Distribution of the glass phase in hot-pressed,olivine-basalt aggregates: An electron microscopy study

Samples of olivine mixed with small amounts of tholeiitic basalt which were hot-pressed above the solidus temperature were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Two sets of samples were compared. One set was hot-pressed for approximately 1 h near 1,300° C at 0.2 GPa, and the other set was held for approximately 200 h near 1,250° C at 1.0 GPa. SEM observations reveal that, in samples which were hot-pressed for 1 h, the glass phase occurs in irregular pockets surrounded by four or five olivine grains as well as in triple junctions. The crystal-glass interfaces show both positive and negative curvature. These observations and the presence of voids suggest that the microstructure is far from textural equilibrium. In contrast, in samples which were hot-pressed for 200 h, glass is largely confined to triple junctions of uniform size and the crystal-glass interfaces have uniform curvature indicating a much greater degree of textural equilibrium. TEM images reveal layers of glass 10–50 nm thick along most of the grain boundaries in the samples annealed for short times. However, within the limit of resolution, 2 nm, virtually all of the grain boundaries in the samples hot-pressed for long times appear to contain no glass. These observations indicate that segregation of melt from grain boundaries to triple junctions is an integral part of the process of textural equilibration.     

Elasticity of CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 perovskites up to 3.0 Gpa: the effect of crystallographic structure

Elasticity of CaTiO₃, SrTiO₃ and BaTiO₃ perovskites has been experimentally investigated as a function of pressure up to 3.0 GPa in a liquid-medium piston cylinder apparatus using a high precision ultrasonic interferometric technique. Specimens used are hot-pressed fine-grained (3–10 μm) polycrystalline aggregates with low porosity (<1.5%). Compressional and shear wave velocities and their pressure derivatives have been measured. The results are compared with previous studies on other perovskites and the role of structural transitions is examined. We find that the role of Ti-O₆ polyhedral tilting (such as observed in CaTiO₃) is small in the sense that a single well-defined general trend exists in perovskites with a wide range of tilting angles, although there is suggestion that cubic perovskites have slightly higher bulk modulus than orthorhombic perovskites. In contrast, cation-anion displacement that changes crystal symmetry from cubic to tetragonal in BaTiO₃ has very large effects on elasticity. This distortion significantly reduces the bulk modulus (but not much the shear modulus) and results in an unusually large pressure derivative of bulk modulus (dK/dP～10). A large change in elasticity in BaTiO₃ associated with the structural transition (without a significant volume change) is a clear example of the breakdown of the Birch's law between densities and elastic wave velocities.     

Growth kinetics of enstatite reaction rims studied on nano-scale,Part I: Methodology,microscopic observations and the role of water

The kinetics of (Mg, Fe)SiO₃ pyroxene layer growth within silicate thin films with total thickness <1 μm was studied experimentally at 0.1 MPa total pressure, controlled fO₂ and temperatures from 1,000 to 1,300°C. The starting samples were produced by pulsed laser deposition. Layer thickness before and after the experiments and layer composition as well as microstructures, grain size and shape of the interfaces were determined by Rutherford back scattering and transmission electron microscopy assisted by focused ion beam milling. Due to the miniaturization of the starting samples and the use of high resolution analytical methods the experimentally accessible temperature range for rim growth experiments was extended by about 300°C towards lower temperatures. The thickness of the layers at a given temperature increases proprotional to the square root of time, indicating a diffusion-controlled growth mechanism. The temperature dependence of rim growth yields an apparent activation energy of 426 ± 34 kJ/mol. The small grain size in the orthopyroxene rims implies a significant contribution of grain boundary diffusion to the bulk diffusion properties of the polycrystalline rims. Based on microstructural observations diffusion scenarios are discussed for which the SiO₂ component behaves immobile relative to the MgO component. Volume diffusion data for Mg in orthopyroxene from the literature indicate that the measured diffusivity is probably controlled by the mobility of oxygen. The observed reaction rates are consistent with earlier results from dry high-temperature experiments on orthopyroxene rim growth. Compared to high pressure experiments at 1,000°C and low water fugacities, reaction rates are 3–4 orders of magnitude smaller. This observation is taken as direct evidence for a strong effect of small amounts of water on diffusion in silicate polycrystals. In particular SiO₂ changes from an immobile component at dry conditions to an extremely mobile component even at very low water fugacities.     

交流阻抗谱法及其在地球深部物质科学中的应用

交流阻抗谱对于表征地球深部物质的电学性质以及电极界面性质是一种比较新的而且是强有力的工具。它可以用来调查各种固体、流体内部以及界面的束缚和移动电荷的动力学。文中介绍了交流阻抗谱的基本原理以及常用的数据处理方法。对交流阻抗谱在不同的物质体系———矿物单晶、矿物多晶(岩石)、电解质溶液、岩石破裂、熔体中的表现形式进行了研究,并且给出相应导电机制的等效电路模型。研究结果发现,对于矿物单晶和矿物多晶在最高频率段的导电机制由颗粒内部引起;最低频率段的导电机制由电极界面所引起;而矿物多晶中间频率段的导电机制由颗粒边界所引起。对于电解质溶液,最高频率段的导电机制由电解质溶液所引起,而低频率段的导电机制由溶液电极界面所引起。交流阻抗谱对于检测岩石破裂和部分熔融中熔体的分布及数量都非常灵敏。     

氯氧镁水泥固化淤泥力学特性及微观机制

将氯氧镁水泥(MOC)创新性地引入淤泥固化,通过无侧限抗压强度、固化体含水率、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱测定(EDS)等试验,研究了初始含水率、MgO/MgCl2摩尔比、养护龄期和MgO活性等复杂因素对淤泥固化效能影响及其驱动机制。结果表明:初始含水率越高,试样强度越低,中等含水率时MOC固化淤泥中出现针杆状的3相或5相晶体;随MgO/MgCl2摩尔比升高,试样抗压强度随之增加,水化产物从无定形凝胶逐渐转化为3相、5相和Mg(OH)2晶体;随养护龄期延长,固化淤泥强度总体呈上升趋势,28d前强度增长相对较快,28d后强度趋于稳定;养护后期,MgO/MgCl2摩尔比较高的试样表面易出现泛霜现象;MgO活性提高使得MOC固化淤泥试样含有更多有效活性组分,无侧限抗压强度更高,但MgO活性高低对水化产物演变规律并无显著影响。研究成果可为绿色、低碳MOC基胶凝材料研发及其在淤泥固化等土体加固领域中应用提供理论支撑。     

Sulfide minerals in Coal Bed V,minnehaha mine,Sullivan County,Indiana

Polished and thin section examinations of samples from Indiana Coal Bed V (Springfield) have shown three sulfides to be present; namely pyrite, marcasite and sphalerite. Pyrite and marcasite are dominant forms whereas sphalerite is very minor. These sulfides appear to have formed in four distinct stages as judged on the basis of mineralogy and mineral texture. Pyrite occurs as framboids throughout the coal seam, as fibrous crystals in two horizons of the coal and in massive form as cleat fillings and cell fillings in fusinite and semi-fusinite. Marcasite occurs in spherical polycrystalline and twinned grains, as polycrystalline overgrowths on framboids, as cementing material for clusters of framboids, as blocky polycrystalline grains and with pyrite as cell fillings in fusinite and semi-fusinite. Sphalerite occurs exclusively as cell fillings in semi-fusinite. The paragenetic sequence indicates fluctuations in the overall coal bed chemistry. Individual sections display evidence of chemical variation on the micro scale.     

Fractionation of the platinum-group elments and Re during crystallization of basalt in Kilauea Iki Lava Lake, Hawaii

Kilauea Iki lava lake formed during the 1959 summit eruption of Kilauea Volcano, then crystallized and differentiated over a period of 35 years. It offers an opportunity to evaluate the fractionation behavior of trace elements in a uniquely well-documented basaltic system. A suite of 14 core samples recovered from 1967 to 1981 has been analyzed for 5 platinum-group elements (PGE: Ir, Os, Ru, Pt, Pd), plus Re. These samples have MgO ranging from 2.4 to 26.9 wt.%, with temperatures prior to quench ranging from 1140 °C to ambient (110 °C). Five eruption samples were also analyzed.Osmium and Ru concentrations vary by nearly four orders of magnitude (0.0006–1.40 ppb for Os and 0.0006–2.01 ppb for Ru) and are positively correlated with MgO content. These elements behaved compatibly during crystallization, mostly likely being concentrated in trace phases (alloy or sulfide) present in olivine phenocrysts or included chromite. Iridium also correlates positively with MgO, although less strongly than Os and Ru. The somewhat poorer correlation for Ir, compared with Os and Ru, may reflect variable loss of Ir as volatile IrF₆ in some of the most magnesian samples.Rhenium is negatively correlated with MgO, behaving as an incompatible trace element. Its behavior in the lava lake is complicated by apparent volatile loss of Re, as suggested by a decrease in Re concentration with time of quenching for lake samples vs. eruption samples. Platinum and Pd concentrations are negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with MgO, so these elements were modestly incompatible during crystallization of the major silicate phases. Palladium contents peaked before precipitation of immiscible sulfide liquid, however, and decline sharply in the most differentiated samples. In contrast, Pt appears to have been unaffected by sulfide precipitation. Microprobe data confirm that Pd entered the sulfide liquid before Re, and that Pt is not strongly chalcophile in this system. Occasional high Pt values in both eruption and lava lake samples suggest the presence of unevenly distributed, unidentified Pt-rich trace phases in some Kilauea Iki materials.Estimated mineral (olivine + chromite)/melt D values for Os, Ir, Ru and Pt for equilibrium crystallization for samples from ~ 7 to 27 wt.% MgO are 26, 8.2, 19 and 0.55, respectively. These Os, Ir and Ru estimates are somewhat higher than previous estimates for similar systems. If fractional crystallization is instead assumed, D values are much more similar.Results confirm many prior observations in other mafic systems that olivine (together with included phases) has a major effect on absolute and relative abundances of Re and the PGE. The relatively linear correlations between these elements and MgO potentially permit accurate estimation of the concentrations of these elements in the primary melts of comparable systems, especially in instances where the MgO content of the primary melt is well constrained.     

A multi-elemental study of plant surface particles in relation to geochemistry and biogeochemistry

Surface particulate material was collected in dry weather from the foliage of gorse bushes (Ulex europaeus L.) at twenty background and mineralised sites in southwest England, together with soil and herbage samples. The foliar dusts were separated in the laboratory into four size fractions, and all the samples were analysed for sixteen elements by inductively coupled plasma (I.C.P.) emission spectrometry. Regression analysis of the data showed that the analytical values determined for foliar surface particles were correlated (P > 95%) in at least one particulate fraction with soil concentrations for the following elements: Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn, Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Be, Sr, Ba, P and Cd. The multi-elemental data, supported by electron microprobe analysis and visual and microscopic examination of the particles, showed that plant material, as well as soil dust, contributed substantially to the chemistry of plant surface particles. Factors influencing the trace element chemistry of plant surfaces are discussed and should be appreciated if particle collection methods are to be applied as a routine geochemical/biogeochemical technique.     

纳米镍粉对孕镶金刚石切削工具胎体性能的影响

为减小孕镶金刚石切削工具的烧结温度对单晶金刚石性能的影响和改善切削工具胎体性能,降低烧结温度和优选胎体配方材料是很好的解决方法。在切削工具的胎体中加入适量纳米镍粉,通过对制备试样的硬度、强度和耐磨性测试及微观特征分析,综合评价该方法的可行性。结果表明：对于WC基胎体,含有纳米镍粉的胎体较不含纳米镍粉的胎体HRC提高11.9%,抗弯强度提高18.4%,耐磨性提高44.5%;对于Fe基胎体,含有纳米镍粉的胎体较不含纳米镍粉的胎体HRC提高19.5%,抗弯强度提高0.2%,耐磨性提高33.3%。既减小了温度对金刚石的影响,又提高了切削工具整体性能。     

流变物质对软土流变参数影响的蠕变试验

流变性是软土的一种长期变形特性,对软土地基的沉降产生重要影响。现有研究表明,软土中高黏性的流变物质是产生其流变特性的主要物质因素,当流变物质分布具有一定均匀性时其流变特性与流变物质的分布形态无关,仅与流变物质本身性质和含量比例相关。通过蠕变试验研究了流变物质对软土流变参数的影响,视强亲水性的膨润土微小颗粒为具有高黏性的流变物质,均匀地把其掺入到人工土试样中进行一维压缩蠕变试验,引入基于邓肯非线性弹性的流变元件模型对蠕变试验曲线进行拟合分析,根据流变物质含量确定流变模型参数的变化规律,建立了模型等效黏滞系数、等效弹性模量和邓肯非线性弹性模量与膨润土（流变物质）含量的关系。模型拟合分析发现,基于邓肯非线性弹性的软土流变元件模型与试验结果具有良好一致性,模型参数与流变物质含量之间关系为双曲线方程。     

镁铝对烧结矿中铁酸钙的矿物学特性影响

铁酸钙是高碱度烧结矿中的主要黏结相矿物,它的含量、结晶形态、化学成分及晶体结构等矿物学特性对烧结矿质量起着关键性作用,而烧结原料中各组分的含量直接影响着铁酸钙的生成。以Fe₃O₄、SiO₂、CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃的化学纯试剂为原料,在实验室进行微型烧结实验,运用XRD、偏光显微镜、电子探针等手段,定量分析研究了原料组分中MgO、Al₂O₃对烧结矿中铁酸钙的生成及其矿物学特性的影响。原料中MgO含量的增加对铁酸钙的生成有一定抑制作用,尤其在MgO含量为2.0%~3.0%时,烧结矿中铁酸钙含量明显减少,其晶体形态也从以板柱状和针状为主逐渐过渡为它形不规则状;原料中Al₂O₃的增加,对烧结矿中铁酸钙的形成具有促进作用,即随着Al₂O₃的增加铁酸钙含量呈明显增加趋势,且铁酸钙的形态也由以柱状和针状为主向板柱状变化。电子探针成分分析及矿物化学式计算结果表明,铁酸钙是由Fe₂O₃、CaO、SiO₂、Al₂O₃及MgO组成的复杂结晶体,其化学通式为Ca_2.60Mg_0.44Si_1.07Al_0.96Fe_8.92O₂₀。原料中MgO、Al₂O₃含量的变化,对铁酸钙的化学成分中Fe₂O₃/CaO摩尔分数比影响不大,均接近3∶2。上述研究结果对于深刻理解烧结工艺条件下铁酸钙晶相的晶体化学特征及其对烧结矿质量的影响具有重要指导意义。     

中国三地软玉的矿物组成和成矿地质背景研究

为了查明新疆玛纳斯、青海格尔木、江苏溧阳产软玉的矿物组成和了解其品质与矿物组成的内在联系,为软玉的鉴别与质量评价等提供基础资料,采用偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线粉末衍射等测试方法对3个产地的软玉样品进行了测试分析,从矿物成因特征、结构构造、矿物组成、化学成分等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明,新疆玛纳斯、青海格尔木、江苏溧阳的软玉虽然均由透闪石组成,但其晶体中Mg与Fe的离子数量明显不同,玛纳斯碧玉中的透闪石含有更多的Fe,其化学成分十分接近阳起石的;玛纳斯碧玉的成矿地质背景与格尔木和溧阳的有所差别,形成于蛇纹石化超镁铁岩中,富含FeOT和MgO,而溧阳和格尔木软玉则产于中酸性火成岩与白云质大理岩的接触带中,其FeOT的质量分数较低。软玉的颜色、韧性和透明度主要取决于其形成的地质背景条件。     

The most frequent interfaces in olivine aggregates: the GBCD and its importance for grain boundary related processes

Rocks consist of crystal grains separated by grain boundaries that impact the bulk rock properties. Recent studies on metals and ceramics showed that the grain boundary plane orientation is more significant for grain boundary properties than other characteristics such as the sigma value or disorientation (in the Earth’s science community more frequently termed misorientation). We determined the grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) of synthetic and natural polycrystalline olivine, the most abundant mineral of Earth’s upper mantle. We show that grain boundaries of olivine preferentially contain low index planes, in agreement with recent findings on other oxides (e.g. MgO, TiO₂, Al₂O₃ etc.). Furthermore, we find evidence for a preferred orientation relationship of 90° disorientations about the [001] direction forming tilt and twist grain boundaries, as well as a preference for the 60° disorientation about the [100] axis. Our data indicate that the GBCD, which is an intrinsic property of any mineral aggregate, is fundamental for understanding and predicting grain boundary related processes.     

缅甸不同矿点翡翠的矿物学特征

通过对缅甸达木坎矿区、帕敢矿区、隆肯矿区的4个矿点翡翠样品的偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射等测试,其结果表明:各矿点翡翠均以粒状变晶结构为主,主要矿物为硬玉,次要矿物有钠长石、云母类、辉石类、闪石类矿物、沸石类矿物等。其中,哥因角矿点翡翠矿石中有较大量辉石类矿物,纳莫矿点发现较大量方沸石矿物。沸石是含水矿物,而含水矿物作为矿脉的前锋组成矿物更为合理,故纳莫翡翠矿体形成深度应相对其它矿点更深。隆肯矿点翡翠样品w(A_l2O_3)=23.187%,w(Na_2O)=17.706%,w(TiO_2)=0.349%,w(K_2O)=0.298%,高于其它矿点;哥因角矿点翡翠样品w(CaO)=1.821%,w(MgO)=2.983%,w(FeO)=1.432%,高于其它矿点;纳莫矿点样品w(SiO_2)平均61.91%,为4个矿点中最高。     

滇东北镇雄西部栖霞—茅口组碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及环境意义

镇雄县安家坝一带中二叠统栖霞组-茅口组地层出露较好,沉积连续。以此剖面为基础,连续采集碳酸盐岩样品42个,根据其显微特征、元素相关性、元素组份含量及相关元素的比值特征,探讨了研究区碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学特征与古环境意义。研究表明(1)样品中CaO与SiO_2、MgO呈现出比较明显的负相关关系,且后两者在岩石中的含量很低,说明样品在沉积和成岩过程中受陆源物质影响或改造的程度较小。(2)通过对元素含量以及相关元素比值的垂向分布特征分析,如Sr/Ba、MgO/CaO和V/V+Ni等,对不同沉积阶段进行了古水深和古氧相等方面的研究,数据表明茅口组沉积环境相比栖霞组具有较明显的差异。     

Correlation of mineralogical and textural characteristics with engineering properties of selected granitic rocks from Turkey

Granitic rocks show a variety of engineering properties that may affect quarrying operations, tunneling, mining, slope stability and the use of rock as a construction material. The physical and mechanical properties are a function of the mineralogical and textural characteristics of the rock. The purpose of this study is to apply correlation analysis to investigate the relationships between petrographical and engineering properties of granitic rocks. A variety of granitic rock samples from different parts of Turkey were subjected to petrographic studies. The same samples were then tested to determine specific gravity, dry and saturated unit weight, water absorption, effective and total porosity, sonic velocity, Schmidt hardness, point load strength index, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The relationships between these properties and the petrographical characteristics are described by simple regression analyses. The study revealed that the influence of the textural characteristics on the engineering properties appears to be more important than the mineralogy. It also determined that the types of contacts, grain (mineral) shape and size significantly influence the engineering properties of the granitic rocks.     

活性氧化镁−微生物固化黄土试验研究

以活性氧化镁和微生物共同作用固化的黄土试样为研究对象,通过含水率、无侧限抗压强度、X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）等试验,研究了活性氧化镁掺量、养护龄期和初始含水率对固化试样含水率、无侧限抗压强度、固化产物和微观结构等的影响。结果表明：固化试样含水率随氧化镁掺量增加和养护龄期增长而降低;无侧限抗压强度随活性氧化镁掺量（5%～20%）增加而增大,随龄期发展总体上不断增大,但当氧化镁掺量为10%和15%时,后期强度稍有降低;当氧化镁掺量为5%和10%时,无侧限抗压强度随初始含水率增加而减小,而当氧化镁掺量为15%和20%时,无侧限抗压强度随初始含水率增加先增大后减小。XRD和SEM结果显示,随着氧化镁掺量增加,水化后未进一步反应的氢氧化镁越多;反应生成的水合碳酸镁具有膨胀性和胶结性,对土颗粒间缝隙进行填充,并将土颗粒胶结在一起。     

Risk assessment of bottom ash from fuel oil power plant of Italy: mineralogical,chemical and leaching characterization

The main aim of the present study is to contribute to the field of environmental research by providing new data on bottom ash samples derived from an oil power plant located in Southern Italy. To achieve this purpose, the mineralogical and chemical properties of representative bottom ash samples were investigated through the integrated employment of different analytical techniques, i.e., X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry. The obtained experimental results show that quartz, alunogen, rhomboclase and potassium hydrogen silicate are the major crystalline phases of all the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the revealed main ash constituents are SiO₂ and SO₃, with low contents of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃, and little amounts of CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, MgO, P₂O₅ and TiO₂. Among the trace elements, very high amounts of heavy metals, i.e., V, Cr, Ni, La, Pb and Mo, were detected. The comparison of the obtained heavy metal abundance data with those reported in the literature highlights significant differences. Leaching test evidenced V, Ni and Cr values that make these ashes a potential contamination source for groundwater quality and for soil, nearby the ash disposal landfills area. All the obtained findings show that these materials are highly harmful for the human health, with a greater extent for the heavy metal concentrations.     

哈萨克斯坦伊特穆伦硬玉岩的矿物学特征

硬玉岩是一种较为少见的高压低温变质岩,不仅具有重要的科研价值,也是一种名贵的玉石材料。本文对产于哈萨克斯坦卡拉干达州伊特穆伦矿区的硬玉岩进行了岩相学观察和矿物化学成分分析,并与缅甸、俄罗斯和危地马拉的硬玉岩进行对比。结果表明,哈萨克斯坦硬玉岩主要组成矿物为硬玉、绿辉石以及少量方沸石和钠沸石,具有粒柱状变晶结构,硬玉矿物的平均化学成分为w(SiO₂)=58.38%,w(Al₂O₃)=21.88%,w(Na₂O)=12.69%,w(CaO)=3.40%,w(MgO)=2.58%,w(FeO)=0.29%。不同产地样品中绿辉石和硬玉的SiO₂含量相差不大。哈萨克斯坦样品中绿辉石Na₂O和FeO的含量略低于缅甸、俄罗斯和危地马拉,MgO和CaO稍高于其它3个产地,硬玉MgO和CaO略高于其它3个产地。