Torsional surface waves in inhomogeneous elastic media

The dispersion of torsional surface waves in two types of inhomogeneous elastic media is discussed (1) in a half-space with shear modulus varying linearly with depth and with constant density (Gibson'S half-space) and (2) in a half-space with shear modulus varying with the square-root of the depth co-ordinate and with constant density. Inhomogeneous media with constant shear wave velocity are also reviewed and the obtained solutions are discussed in relation to appropriate boundary conditions.     

ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OUTER WALLS OF REGULAR ARCHAEOCYATHIDS

The types of outer wall structure in regular archaeocyathids can be grouped into six classes: a) walls with simple pores; b) walls with additional formations around the pore apertures; c) walls with knee-shaped curvature of the pore canals; d) walls with an additional porous sheath; e) reticulate walls; and f) walls with branching pore canals. Examples of each class are described with figures. Forms with simple walls predominate in older archaeocyathid-bearing strata, and forms with complex outer wall structure predominate in younger strata. The significance of the observations of outer wall structure in the systematics of the archaeocyathids is discussed and one new genus and two new species of forms with unusual wall structure are described. --A. R. Palmer.     

循环加卸载作用下预制裂隙煤样渗透性试验研究

应用三轴加载煤岩渗流试验装置,对预制贯通裂隙煤样开展循环加卸载轴压渗透率试验,分析循环加卸载轴压作用下预制裂隙煤样渗透率的变化规律及其之间的差异。研究结果表明：预制裂隙煤样渗透率与轴压呈负指数函数关系,渗透率对应力敏感性随加卸载次数增加而降低。加载阶段渗透率差值与卸载阶段渗透率差值随加卸载次数增加而降低,渗透率差值与应力敏感性系数呈正相关性。加载阶段与卸载阶段渗透率存在明显差值,渗透率产生明显损失量,其随加卸载次数增加而降低。竖直裂隙煤样渗透率与应力敏感性系数明显高于水平裂隙煤样与完整煤样,水平裂隙煤样渗透性与完整煤样渗透性相差不大,但水平裂隙煤样应力敏感性系数高于完整煤样。竖直裂隙煤样渗透率差值与渗透率损失量明显高于水平裂隙煤样与完整煤样,水平裂隙煤样渗透率差值高于完整煤样,但两者渗透率损失量相差不大。循环加卸载轴压结束后,完整煤样渗透率损失率最大,水平裂隙煤样渗透率损失率居中,竖直裂隙煤样渗透率损失率最小;竖直裂隙煤样渗透率恢复率最大,水平裂隙煤样渗透率恢复率居中,完整煤样渗透率恢复率最小。     

重塑非饱和粘土抗剪强度参数与饱和度的关系研究

土的饱和度是基于水分状态和密度状态的一个衍生变量。存在因应水分状态变化和因应密度状态变化的两类饱和度变化过程。根据23组不同水分状态和密度状态的UU三轴压缩试验结果,讨论了重塑非饱和粘性土抗剪强度参数与饱和度的关系。数据分析表明:粘聚力与水分状态相关的饱和度的关系是强非线性的,与密度状态相关的饱和度的关系是准线性的。内摩擦角与水分状态相关的饱和度的关系是强非线性的,与密度状态相关的饱和度的关系是弱非线性的。     

Relationship between pedogenetic manifestations in some arid soil and age of the landforms

Arid soils with slight variations in parent material, vegetation and climate were studied for their morphological, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Results show that the soils are at different stages of profile development. Varying degrees of pedogenic features have been tied up with data on palaeoenvironment to develop a relationship between the soil and age of the landform. Studies reveal that Dune and Shergarh sandy soils with least degree of manifestation belong to early Holocene to latest Pleistocene, whereas Chirai sandy soil with weakly developed B horizon belongs to the upper Holocene. Soils (Khajwana and Gajsinghpura) with well-developed B horizon and a calcic layer with lime segregations belong to mid-Pleistocene whereas Pali and Pipar soils with illuvial clay in B horizon belong to early Pleistocene.     

川东北飞仙关组白云岩岩石结构演化

根据矿物结晶学理论,白云石可按照晶体大小和晶边形貌划分为不同的结构,其结构的演化主要受原岩化学组成、岩石结构和白云岩化流体的影响。白云岩原岩可分为不同化学组分的泥灰岩和含颗粒泥灰岩,泥灰岩可细分为成分均匀的和含溶孔、胶结物的泥灰岩;含颗粒泥灰岩可细分为未接受任何改造的、发生溶蚀胶结作用的和发生泥晶化等作用的含颗粒泥灰岩。以川东北飞仙关组白云岩为例,在不同浓度的白云岩化流体条件中,讨论不同结构白云岩岩石的演化。结果表明：泥晶化及溶蚀作用是白云石岩石结构演化和形成的基础;大多数鲕粒白云岩在低浓度白云岩化溶液中形成;糖粒状白云岩为外来高浓度的白云岩化流体改造形成。     

冬小麦田不同调控措施下的土壤水蒸发量分析

为探讨农田在不同调控措施下的土壤水蒸发量,以衡水试验场为例,以土壤水流动系统为指导,设计沟播盖腐熟秸秆、沟播不盖秸秆、盖膜穴播、平播对照4种不同调控措施下的田间试验,运用土壤水分均衡原理和土壤水分通量法,计算了不同调控措施下的土壤水蒸发量.结果表明,盖膜穴播田块的土壤水蒸发量最小,沟播盖腐熟秸秆次之,沟播不盖秸秆最大,说明盖膜穴播的土壤水分调控效果最好,而秸秆覆盖的效果优于不盖秸秆.     

关于“小岩体为什么有利于成矿”的探讨

2012年在西安召开了一次学术会议,系统地总结了小岩体成大矿的现象和理论。笔者从另一个方面探讨小岩体成矿的理论问题．但是仅涉及与花岗岩有关的小岩体成矿问题,不涉及镁铁和超镁铁质小岩体成矿的问题。关于岩体与成矿的关系,可以从3个层面上去探讨：第一个层面是小岩体成大矿。小岩体成大矿是事实,也是特殊的事实。绝大多数小岩体不成矿,少数小岩体成小矿,个别小岩体成大矿。第二个层面是小岩浆大流体成矿,基本思想是：小岩浆无流体不成矿,小岩浆有小流体成小矿,小岩浆有大流体成大矿。因此,笔者认为成矿的根本在于流体的大小。第三个层面是流体成矿。如果不考虑岩体的因素,只要有大流体即可成大矿。文中指出,从小岩体成大矿,到小岩浆大流体成矿,到流体成矿。表明成矿的本质在流体,无流体不成矿,有流体才可能成矿。流体是成矿的必要条件．温度是成矿的充分条件,二者缺一不可,只有满足了这两个条件才能成矿。     

滇中中元古代昆阳群因民组碎屑风暴岩及其意义

滇中地区中元古代昆阳群因民组以碎屑岩为主,内发育典型的风暴沉积构造 (包括渠铸型、丘状交错层理和洼状交错层理、递变层理等 )。风暴沉积主要包括 4种岩相类型 :A -具口袋构造的递变层理砂岩段。B -具丘状或洼状交错层理的砂岩段。C -具均质层理的粉砂岩、泥质岩段。D -具水平层理的泥质岩段。上述岩相A、B、C分别代表风暴流作用 -风暴浪作用 -风暴后期的快速悬浮沉积 (事件沉积 ),D代表风暴过后缓慢悬浮沉积 (背景沉积 ),它们组合成不同的风暴沉积序列。滇中地区昆阳群风暴沉积的发现表明中元古代大气圈、水圈及其相互作用与现今近似;中元古代滇中地区位于低纬度 (5 - 30°)的风暴作用带。该沉积对于解释因民组递变层砂岩的成因、证实昆阳群的地层层序也具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组储层定量成岩相研究

应用铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜等资料,对陇东地区延长组储层成岩作用类型及定量强度进行了综合研究,用定量指标划分成岩相类型,建立了不同类型成岩相测井响应特征模板,并对成岩相纵向及平面分布进行了研究。压实、胶结、溶解3种主控成岩作用的强度计算与分级研究表明,研究区压实作用较强,主要为强压实、中压实,在粒度较细、杂基含量较高的砂岩中可达到极强压实;胶结作用强度差异较大,以弱胶结为主,局部地区发育强胶结;溶解作用强度较大,以中溶解、强溶解为主。成岩相类型可划分为中压实强溶解相、中压实中溶解相、中压实中胶结中溶解相、中压实强胶结相、强压实强溶解相、强压实中溶解相、强压实强胶结相、极强压实相8种成岩相类型。相对优质储集相(中压实中强溶解相和强压实强溶解相)在纵向上主要分布在长3油层组和长8油层组,平面上不同油层组相对优质储集相分布区存在差异,主要呈条带状和透镜状分布。     

高围压下冻结砂土的强度特性

在高围压条件下，对冻结兰州砂土在不同温度和不同应变速度下进行三轴压缩试验，试验结果表明，围压的增大和应变速度的减小明显增强了冻土的塑性性能；同时，随围压的增大，冻土的抗剪强度增加，但随围压的进一步增加，它出现降低的趋势，存在一个临界 围压，此临界围压值随温度的变化而变化，但不随应变速率而变化。     

Effects of biochar, cow bone, and eggshell on Pb availability to maize in contaminated soil irrigated with saline water

Toxicity of heavy metals adversely affects environment and human health. Organic materials derived from natural matters or wastes have been applied to soils to reduce the mobility of contaminants such as heavy metals. However, the application of cow bone powder (CB), biochar (BC), and eggshell powder (ES) is rarely investigated for the reduction of Pb bioavailability in soils irrigated with saline water. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of CB, BC, and ES additions as immobilizing substances on Pb bioavailability in shooting range soil irrigated with deionized and saline water. Each additive of CB, BC, and ES at 5 % (w/w) was mixed with soils and then the deionized and saline water were irrigated for 21 days. With deionized water irrigation, the soils treated with CB, BC, and ES exhibited higher pH when compared with saline water irrigation. With saline water irrigation, the electrical conductivity, water-soluble anions, and cations were significantly increased in soils treated with CB, BC, and ES. The water-soluble Pb in soils treated with CB, BC, and ES was significantly decreased with saline water irrigation. On the other hand, the water-soluble Pb in soil treated with CB was increased with deionized water irrigation. Only BC with saline water irrigation decreased the Pb concentration in maize shoots.     

污水灌溉下土壤孔隙特征的CT定量分析

污水中的悬浮物、盐分和有机营养物对土壤孔隙状况产生了深刻的影响.通过室内模拟和CT(computed tomography)扫描的方法, 定量研究污水灌溉条件下土壤孔隙数、孔隙度及形态特征.结果表明: 与对照点相比, 污水灌溉区上层土壤总孔隙数和大孔隙数(当量直径≥1.00 mm)均显著升高, 而下层土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数(当量直径为0.26~1.00 mm)、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和粗孔隙度均显著降低(p＜0.05);在模拟悬浮液和盐液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所升高, 而大孔隙数、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和孔隙成圆率均有所降低; 在模拟营养液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所增加, 而孔隙成圆率有所降低; 对于研究区土壤来说, 悬浮液灌溉对土壤孔隙的影响效应强于盐液灌溉; 对于同种性质的污水灌溉来说, 污灌对对照点土壤孔隙的影响效应强于污灌区土壤.      

High-pressing preparation of rock glasses and their elastic properties

Melt glasses for seven types of rock ranging from acid to basic were prepared under 1.0 GPa on a multi-anvil pressure apparatus, YJ-3000 ton press. Densities and elastic properties of the melt glasses were compared with those described in previous studies. It was found that the glasses melted under 1.0 GPa were consistent in density with both naturally-occurring glassy rocks and artificially prepared glasses melted at ambient pressure. The densities of glasses are negatively correlated with the SiO2 contents and positively correlated with the （MgO＋FeO） contents. The compressive velocity （Vp） of glass tends to increase with decreasing SiO2 contents and increasing （MgO＋FeO） contents. The shear velocity （Vs） of glass tends to increase slightly with increasing SiO2 contents, which has little connection with the （MgO＋FeO） contents. It was calculated from densities and velocities that the elastic moduli of glasses are negatively correlated with the SiO2 contents and positively correlated with the （MgO＋FeO） contents.     

不同应力条件下砾石土防渗料和反滤料联合抗渗试验研究

利用自行研制的可提供高水压、高应力的粗粒土大型高压渗透仪,对双江口砾石土心墙堆石坝防渗料和反滤料进行了联合抗渗试验,研究不同应力状态下防渗料和反滤料的渗透变形特性。结果表明：（1）单向压缩条件下,防渗料的渗透系数随应力的增加而减小,且渗流稳定时的渗透系数与应力的关系满足Louis负指数方程;试样发生破坏的临界坡降随应力的增加而增大。（2）水平加荷、竖向自由变形条件下,试样的渗透系数随水平应力的增加先减小后增大。试样发生破坏的临界坡降随水平应力的增加先增大后减小。在达到峰值之前,反滤料越松或越细,临界坡降随水平应力增大的幅度越大;在达到峰值之后,反滤料越密或越细,临界坡降随应力减小的幅度越大。     

铁路客站建设与城市发展关系的思考

本文简述了铁路客站建设应与城市规划相配合,与城市环境相融合,与铁路两侧城区相连通,与现代化城市景观融为一体,与城市综合交通网络相衔接,统筹规划合理用地的有关设计原则,使其充分体现功能性、系统性、先进性、文化性、经济性的建设要求。     

空孔形状对岩石定向断裂爆破影响规律的研究

利用新型数字激光动态焦散线试验系统,采用有机玻璃板试件进行模型试验,研究了含预制不同形状空孔对岩石定向断裂控制爆破的影响规律。试验结果表明：在定向断裂控制爆破中,设置菱形空孔更有利于实现精细化定向断裂控制爆破,可有效保证巷道周边眼爆破的成型效果;对比含3种不同形状空孔试件爆生主裂纹扩展速度可知,含菱形空孔的扩展速度最大,含圆形空孔的次之,含带刻槽圆形空孔的最低;含圆形空孔试件爆生主裂纹端部动态应力强度因子总体比含菱形和切槽圆形空孔试件爆生主裂纹端部动态应力强度因子大;主裂纹扩展中后期阶段,含菱形空孔试件爆生主裂纹端部动态应力强度因子相对较小。     

新型带肋预应力管桩承载性能研究

采用静载荷试验和ABAQUS有限元模拟相结合的方法进行了新型带肋预应力管桩承载性能的研究。对外径相同（500 mm）的直型桩与带肋桩的现场静载荷试验结果进行了对比研究,结果表明,带肋桩的极限承载力较直型桩提高13.10%。分析了肋部厚度、肋部间距等桩型参数对新型带肋管桩承载性能的影响。提出新型带肋预应力管桩极限承载力的建议计算公式,为今后新型带肋预应力管桩的大规模应用提供参考。     

Dielectric properties and structure of water at room temperature. New experimental data in 5 Hz–13 Mhz frequency range

The dielectric permittivity of destilled water was measured in the frequency range of 5 Hz to 13 MHz with different thicknesses of the sample and for various oscillator levels. The two electrode method was used with plate condenser. A simple model, composed of a dipole liquid with domain structure is described. Basing on the model, we show possible ways of polarization. The present conclusions relate dielectric properties of water which result from the model. We propose a new conductivity model for dipole liquid with domain structure. Measurements of dielectric permittivity are consistent with the model. It is shown that experimental dielectric permittivity curves are a superposition two Debye's curves with different relaxation times and two different values of static dielectric constant. Debye's resonance for lower frequency is associated with oxygen's domain structure and for higher frequency with hydrogen's domain structure. We observe an increase of dielectric permittivity with time associated with ordering of the structure after filling. For thin samples we can observe damping of the Debye's resonance and interaction of the domains' structures.     

大主应力方向及中主应力系数对重塑黄土小应变刚度特性影响试验研究

利用配备高精度应变传感器的空心圆柱扭剪仪对重塑黄土开展了一系列定向剪切试验,剪切过程中保持平均主应力p、大主应力方向角? 以及中主应力系数b不变。共完成了包括3组不同大主应力方向角和1组不同中主应力系数的4组试验,共21个试样。对定向剪切条件下重塑粉土的应力-应变-强度以及小应变（<0.1%）刚度特性进行了研究,分析了不同大主应力方向角及中主应力系数的影响。试验研究结果表明,重塑黄土存在显著的强度各向异性特性,沿? =0°方向的强度最大,而最小强度方向因中主应力系数的不同而不同。? =0°时,b=0.25的强度最大,此时试样接近平面应变条件。小应变条件下重塑黄土的剪切刚度也因剪切时?和b的不同而不同,剪应变小于0.02%和大于2%时,刚度基本保持不变,初始剪切刚度很大,当剪应变大于0.02%后,随着剪应变的增加而迅速衰减,衰减曲线可以采用指数函数进行较好的拟合。