堆石料三维形状量化及其对颗粒破碎的影响

筑坝堆石料由于尺寸较大,必须对其按一定比例缩尺后才能用来开展室内三轴试验。但缩尺前后颗粒形状难免会有差异,如何评价颗粒形状变化对堆石料变形特性的影响是十分重要的。引入了高精度的三维激光扫描技术对紫坪铺面板坝筑坝堆石料2.5～5、5～10、10～20 mm以及20～40 mm 4个粒径组的颗粒进行了空间形状分析,在此基础上进一步开展了单一粒组的三轴试验,研究了4个粒组的颗粒形状指标与颗粒破碎率的相关性。试验表明,紫坪铺堆石料颗粒破碎率随着其平均球度的增加而减小,并且呈近似半对数线性关系;随着围压的增加,颗粒形状对颗粒破碎的影响逐渐减弱,颗粒强度的影响逐渐增大。紫坪铺堆石料的颗粒强度随着颗粒尺寸的增加逐渐减小,但其破碎率反而随着颗粒尺寸的增加而逐渐减小,主要是因为试验所采用的紫坪铺堆石料颗粒尺寸越小时,其形状越不规则。因此,研究缩尺效应对颗粒破碎率的影响时,要同时考虑颗粒尺寸和颗粒形状。     

Critical contact stiffness concept and simulation of crack generation in particle models of large length-scales

When the particle simulation method is used to simulate large length-scale problems, such as crustal length-scale problems in the field of geology, it is necessary to include gravity effect into the particle model. To consider gravity effect appropriately, there is a minimum value requirement for the contact stiffness of a particle so that unexpected particle overlap can be avoided. This minimum value is called the critical contact stiffness of a particle due to gravity effect. Using the vertical force equilibrium condition of a particle at the bottom of a two-dimensional particle model, a theoretical formula has been successfully derived for determining the critical contact stiffness of the particle in this paper. For the two-dimensional particle model consisting of circular particles of unit thickness, there is a relationship between the critical contact stiffness of a particle and the critical elastic modulus of the particle material when a linear-elastic-contact model between any two particles is used. Since the elastic moduli of most crustal rocks are greater than the corresponding critical elastic modulus of the particle material, it has been theoretically demonstrated that the particle simulation method, which is based on the linear-elastic-contact model between any two particles, is suitable for simulating gravity effect within the particle model of a large length-scale. The related simulation results have demonstrated the usefulness of the particle simulation method for simulating spontaneous crack generation patterns within brittle crustal rocks.     

地质标准物质的粒度测量与表征实践

样品粒度是粉体地质标准物质的一项重要特性指标。长期以来地质标准物质的粒度一直是采用筛分法或沉降法检测,最终大多以加工样品通过一定筛目(一般为-200目)的比例来表达;近年来超细标准物质研制引入了以激光粒度仪为代表的粒度检测与分析的现代方法,并可以直观的粒度分布图和简洁明晰的特征粒径等多种方法来表达粒度分布特征,大大提升了粉体地质标准物质粒度分布特性的测量及表征水平。文章在前期采用激光粒度仪测量超细标准物质粒度分布特征工作的基础上,用此法测量了当今广泛使用的典型地质标准物质的粒度分布,为这些标准物质的正确使用和取样不确定度评价提供了重要依据;同时就今后地质标准物质乃至地质分析样品的粒度检测与表征提出建议。     

Micromechanical investigation of the particle size effect on the shear strength of uncrushable granular materials

Particle size strongly influences the shear strength of granular materials. However, previous studies of the particle size effect have focused mainly on the macroscopic behavior of granular materials, neglecting the associated micro-mechanism. In this study, the effect of particle size on the shear strength of uncrushable granular materials in biaxial testing is investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). First, a comprehensive calibration against experimental results is conducted to obtain the DEM parameters for two types of quartz sand. Then, a series of biaxial tests are simulated on sands with parallel particle size distributions to investigate the effect of particle size on macro- and microscopic behaviors. Finally, by adopting the rolling resistance method and the clump method, irregular-shaped particles are simulated to investigate how the particle size effect will be influenced by the particle shape. Simulation results demonstrate that (1) the peak shear strength increases with particle size, whereas the residual shear strength is independent of particle size; (2) the thickness of the shear band increases with the particle size, but its ratio decreases with particle size; (3) the particle size effect can be explained by the increase of friction utilization ratio with particle size; and (4) the particle size effect is more significant in granular materials that consist of particles with higher angularity.

     

粗粒料颗粒破碎数值模拟研究

粗粒料在外力作用下存在明显的颗粒破碎特性,研究颗粒破碎过程是当前研究的热点问题之一。基于粗粒料单颗粒破碎机制,考虑单颗粒破碎强度与直径的变化规律,采用非线性接触H-Z模型和密度控制法建立了粗粒料颗粒破碎数值模型。开展粗粒料双轴剪切试验数值模拟研究,并与室内试验结果进行对比分析。研究表明：建立的粗粒料颗粒破碎数值模型能够较好地模拟粗粒料偏应力与轴向应变和体积应变与轴向应变的关系;数值模拟获得的粗粒料颗粒破碎率与室内试验结果基本一致;去除试样制备过程和固结过程引起的颗粒破碎,不同围压条件下的颗粒破碎率归一化后基本重合,且可以近似地采用双曲线函数进行拟合。颗粒破碎率随着围压的增大,逐渐增大,试验级配趋于Einav提出的颗粒破碎的最终级配（分维数等于2.6）     

黏性材料细观与宏观力学参数相关性研究

岩土工程数值模拟技术中参数选取的正确性是反应材料真实力学特性的基本前提。借助于颗粒离散元分析软件PFC2D,对黏性土类材料样本开展了大量的平面双轴压缩试验。通过记录不同围压下样本的轴向应力峰值,并依据摩尔-库仑强度准则对数值试样的剪切强度参数（内摩擦角、黏聚力）进行标定。着重探讨了黏性材料细观参数中颗粒刚度比kn /ks（0.5～10共12组）、颗粒粘结强度SBS（0～50 kPa共12组）、颗粒摩擦系数?（0～6共16组）以及颗粒粘结强度比K（0.1～10共15组）和材料宏观剪切强度参数以及材料剪切特性之间的相关性。研究结果表明：颗粒粘结（法向、切向）强度同对材料黏聚力呈线性相关;颗粒摩擦系数与材料内摩擦角呈近似对数相关;颗粒刚度比大小对材料剪切强度参数变化亦有微弱的影响;此外,K值（切向粘结强度/法向粘结强度）是影响材料的剪切破坏形态的重要因素。最后,采用了两个多元非线性拟合公式,定量地描述了以上各细观参数和材料宏观剪切强度参数的联合关系,并给出了K值的建议取值,为后续的研究提供重要的理论基础。     

膨润土与石英的粒度分析方法优选

采用淘析法、激光粒度分析法、渗透过滤法、显微镜法对膨润土及石英的粒度进行测量比较分析。实验结果表明：4种方法得到的粒度由大到小依次为淘析法、激光粒度分析法、显微镜法、渗透过滤法;由于凝聚的影响,淘析法与激光粒度分析法测试结果粒度偏大;渗透法分析结果与显微镜法结果较为接近;膨润土在水中崩解的粒度比石英要小,但采用沉降法分离提纯,膨润土比石英更易于团聚,因此在湿法提纯研究中,有必要添加分散剂。     

颗粒大小对颗粒材料力学行为影响初探

利用一种特殊颗粒材料-玻璃珠进行了一系列室内直剪试验,研究颗粒大小对颗粒材料力学行为的影响。试验一共考虑了3条近乎平行的级配曲线和4种颗粒摩擦情况：干燥状态、水浸润状态、水淹没状态和油浸润状态。试验结果表明,颗粒大小对颗粒材料的力学行为有显著影响,剪胀性随着粒径的增大而增强。为考虑颗粒大小对剪胀性的影响,提出了一种新的剪胀关系式。在该剪胀关系式中,剪胀系数为依赖于颗粒大小和颗粒摩擦等颗粒基本性质的变量。试验研究同时表明临界状态摩擦角随着颗粒大小的增加而增加。此外,从颗粒细观运动的角度提出了颗粒滑动的功能模型,推导出了功能方程,并以此揭示了颗粒大小对临界状态摩擦角影响的细观机制。     

平均粒径对砂土剪切特性的影响及细观机理

针对平均粒径对砂土剪切特性的影响作用,结合室内试验和离散元模拟方法对不同平均粒径砂土进行了细观研究。基于3种不同平均粒径砂土的直剪试验结果,通过建立反映砂土剪切试验特征的PFC（particle flow code）颗粒流模型,详细研究了不同粒径砂土在剪切过程中土样体积变化、力链网络、孔隙率和配位数等细观结构参数的变化特征和规律,并从细观角度分析了颗粒粒径对土样宏观剪切特性的影响机制。结果表明：具有不同平均粒径砂土的细观结构参数在剪切过程中存在显著差异,并且其细观参数差异主要集中体现在剪切带处;剪切力学特性的影响主要体现在抗剪强度和剪胀效应方面,砂土平均粒径越大,抗剪强度越高,剪胀效应越明显;具有不同平均粒径的砂土在剪切过程中土颗粒运动规律及剪切带形态变化特征存在一定的差异,平均粒径越大,剪切带内上跨式颗粒占比越大,剪切带厚度越大。     

含盐量对石灰固化滨海盐渍土微结构参数的影响

因土中含有较多的氯盐,引起了石灰固化滨海盐渍土的微结构变化。采用Leica QWin5000图形处理软件对石灰固化滨海盐渍土的SEM照片进行统计,证实随着含盐量的增加,固化土颗粒的等效直径、扁圆度、面积比和充填比等微结构参数呈近线性变化。含盐量增加使得固化土颗粒的粒度分维值增加,颗粒的均一化程度越来越差;而颗粒定向分维则先升、后降、再逐渐趋于一个稳定值,即固化土颗粒的排列方向保持不变。固化土颗粒级配测试结果也与上述变化规律相吻合。     

应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎的影响研究

堆石料颗粒破碎是引起高土石坝变形的重要因素。在大坝填筑、蓄水期,堆石料的应力路径和干湿状态均是变化的。通过大型三轴试验,系统地研究了应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎规律的影响。试验结果表明：（1）相同初始条件下,按不同应力路径达到同一轴向应变停机时测定的颗粒破碎率是不同的,等围压?3试验产生的颗粒破碎最大,等平均主应力p试验的次之,等最大主应力?1试验的最小,但不同应力路径下的颗粒级配演化规律是一致的。（2）相同初始条件下,湿样的颗粒破碎率明显高于干样,且二者的差距随着围压的增大而增大,不同干湿条件下的颗粒级配演化规律同样是一致的。（3）建立的考虑母岩强度的颗粒破碎率与塑性功的关系可以较好地统一描述不同应力路径及干湿状态下的颗粒破碎。该研究成果可为建立复杂应力路径及干湿变化条件下考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型提供依据。     

渝东南岩溶山区耕地利用变化下土壤颗粒体积分形特征研究

通过对重庆东南部喀斯特山区的野外调查采样和室内粒度分析,利用土壤颗粒体积分维模型,分析了该区域耕地土壤与撂荒地土壤颗粒体积分形维数特征,探讨了颗粒体积分形特征与颗粒体积含量的关系。研究结果表明:土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤中粘粒(<0.002mm)含量呈明显的线性相关,表现为粘粒含量越高的土壤,其分形维数也越高。土壤粘粒含量与土壤颗粒体积分形维数在不同土地利用方式的土壤剖面上表现出相同的变化规律。土壤分形维数不仅受粘粒含量的支配,还与土壤质地的均一程度有关,分形维数与土壤质地均匀指数表现出一定的相关性,但相关性较弱。耕地土壤分形维数值(平均值为2.5065)大于撂荒地分形维数值(平均值为2.4835),说明岩溶区人类农耕活动对土壤质地尤其是粘粒含量影响明显。土壤体积分形维数可以作为区域耕地土壤质量评价指标之一。      

珊瑚砂大剪切应变下的剪切特性和分形维数

利用Wille Geotechnik环向剪切仪对3种不同粒径的珊瑚砂进行了大剪切位移的环向剪切试验,探讨了颗粒破碎对珊瑚砂强度和残余应变发展的影响。试验结果表明：颗粒破碎随着剪切位移的增加逐渐增加,且初始粒径较大的均匀级配珊瑚砂粒径越大颗粒破碎越多。颗粒破碎对峰值强度和残余强度无影响,但对珊瑚砂的体积应变有显著影响,颗粒破碎较多的试样其体积应变也较大。建立了考虑长宽比、球形度和凹凸度的分形维数计算公式。由于颗粒破碎后颗粒形状在全粒径范围内的自相似性和无尺度性,考虑颗粒形状与不考虑颗粒形状的公式计算得到的珊瑚砂分形维数基本一致。     

滑源区粒序分布及颗粒粒径对碎屑流冲击作用的影响研究

滑体的运动速度、堆积形态、冲击力等因素决定了碎屑流的致灾程度。滑源区不同岩性特征和结构分布的差异导致了滑体粒序分布和颗粒粒径的差异。在运动过程中产生的碰撞、摩擦、跳跃,影响着滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度。在物理模型试验的基础上,运用三维离散元软件PFC3D,探究滑源区粒序分布及颗粒粒径对滑体运动速度、堆积形态、冲击力的影响。研究结果表明:碎屑流中各粒径颗粒的平均速度受颗粒粒径及滑源区初始粒序的共同影响,且初始粒序对各颗粒平均速度影响更大;在堆积形态方面,粒径大小对厚度方向上的粒序排布影响较大,而滑源区粒序分布对单种颗粒的堆积形态影响较大;在颗粒分选作用下,颗粒粒径成为控制峰值冲击力的主要因素,而滑源区粒序分布则通过决定滑体堆积形态控制了准静态堆积阶段碎屑流的冲击力。     

Quantification of particle crushing in consideration of grading evolution of granular soils in biaxial shearing: A probability‐based model

A probability‐based model is presented to estimate particle crushing and the associated grading evolution in granular soils during isotropic compression and prepeak shearing in biaxial tests. The model is based on probability density functions of interparticle and intraparticle stress (ie, particle normalized maximum shear stress and particle average maximum shear stress) derived from discrete element method simulations of biaxial tests. We find that the probability density functions of normalized maximum shear stress are dependent on the current sample grading, implying coupling effects between particle crushing and sample grading such that the particle crushing is affected by the current sample grading, and the grading change is also dependent on the current particle crushing extent. To incorporate these coupling effects into the model, particle crushing and grading change are calculated for each load increment, in which the crushing probability of a particle during any loading increment is denoted as the corresponding increment of probability of the internal maximum shear stress exceeding its maximum shear strength. The model shows qualitative agreement with published experimental data. The effects of the model parameters, including initial porosity, particle strength, initial grading, and crushing mode, on the calculated results are discussed and compared with previous studies. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the model are discussed.     

钙质砂剪切特性的围压效应和粒径效应研究

为研究钙质砂剪切特性的围压效应和粒径效应,开展了在不同粒径、不同相对密实度以及不同围压条件下的三轴剪切试验,并引入应力相对软化系数和剪胀系数对应变软化特征及剪胀特征进行了定量表征。试验研究表明,随围压的增大,不同粒径钙质砂试样应变软化特征及剪胀特征逐渐减弱,且围压与应力相对软化系数和剪胀系数均呈半对数线性相关。不同粒径钙质砂试样存在一强度临界围压和体变临界围压分别使得应变软化特征和剪胀特征消失。在粒径为5～0.075 mm范围内,对松样而言,围压对软化特征和剪胀特征存在显著影响,但与粒径不存在显著相关性;对密样而言,随粒径逐渐减小,围压对试样软化特征的影响逐渐增强,而对试样剪胀特征的影响逐渐减弱。在低围压（50 kPa）条件下,0.5～0.25 mm粒径组试样破碎最显著。     

Discrete element modeling of crushable sands considering realistic particle shape effect

This study proposed a novel approach for generating crushable agglomerates with realistic particle shapes in discrete element modeling (DEM). The morphologies of sand particles were obtained by X-ray micro-computed tomography scanning and image processing. Based on the particle surface reconstructed by spherical harmonic analysis, the crushable agglomerates with realistic particle shapes can be generated in DEM simulations. The results of single particle crushing tests showed that particle shapes significantly influence the fracture patterns and crushing strengths of sand particles. Furthermore, two one-dimensional compression tests were conducted to investigate the particle shape effect on micro- and macro-mechanical behaviors of crushable sands.     

地质标准物质粒度测量与表征的现代方法

地质标准物质是地质材料分析的计量标准,在分析质量监控、仪器校准和分析方法评价中发挥着重要作用。地质标准物质大多为粉体材料,而粒度是粉体材料的一项重要特性指标。长期以来,地质标准物质的粒度一直采用过筛法检测;近年来在超细标准物质研制中引入了以激光粒度仪为代表的现代粒度分析方法,并以直观的粒度分布图和简洁的特征粒度来表达分析结果,大大提升了粉体地质标准物质粒度特性的测量及表征水平。在此工作基础上,测量了正在广泛使用的典型地质标准物质的粒度分布,获得了前所未知的粒度分布信息,为这些标准物质的正确使用和取样不确定度评价提供了有益的资料。简单地介绍了检测粉体材料颗粒特性的现代方法,讨论了地质分析与粒度分析在概念上的差异,并就今后地质标准物质乃至地质分析样品的粒度检测与表征方法提出了建议。     

Pore‐scale modeling of surface erosion in a particle bed

A fully coupled transient two‐dimensional model was employed to study fundamentals of flood‐induced surface erosion in a particle bed. The interaction of the liquid and solid phases is the key mechanism related to surface erosion. The solid phase was idealized at a particle scale by using the discrete element method. The fluid phase was modeled at a mesoscale level and solved using the lattice Boltzmann method. The fluid forces applied on the particles were calculated on the basis of the momentum the fluid exchanges with the particle. The proposed approach was used to model both single particles and particle beds subjected to Couette flow conditions. The behavior of both the single particle and the particle bed depended on particle diameter and surface shear fluid velocity. The conducted simulations show that the fluid flow profile penetrates the bed for a small distance. This penetration initiates sheet‐flow and surface erosion as the fluid interacts with particles. The effect of suppressing particle rotation on the fluid‐induced forces on the particle was also examined. Suppressing particle spinning may lead to underestimated erosion rate. Results of fluid and particle velocities were compared against experimental results and appeared to agree with the observed trends.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粗粒土的破碎耗能计算及影响因素

粗粒土的颗粒破碎直接改变了土体本身结构,对粗粒土的剪胀和内摩擦角都会产生影响。在土体剪切过程中,体积应力和剪切应力在体积应变和剪切应变上做功,这部分能量在剪切过程中转化为颗粒的弹性储能、颗粒间的摩擦耗能、颗粒剪胀时对外做功和颗粒破碎耗能4部分。准确计算剪切过程中粗粒土破碎耗能的目的是：从能量角度分析颗粒破碎对土体本构关系的影响,为建立考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构关系创造条件。通过分析粗粒土的常规三轴试验数据,计算得到了剪切过程中的粗粒土破碎耗能。计算结果表明,常规三轴试验条件下粗粒土破碎耗能主要受固结应力、土体摩擦系数M等因素的影响。