soil deformation that takes place during pile jacking.     

Separate-ice frost heave model for one-dimensional soil freezing process

For one-dimensional soil freezing process, a separate-ice frost heave model is established, and the coupled process of heat transfer, fluid flow and stress development is considered in the model. First, a coupled heat–fluid–stress model describing the growth of a single ice lens is developed by extending the coupled heat–fluid model presented by Zhou and Zhou (Can Geotech J 49(6):686–693, 2012). Second, the mechanism for the formation of a new ice lens in the frozen fringe is studied, and we indicate that if the total vertical disjoining pressure at certain place exceeds the sum of the external pressure and the critical pressure, a new ice lens will emerge. By combining the growth model of a single ice lens and the criterion for the formation of a new ice lens, the separate-ice frost heave model is then established. The difference between the separate-ice model and the rigid-ice model is explained, and the relations for different mathematical models which describe the soil freezing process are also discussed. Numerical analysis of the separate-ice model is conducted using the finite volume method. The freezing tests for Devon silt under no external pressure and Xuzhou silty clay under a constant external pressure are applied to verify the computational results. The consistence between the calculation and the observation validates the separate-ice frost heave model.     

饱和粉土冻结过程中的水分迁移试验研究

改变边界温度和土样高度,对饱和粉土进行了冻结试验,研究其水分迁移、水分重分布、冻胀和冰透镜体的发展规律。试验结果表明：当温度稳定时,水分持续迁移到冻结锋面附近,含水率急剧增大,易形成冰透镜体。饱和粉土冰透镜体几何形态较为规则,无枝状交叉结构,已冻土为整体状且无网状裂隙。冻结过程中存在起始冻胀时间,在起始冻胀时间之前,土中水分被排出,冻胀发生之后水分补给到冻土中,且补给水分产生的冻胀量和总冻胀量数值接近。土样高度影响水分迁移量和冻胀量,土样越高,冻胀量越小,冻土含水率增量越小,但水分增量分布区域越分散,且起始冻胀时间越长。     

渠道抗冻胀垫层设计方法研究与数值模拟

基土换填是常用的抗冻胀措施。目前非冻胀性土缺乏科学标准的定义,换填厚度基本按照经验公式和工程类比确定,不尽科学合理。在对垫层抗冻胀机制的分析基础之上,根据层状土毛管水土水势理论给出了垫层材料的选择依据,结合热阻等效原理在考虑了衬砌结构允许位移的基础上给出了渠道垫层厚度的计算公式,并根据传统算法与该方法对山东打渔张北干渠弧形坡脚梯形渠道进行抗冻胀垫层设计;同时采用ANSYS有限元软件对渠道铺设垫层前后进行热力耦合数值模拟。研究表明,垫层通过改善水分场、温度场削弱了冻胀发生的因素;该垫层算法比传统算法合理、工程造价较低。数值分析表明,渠道冻胀量、冻胀力明显被削减,其中对阴坡的削减可达90%以上。     

考虑吸附与毛细作用的饱和冻土SFCC模型

土体冻结特征曲线（SFCC）是对冻土中未冻水含量随负温变化关系的数学描述,是研究冻土水热迁移、冻胀、本构关系等问题的重要基础。目前对于SFCC的研究,其经验表达式居多,而物理机制研究相对较少。通过考虑土颗粒与冰界面的吸附作用及冰相尖点的毛细作用,基于冰水相变平衡压力由吸附压力与毛细压力两部分共同组成,从孔隙尺度提出一个新的饱和冻土SFCC模型。模型计算结果表明,当颗粒半径逐渐增大时,相同温度下未冻水含量将不断减小,SFCC也会变得更加陡峭。基于核磁共振设备对单分散SiO2微球冻融过程SFCC进行测试,试验结果与数学模型进行比较验证,结果表明新的SFCC模型与试验结果吻合较好,且具有明确的物理意义,可以为冻土基础研究提供理论依据。     

Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil

The rigid pile composite foundation is widely used in highway projects in soft soil area as it can effectively increase the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. While the research on the behavior and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment is not enough, instability failure of rigid pile composite foundation often occurs in practical projects. This paper presents a centrifuge model test to investigate the load transfer mechanism, settlement characteristic and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results show that: the soil displacement of different region in rigid pile composite foundation was different, obvious vertical displacement occurred in the soil under the center of embankment and the horizontal displacement was very small in this region; both vertical and horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the shoulder of embankment; and obvious horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the slope toe of embankment; moreover, ground heave also occurred near the slope toe of embankment. The soil displacement in rigid pile composite foundation had a large influence on the stress characteristic and failure mode of rigid piles, the compressive failure and bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the center and shoulder of the embankment, respectively, and the tension-bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the slope toe of embankment. The different failure modes of piles at different regions should be considered in the design of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results can be used to improve the design method for rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in practical projects.

     

土体冻结过程中的热质迁移研究进展

土体的冻胀，融沉问题归根结底是热质迁移问题，文章概述了近年来在国际上有关这方面研究的新成果，总体上讲，冻结缘的厚度，分凝冰形成温度以及冰透镜体形成条件等作为热质迁移试验研究的重点受到关注，质的迁移研究不仅仅限制在水分的迁移，而且对于矿物质，溶质，气体等的迁移以及对水分迁移的影响都有不同程度的研究，对于冻胀预报模型，已从经验型过渡到依据基本物理，力学，热动力学理论而建立的理论模型，今后的研究发展方向是加强室内参数测试水平以及对理论模型的普遍性验证。     

A procedure for theoretical estimation of dewatering-induced pile settlement

Dewatering in geotechnical excavations may cause soil consolidation and settlement, which would exert negative skin friction on nearby piles and cause additional pile settlements. Incorporating four steps that include a pumping model, a simplified consolidation evaluation, a pile–soil interaction model and a semi-theoretical pile settlement prediction, this paper presents a procedure to estimate the drawdown, the soil consolidation settlement, the negative friction on the pile shaft and the additional pile settlement, induced by dewatering in phreatic zones. Numerical calculations for a simplified situation of dewatering operation illustrate the proposed procedure in estimating the mechanical effects of dewatering on nearby piles.     

Scale model test study on negative skin friction of piles considering the collapsibility of loess

In collapsible loess area, the negative skin friction of pile foundation will cause many engineering problems such as failure of pile strength and reduction of bearing capacity of pile foundation, which will bring great harm to engineering construction. In order to study the change and distribution law of negative friction of pile foundation in collapsible loess area, the scale model test of negative friction of pile considering loess collapsibility was designed and completed. Through finite element numerical simulation, the test results are verified, and the distribution law of negative friction of pile and the number and position of neutral points are obtained. The test results show that under the condition of immersion, the loess has layered settlement, and there are both negative friction and positive friction on the pile surface, and there are two neutral points. Negative friction drags the pile downward, which makes the axial force of the pile increase obviously. The numerical simulation results verify the feasibility and validity of the test results. The research results of this paper have certain guiding significance for pile foundation design in collapsible loess area.

     

顶管推进对邻近桩基的影响分析

研究了顶管正面附加推力、掘进机和后续管道与土体之间的摩擦力在邻近桩基上引起的总的附加荷载的分布规律。研究结果表明,附加荷载的变化规律与桩基和掘进机的相对位置密切相关,是一个三维问题;在顶进方向和垂直于管壁方向,随着掘进机开挖面通过前后,附加荷载由压力变为拉力,顶进方向的附加荷载值和影响范围较垂直于管壁方向大;竖直方向的附加荷载较小,靠近管道轴线附近的桩基部位受到的附加荷载方向与两端相反,曲线呈“弓”型分布;随着桩基与管道距离的减小,附加荷载急剧增大。