Towards an urbanization strategy for Zimbabwe

Rapid urbanization through rural-urban migration (hitherto controlled by legislation) is developing in Zimbabwe with the advent of black majority rule. Although some advocate its encouragement to relieve pressures on Tribal Trust Lands, rapid urbanization will nevertheless pose severe planning problems. Although current public sector development proposals represent a conceptual advance, a comprehensive urbanization strategy has yet to emerge. This paper considers such a strategy, relating the country's varying regional development potential to a scheme of classification for proposed growth centres and rural service centres, based on their different characteristics and locations. It is concluded that an hierarchy of growth centres, evaluated by economic efficiency criteria, should be developed in the formerly white-controlled national economic core. In the peripheral, basically subsistent Tribal Trust Lands, a limited number of rural service centres should be developed, based on social/equity criteria. The choice and location of these various development centres, and their phasing should contribute to building up a dynamic national urban system that is nationally and regionally integrated, in contrast to past dualism, and will more effectively serve the needs of planned urbanization and of regional development.     

Regional and urban population size weights in Saudi Arabia, 1962–1974

The aim of this paper 3s to study the development of population weights for regions and urban centres in Saudi Arabia through the period 1962–1974. In order to achieve this aim some non-parametric statistical rules have been used such as rank-size rule and the four-city index. The results show non-balanced distribution of population on both regional and urban scales. The concentration of people in urban centres is more pronounced than the concentration in regions. This is due to internal and external movement of population towards largesized urban centres. The paper recommends that the official authorities should give more consideration to economic and service development in rural and urban areas that are retreating in ranking and decreasing in population.     

Outstations to primacy: Economic policy,class formation and growth in the towns of Papua New Guinea

Most towns in Papua New Guinea are small and the hierarchy comprises many isolated outstations and small towns. As a response to changes in economic policy the largest towns are growing rapidly at the expense of the small service centres. Changes in the population structure of these large towns have resulted in high rates of natural increase, while rural urban migration is steadily bringing in newcomers, to face urban unemployment and a lack of adequate housing. A secondary urban problem arises from the colonial legacy of urban zoning, which exacerbates the housing shortage and has created artifical socioeconomic residential areas. Although social differences are relatively small, the policy of economic growth will increase the gap between rich and poor, while urban unemployment and lack of housing have reached a crisis level in the rapidly growing big towns.     

A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Research: Implementation of a Geochemical Geographic Information System for the Gargano Site,Southern Italy

A priority task for correct environmental planningis to evaluate Natural Hazards, especially inhighly populated areas. In particular, thoroughinvestigations based on different Earth Sciencetechniques must be addressed for the Seismic HazardAssessment (SHA) in tectonically active areas. Notonly the management but also the multidisciplinaryanalysis of all the SHA-related data sets is bestperformed using a Geographic Information System. In this paper we show how a research-oriented GIS isbuilt and used in a practical case. The GeochemicalGeographic Information System (G²IS) wasdeveloped and applied to the Gargano promontory(southern Italy) in the framework of an EC researchproject, the Geochemical Seismic Zonation (GSZ)Project. This multidisciplinary – multiscalingpowerful tool is described in its structure, updatingprocedures and manipulation techniques. Preliminaryresults are presented on the detection of geochemically active fault zones and theircorrelation with remote sensing data and otherevidences of seismogenic structures.     

Growth and decline in the Canadian urban system: the impact of emerging economic,policy and demographic trends

The Canadian urban system was first shaped by exogenous demand for staples and, subsequently, by the dichotomy between an industrial heartland and a resource based hinterland. Presently, transformations affecting the economy, policy-making and demography herald profound changes in the future configuration of the Canadian urban system. One possible scenario is a revival of the staples economy as economic globalization raises demand for commodities. Another scenario would entail a concentration of growth in large urban centres, by virtue of their attractiveness to specialized and high-order service occupations, two rapidly expanding economic sectors, and their strong pull on immigrants. In the case of either scenario, we can expect further polarization between growing and shrinking portions of the urban system (parts of the heartland in the first case and small urban areas in the second) in a neo-liberal policy context that is unfavourable to regional economic development interventions. The evolution of the Canadian urban system between 1971 and 2006 and present distributions of factors of growth and decline point to the second scenario, a growing large city-small city dichotomy. The article closes by discussing likely consequences of the resulting urban system configuration on labour market adjustments and public sector expenditure.     

Economic development and population distribution in Albania

This article analyses the relationship between internal migration patterns and regional economic development in present-day Albania. Using demographic data migration figures were calculated for the period 1965–1971. These figures indicate that there is a Strong tendency for migration from the peripheral areas to the industrial triangle of Durrës-Tirana-Elbasan, and to the fertile farming area of the coastal lowlands which used to be malarial swamps. Present government policy however is directing growth away from the largest centres towards both the smaller centres and rural areas. Recent aims have been to achieve as even a spread of population and economic activity as possible.     

Corridor development in Gauteng,South Africa

The development corridor concept has been regarded as an important development instrument in spatial planning and geography for many decades. Expanding literature on the theme indicates that development centres or nodes play an important role in the establishment of such corridors. Flows of goods and information between such centres are essential in creating conditions that are potentially favourable for further urban development along the communication axes connecting such centres. Combined, the various nodes form a unique flexible exchange environment allowing for dynamic synergies of interactive growth to achieve scope economies aided by fast and reliable corridors of transport and communication infrastructure. In the South African development sphere, there is strong belief that functional relationships between nodes can play a decisive role in the establishment of development corridors. The research showed that the degree to which economic activities are concentrated in the greater Gauteng region; the resulting current or emerging multinodal structural composition; and the flows of economic activities between the various nodes result in the creation of development corridors that channel and focus economic growth between networks of cities. This confirms the importance of corridors as spatial and economic development instruments. The research concluded that the core cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria are the central driving force in corridor development in Gauteng. They feature as the most dominant nodes, exerting great forces of attraction on the distribution of development and economic growth in the region. The research also suggests a degree of polycentrism whereby economic growth is channelled between networks of cities, however development potential is most favourable in areas in close proximity to primary centres and tends to be functionality driven.     

Planning and the rural regions of Nigeria

Conclusion Urban and rural development arek inextricably related, that regional planning can play important roles as catalyst for agriculture and rural development; and that a system of growth centres and/or agropolitan policy which can be important in achieving economic growth with social equity, will be far more influential. Again if the National Planning Authority, Regional Planning Agency and the policy of growth centre in the rural areas of the recommended regions is pursued, it will not only increase agricultural productivity or a path to agricultural transformation for deleterious effects of migration to corporate farming but also could, over time help to reduce the pressure on the urban areas by providing counter-magnets to migration and we envisage, will bring about a national regional planning budget which should be operated on yearly basis.     

Observations on the relevance of the industrial-Urban hypothesis for rural development

Rural development tends to be viewed as a facet of urban development in the sense that rural areas are expected to be recipients of positive urban spill-overs. To that end, two concepts have been formulated: growth centre theory and the Industrial-Urban Hypothesis (IUH). The former has been beset by conceptual problems whereas the simpler IUH has not been tested in a Canadian context. This paper tests the basic IUH proposition that the general level of rural development is an inverse function of urban accessibility. Findings suggest that the IUH is more attuned to the impacts of smaller centres rather than the region's metropolitan centre. However, introduction of an exogenous element based on ethnic variations in rural settlements indicate how socializing factors work to modify the IUH concept.     

安阳市地下水源热泵系统建设水资源管理区划研究

为从赋存条件和水资源管理两个层面进行地下水源热泵系统建设的区划研究,实施技术与管理的结合,通过分析水文地质条件、水动力条件和水化学条件,结合水资源管理分区,建立了安阳市地下水源热泵系统水资源管理区划评价体系。采用云模型改进的层次分析法进行了一级评价,在此基础上结合水资源管理分区利用GIS空间分析功能完成二级评价,将研究区地下水源热泵系统划分了3个等级。结果表明：研究区范围内地下水源热泵系统适宜发展区面积为117.45 km2,主要分布在安阳河冲洪积扇扇体中心强富水区,部分分布在扇缘的外围区域;限制发展区面积为459.26 km2,分布在扇缘的西南和北部丘陵弱富水区以及扇体中心的地下水降落漏斗区;禁止发展区面积为24.02 km2,分布在水源地和南水北调保护区以及铁路和高速公路两旁,在研究区交错分布。在适宜性分区的基础上结合水资源管理的区划研究更全面合理,可为地下水源热泵系统科学布局及合理的开发利用提供参考。     

Suitability analysis for sand and gravel extraction site location in the context of a sustainable development in the surroundings of Zaragoza (Spain)

Zaragoza city is located in the central Ebro Basin, in the Iberian Peninsula. The fluvial terraces formed by the Ebro River present a valuable resource of sand and gravel deposits. However, taking advantage of these available resources implies conflicts with other land use interests like urban and industrial development as well as agricultural use, which has also traditionally occupied the alluvial terraces. These deposits represent a substantial groundwater resource that should be preserved for future generations. The development of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) has greatly assisted efforts for solving land-use conflicts. These systems combine the benefits of geographic information systems (GIS) and decision support methodologies and are therefore suitable to manage sustainable development of urban areas. In this contribution, an extraction suitability map taking into consideration a variety of environmental criteria is created with the help of a SDSS. The method used is the analytical hierarchy process which is integrated in ArcGIS. Areas most suitable to sand and gravel extraction are located in the high terraces, and in those terraces covered by pediments where the thickness of resource is relatively high. These areas are far from valuable natural areas, outside areas most vulnerable to groundwater contamination, and beneath soils with poor irrigation characteristics.     

基于国际先进项目管理理念的设计项目管理系统应用

设计项目管理系统的应用以国际先进项目管理理念为理论依据,以项目管理九大知识体系、五大基本过程以及赢得值（EV）分析为理论基础,将“成本、质量、时间”三大项目管理核心要素进行有机结合,实现融合了“流程管理、项目管理、协同设计、知识管理、ISO质量管理”五大方面内容的协同设计管理平台,为企业搭建起具有真正意义上的现代项目管理信息系统。     

On the role of Geography in Earth System Science

Geography is fundamentally a non-reductionist and holistic discipline. While we tend to focus on particular areas (Physical, Human, etc.), or we focus on specific successes (Quaternary studies for example) this paper argues that selling Geography though emphasizing these specific areas or strengths misses a major potential contribution our discipline can make. While most sciences have become reductionist over the last two centuries, they have recently discovered that the Earth is a “complex system” with “emergent” properties that cannot be explained through understanding the components parts individually. Many of these sciences are now contributing to a major effort called Earth System Science, an integrative super-discipline that accepts that biophysical sciences and social sciences are equally important in any attempts to understand the state, and future of the Earth System. This paper argues that the development of Earth System Sciences is a risk for Geography since it is, in effect, Geography with few Geographers. While representing a threat, the development of Earth System Science is also an opportunity. I argue that Geography could be a lead discipline among the other biophysical and social sciences that are now building Earth System Science to address key problems within the Earth System. While I am optimistic about the potential of Geography to take this leadership role, I am pessimistic about the likelihood that we will. I provide suggestions on how we might take on the leadership of Earth System Science including individual engagement and a refinement of tertiary training of some Geography students.     

Analysis of the effect of Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project on groundwater recharge in Daixi River Basin

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a major national water conservancy project, but the effect of the water transfer depends on the utilization of water in the receiving areas. Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project is a specific utilization of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Zouping City. In order to analyze the effect of Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project on groundwater recharge in Daixi River Basin, the authors adopted the water balance method to calculate the groundwater recharge and total recharge of water diversion sources, based on the analysis of the groundwater recharge items in Daixi River Basin after carrying out this project. The total recharge is regarded as the amount of exploitable groundwater resources. The exploitable potential of groundwater resources in this area is evaluated by the comparison of the amount of exploitable groundwater resources and the actual amount of groundwater exploitation, and the effect of Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project on the over-exploitation of groundwater on the remission area was also demonstrated. Besides, the effective replenishment effect of this project on the groundwater in the study area was also revealed based on the annual groundwater and multi-year groundwater level dynamic monitoring data, which provides some reference for the rational development and utilization of groundwater resources in this region.     

引水补源工程对黛溪河流域地下水补给效果浅析

南水北调是国家级的重大水利工程,调水效果最终依赖于接收调水地区对调水的具体利用,引水补源工程是南水北调工程在邹平市的具体利用.为评价引水补源工程对黛溪河流域地下水的补给效果,在分析邹平市引水补源工程实施后黛溪河流域地下水资源的各个补给项的基础上,采用水均衡法计算各个地下水补给量,确定了黛溪河流域引水补源的总补给量.将总补给量视为本区地下水可开采资源量,将地下水可开采资源量与本区用水所需的地下水开采量相比较,对本区地下水资源可开采潜力进行了评价,论证了引水补源工程可有效缓解区内地下水超采问题.另外,还充分利用年地下水动态和多年地下水位动态变化等监测资料,揭示了引水补源工程对区内地下水的有效补充作用,为区内合理开发利用地下水资源提供了依据.     

A multi-criteria evaluation model of earthquake vulnerability in Victoria,British Columbia

Researchers have recently examined the geographic variability of the vulnerability of populations to earthquakes. These studies focus mainly on the complex modelling of geophysical processes or identification of socio-economically disadvantaged populations. However, no studies to date have integrated different components of vulnerability with metrics of travel distance to hospitals and trauma centres (systemic vulnerability). We argue that this previously unaccounted component is an important conceptual and practical aspect of earthquake vulnerability. Accordingly, this paper presents a multi-criteria model for combining physical, social, and systemic components, moving towards a more comprehensive assessment of vulnerability. An analytic hierarchy process is used to produce a place-specific index of social vulnerability, which we combine with soil liquefaction and amplification index and a road network model for access to hospitals and trauma services. Using a geographic information system, we implemented this model for the Greater Victoria region (483 km², 2011 population: 345,000) in British Columbia, Canada. Clustering of total vulnerability was found in outlying areas, highlighting the importance of access to trauma centres. We conclude by identifying challenges in measuring earthquake vulnerability and advocate integration of systemic vulnerability components in natural hazards research.     

湖南砂矿金刚石的颜色

研究表明,湖南砂矿金刚石中存在着两类决定金刚石颜色(主要指黄、褐和绿色)的色心。一类是氮原子中心,有孤氮原子和N3中心。另一类是辐射损伤中心,有GR1、637、595、H3、H4和3H中心。文中还讨论了这些色心的地质意义。     

The structure and territorial distribution of industry in RomaniaTerritoriale struktur und verteilung der industrie in RumänienLa structure et la répartition territoriale de l'industrie en Roumanie

Socialist industrialization, with its multiple economic and social consequences, has helped Romania to become, within a short stage of development, an industrial-agrarian country, with a well-balanced and dynamic economy. The changing structure of its industry is characterized chiefly by the ever increasing importance of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and chemicals. The well-balanced regional distribution of industry is based on geographical, economic and social criteria, such as distance from sources of raw material or consumption centres, intensive use of transport and the use of the available industrial basis, the raw materials, and labour. Unlike the previous periods, the geographical distribution of industry today is characterised by four great industrial areas —the south, the south-west, the centre and the east as well as other more restricted areas and an important number of industrial centres.     

南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水环境的影响与可持续发展研究

南水北调中线工程的实施,对汉江中下游流域的水环境会造成一系列的影响,汉江丹江口以下的水量、水质将发生变化,防洪、水体污染、水土流失、水资源配置与供给、工农业生产以及城市发展等将受到不同程度的影响.通过分析南水北调工程对汉江中下游流域环境的不利影响,提出促进汉江中下游地区可持续发展的基本思路,如生态保护的措施与对策.     

Molecular parameters of maturation in the Toarcian shales,Paris Basin,France—I. Changes in the configurations of acyclic isoprenoid alkanes,steranes and triterpanes

The changes in configuration at a number of chiral centres in certain acyclic isoprenoid alkanes, steranes, rearranged steranes and triterpanes of the hopane type in a suite of fourteen Toarcian shales (Paris Basin) have been determined by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A sequence of changes in the ratios of various stereoisomers occurs both with increasing maximum depth of burial and in a North-South direction for shallow samples (maximum burial depth < 1000m). These changes cover the full range of maturity shown by the samples. The presence of 5α(H), 14β(H), 17β(H)-steranes in immature samples indicates the presence of a reworked component. The extent of epimerisation at a number of the chiral centres suggests that it relates to the extent of steric hindrance at the centres.