盾构隧道地面长期沉降的径向基函数网络预测

利用径向基函数网络理论,采用Matlab软件进行编程,对盾构隧道引起的轴线上方地面长期沉降进行预测。在实际操作中,将训练(即拟合)和仿真(即预测)融为一体,使预测结果具有较高的精度。6个算例分析结果表明,径向基函数网络方法可以较好地预测盾构隧道引起的地面长期沉降。     

用扁铲侧胀试验计算软基处理工后沉降

准确预测软基工后沉降对评价软基处理方法、提高软基处理质量非常重要。Marchetti提出了运用扁铲侧胀试验计算砂和一般土的沉降公式。该试验具有准确快捷、对土扰动小的特点,但用于计算加载初期的结构性软土误差却较大。软基处理后沉降趋于稳定。利用处理后的扁铲侧胀试验数据,借鉴Marchetti公式,预测工后沉降。通过与其他几种常规计算方法的比较,表明该方法能更加准确地计算软基工后沉降。     

公路软基沉降预测的支持向量机模型

提出了基于支持向量机（SVM）模型对公路软基沉降进行预测的一种新方法,工程实例预测结果表明,在同样的训练均方误差下,SVM模型预测能力要优于BP神经网络模型,同时该模型能够综合利用分级加载过程中的沉降观测数据作为训练样本集,比仅依靠预压期内部分实测沉降数据的双曲线法更能反映地基土的变形趋势。因此,将建立的SVM模型应用于公路软基沉降预测能够更准确地反映实际沉降过程     

粉质黏土堤防漫溢溃决试验

为研究粉质黏土堤防漫溢溃决破坏过程及其对水流要素和土体性质的响应规律,以河道流量、筑堤土体含水率和孔隙率为变量,在弯道水槽中开展了9组堤防漫溢溃决概化试验.通过试验发现,粉质黏土堤漫溢溃决溃口发展过程可分为垂向侵蚀和横向扩宽两个阶段,垂向侵蚀阶段以"陡坎"后退为主要形式;筑堤土体含水率与孔隙率不仅影响了溃口垂向侵蚀以及横向扩宽速度,而且决定了溃口最终形态,河道流量主要影响堤防溃口的横向扩宽速度;溃口处流速以及下游水位变化受溃口高度的制约.拟合得到土体黏聚力与土体含水率、孔隙率的相关关系式;通过试验数据提出了由土体黏聚力和水流参数表达的"陡坎"侵蚀后退速度计算公式,证明具有一定合理性.     

Investigation of solid waste soil as road construction material

The geotechnical properties of solid waste soils for use as sub-base materials in road construction were investigated. A series of field tests and laboratory tests were performed to assess the physical and mechanical properties of the solid waste soils sampled from a landfill site, near to a riverside, which had been reclaimed over the last two decades. The tests showed that geotechnical properties are clearly affected by the magnitude of organic matter content. As the organic matter content increases, the maximum dry unit weight, the shear strength and bearing capacity of ground decrease, while the void ratio and compressibility increase. If the organic matter content is more than about 8% in solid waste soils, it is not suitable for use as a sub-base material in road construction due to the significant decrease of shear strength and bearing capacity.     

Stability of embankments constructed from soil mixed with stone dust in quarry reclamation

This study examines the stability of an embankment used in stone quarry reclamation built of local natural soil mixed with stone dust. Stone dust is a fine-grained and low-strength material, whereas soil is coarser with higher strength. Test results show that the shear strength and maximum dry unit weight of the mixed material increase with a decrease in the stone dust. After reviewing various domestic and international standards for slope stability, this study suggests a three-grade slope stability rating system (“unstable,” “requires attention” and “stable”) for embankments built of soil mixed with stone dust. A series of slope stability analysis aims to define stable heights, slope angles and mix ratios for such embankments. Safe slope gradients should be 1:1.8 or higher for 10 m high embankments. Embankments 15 m in height should use a mix ratio less than 50% and a slope gradient of 1:1.8 or higher. The safe dimensioning and design guideline values determined by this study should be useful for the construction of new, as well as the stability evaluation of existing embankments that have been made from mixed soils containing stone dust.     

建筑垃圾填埋场周边地下水化学组分来源解析

建筑垃圾是城市市政垃圾的重要组成部分,对其堆填处理可能造成场地及周围一定范围内的地下水污染。传统观念认为,建筑垃圾中多为惰性或无害成分,对地下水影响有限,缺乏关于建筑垃圾堆填对地下水水质造成影响的研究。选取2处建筑垃圾堆填场地,通过对场地周围地下水采样分析,得到场地周边地下水化学指标空间分布特征,并利用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)识别研究区地下水化学组分来源,从而定量评价建筑垃圾填埋对周边地下水水质变化的贡献。结果表明,建筑垃圾填埋会显著影响周边区域地下水组分的浓度和质量,尤其是TDS、TH、Ca2+、SO42-等组分显著受到影响,填埋时间越长、填埋体量越大,影响程度越深。两场地区域范围内Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-和TDS 5个组分或指标的空间分布整体变化趋势较一致,均表现为垃圾填埋场附近沿地下水流下游方向的点位浓度较高,其他点位浓度较低,验证了建筑垃圾填埋对区域地下水质量的影响。PMF来源解析确定两场地周边地下水化学组分来源有建筑垃圾填埋、岩石风化溶解、水岩相互作用和农业活动,在场地一来源贡献占比分别为29.2%、21.6%、24.2%和15.1%,在场地二贡献占比分别为15.6%、23.2%、28.4%和18.2%。两场地周围地下水质量受人类活动影响程度较深,人为污染源正在成为地下水中离子组分的重要来源。     

建筑垃圾填埋场沉降计算中模型参数灵敏度分析

建筑垃圾土的变形机理复杂,它不同于传统意义上的土体。通过大量的非线性有限元计算,找到了双屈服面模型中影响建筑垃圾填埋场沉降的主要参数,并给出了各参数与沉降之间的定性关系,为建筑垃圾填埋场沉降计算和参数灵敏度分析奠定了基础。     

隧道水平冻结施工期地表融沉的历时预测模型

隧道冻结工程中所形成的人工冻结壁为临时支护结构,隧道衬砌结构施工后,冻结壁要进入解冻期,由于冻结壁解冻过程中的地层融沉现象对隧道周边环境影响较大,因此,应建立合理的方法对地表融沉量进行预测,以便于实际施工中采取相应的融沉控制措施。为此,考虑冻结壁的自然解冻过程,基于随机介质理论,建立了隧道水平冻结施工期地表融沉的历时预测模型。并提出冻结壁自然解冻条件下瞬态温度场由平板解冻理论近似求解,基于平板解冻理论和一维情况下已融土层的稳定融沉量计算公式,确定了预测模型中解冻锋面半径和融缩区域内半径这2个关键参数的取值方法。将所建立的预测模型应用于隧道全断面水平冻结工程中,得到了地表融沉随解冻时间的变化规律。研究结果表明,地表融沉在解冻初期增长速度较快,而在解冻后期增长速度减缓,地表历时融沉量与崔托维奇通过试验得出的天然冻土历时融沉量变化规律相一致。     

考虑应力应变时间效应的桩基长期沉降计算方法

土体的应力应变时间效应对桩基长期沉降有重要影响。在长期荷载作用下桩基的沉降主要包括两个部分：桩尖刺入量和桩底土体的蠕变压缩沉降。采用Mesri蠕变模型描述土体的蠕变行为，用桩的Mindlin应力公式计算桩端和桩侧荷载在桩端平面以下产生的附加应力，用Boussinesq应力公式计算承台分担荷载产生的应力。分别给出了桩尖刺入量和桩底土体蠕变压缩量的计算方法，从而提出了一种考虑土体蠕变效应的桩基长期沉降计算方法。计算结果与桩基长期监测结果较为吻合，表明在获得可靠的计算参数后可用提出的方法估算桩基长期沉降。     

Analysis of settlement and lateral deformation of soft clay foundation beneath two full-scale embankments

In 1986, the Malaysian Highway Authority constructed a series of trial embankments on the Muar Plain (soft marine clay) with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of various ground improvement techniques. This study investigates the effect of two such ground improvement schemes: (a) preloading of foundation with surface geogrids and synthetic vertical drains and (b) sand compaction piles. The paper is focused on the finite element analysis of settlements and lateral displacements of the soft foundation. In scheme (a), the numerical predictions are compared with the field measurements. In scheme (b), only the numerical analysis is presented and discussed in the absence of reliable measurements due to the malfunctioning of the electronic extensometer and inclinometer system during embankment construction. The current analysis employs critical state soil mechanics, and the deformations are predicted on the basis of the fully coupled (Biot) consolidation model. The vertical drain pattern is converted to equivalent drain walls to enable plane strain modelling, and the geogrids are simulated by linear interface slip elements. The effect of sand compaction piles is investigated considering both ideal drains and non-ideal drains, as well as varying the pile stiffness. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑蠕变性状的港区软土地基参数反演和长期沉降预测

结合上海某集装箱码头建设项目,针对本工程深厚淤泥质黏土的场地条件,引入Mesri蠕变模型考虑堆场地基的长期蠕变变形。利用施工期和工后短期实测分层沉降资料,由最小二乘法建立目标函数,运用分层迭代反演方法反演得到各软土层的黏弹性参数;将反演得到的土层参数代入自行编制的沉降计算软件,计算得到地基沉降量,并将计算值与实测值进行对比,对比结果证明了参数反演的可靠性;利用反演得到的土层参数对工后的长期沉降进行了预测,为本工程的安全运营提供了指导。     

海堤地基固结系数反演与工后沉降分形模型预测

海堤工后沉降分析预测对工程维护和灾害防治具有重要意义。以海堤工后初期监测资料为基础,运用分层总和法和太沙基一维固结理论反演了土层固结系数,并通过对固结系数变化规律的分析,提出采用改进变维分形预测模型对具有较强趋势性的固结系数进行预测,进而对海堤工后可能发生的长期沉降进行预测。以浙江省洞头县北岙后二期东围堤工程的海堤监测数据作为研究对象进行了验证计算,结果表明,该方法反映了实际土体的固结沉降机制,能够较好地预测海堤工后沉降趋势,具有一定的工程实用意义。     

含分数阶的灰色模型及其在地基沉降预测中的应用

基于灰色理论建立的传统沉降预测模型均为整数阶,存在不连续、与实测数据差异较大的缺陷。鉴于此,本文以灰色模型为研究对象,通过改变模型中的整数阶微分为分数阶微分来改进灰色模型的预测效果。本模型与传统模型的最大区别在于增加了分数阶阶次的识别,首先结合灰色理论得到无输入的常微分方程;接着对其引入输入项,并将常微分方程做变换得到含分数阶的微分方程;最后将该模型与实测数据进行对比,且与传统灰色理论沉降预测模型进行误差计算,发现本文建立的沉降预测模型可以较好地预测地基沉降。     

竖向排水井地基工后沉降预测

预测工后沉降是排水固结预压加固软土地基的关键问题之一。根据等应变竖向排水井地基固结理论,提出了沉降曲线的近似计算方法。通过实测沉降资料与近似理论曲线的拟合,获得竖向排水井地基的最终沉降量和平均固结度,从而预估其工后沉降量。将该方法分别应用于真空预压和堆载预压处理的竖井地基,进行工后沉降预测,结果表明该方法是可行的     

地基沉降预测中的双曲线模型修正

针对沉降预测中的双曲线公式存在的不足,对其进行修正,提出了修正的双曲线模型,并通过了工程实例验证,该修正模型预测沉降精度高,具有一定的参考和使用价值.     

卫生填埋场生物降解沉降的热力学机理及其估算

从热力学的角度阐述了填埋体生物降解沉降的物理机理。依此对卫生填埋场生物降解沉降进行了界定,并初步建立了生物降解沉降量的计算模型。利用该模型,根据相关实测资料,对香港某卫生填埋场内因固体废弃物生物降解产生的沉降量进行了估算,并将估算结果与该填埋场的实测总沉降量进行了比较。     

Performance of embankments with rigid columns embedded in an inclined underlying stratum: centrifuge and numerical modelling

Rigid columns penetrating a firm underlying stratum have often been used to enhance the stability and improve the settlement of embankments over soft ground. Furthermore, an inclined underlying stratum is commonly encountered in engineering practice. This investigation experimentally and numerically studies the performance of embankments over soft ground reinforced by rigid columns with various embedment depths. In centrifuge tests, a tilting failure occurs for columns with an embedment depth L_e of 2D (D is the diameter of columns), whereas the embankments remain stable for L_e of 7D. This result indicates that the inclined underlying stratum weakens the restraint effect at the column base and that a greater embedment depth is required to ensure the stability of embankments. Parametric studies numerically reveal that there exists a critical embedment depth, which represents a shift in the failure mechanism. The optimum column layout is determined based on the contributions of columns in different locations beneath an embankment. Finally, the influence of the embedment depth on the distribution of the bending moment of the columns and the soil reaction are discussed.