印度尼西亚海内潮生成及传播过程研究*

文章采用三维海洋模式MITgcm, 对印度尼西亚海(简称印尼海)内潮的生成和传播过程进行了研究。研究结果表明: 1)苏拉威西海和西北太平洋地区的内潮呈现明显的全日潮信号; 望加锡海峡、翁拜海峡、东北印度洋、帝汶海等站位的内潮呈现明显的半日潮信号; 2)印尼海区内潮的标准化振幅在苏拉威西海、望加锡海峡、翁拜海峡、马鲁古海、班达海、东北印度洋和西北太平洋地区均在温跃层附近达到最大, 约为20~40m; 在帝汶海地区在水深200m附近达到最大, 约为25~30m; 3)桑岭、斯兰海、翁拜海峡和帝汶海是主要的内潮生成区域, 内潮能通量达40kW·m^-1; 4)苏禄海的内潮能量主要来自于局地正压潮的转化, 苏拉威西海和班达海的内潮能量则主要来自外部的传入。     

印尼贯穿流源区马鲁古海与哈马黑拉海水团来源的季节和年际变化

So far, large uncertainties of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) reside in the eastern Indonesian seas, such as the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea. In this study, the water sources of the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea are diagnosed at seasonal and interannual timescales and at different vertical layers, using the state-of-the-art simulations of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM) for Earth Simulator(OFES). Asian monsoon leaves clear seasonal footprints on the eastern Indonesian seas. Consequently, the subsurface waters(around 24.5σ_θ and at ～150 m) in both the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea stem from the South Pacific(SP) during winter monsoon, but during summer monsoon the Maluku Sea is from the North Pacific(NP), and the Halmahera Sea is a mixture of waters originating from the NP and the SP. The monsoon impact decreases with depth, so that in the Maluku Sea, the intermediate water(around 26.8σ_θ and at ～480 m) is always from the northern Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea water is mainly from the SP in winter and the Banda Sea in summer. The deep waters(around27.2σ_θ and at ～1 040 m) in both seas are from the SP, with weak seasonal variability. At the interannual timescale,the subsurface water in the Maluku Sea originates from the NP/SP during El Ni?o/La Ni?a, while the subsurface water in the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. Similar to the seasonal variability, the intermediate water in Maluku Sea mainly comes from the Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. The deep waters in both seas are from the SP. Our findings are helpful for drawing a comprehensive picture of the water properties in the Indonesian seas and will contribute to a better understanding of the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the maritime continent.     

An early Miocene reefal platform in the Rama Ridge (Banda Sea, Indonesia)

 In December 1995 we dredged early Miocene coral-reef carbonates and early/middle Pliocene slope carbonates outcropping on the submerged Rama Ridge. This indicates that some of the Banda Sea Ridges were present during early Miocene times. Subsequent major tectonic subsidence occurred between middle Miocene and early Pliocene times. These results concur with the hypothesis of a relatively recent age for the North Banda Sea basement. Received: 5 March 1997 / Revision received: 23 October 1997     

基于卫星测高资料的班达海海平面季节及年际变化研究

本文基于法国空间局AVISO提供的格点化绝对动力地形(MADT:maps of absolute dynamic topography)资料,分析了1993年1月—2013年12月班达海(Banda Sea)海平面的季节和年际变化特征。班达海海面高度的季节变化主要表现为12月到翌年4月西北季风盛行时较高,7月到10月东南季风盛行时较低,全年变化幅度为16.5cm;班达海东部近阿拉弗拉海(Arafuru Sea)与西南部近弗洛勒斯海(Flores Sea)海平面随季风转换表现出"跷跷板"形态。海平面的变化受比容海平面变化和海水质量变化共同调制,其中比容海面高度季节变化振幅为14cm左右,约占海平面变化的84%,并且班达海比容海平面的季节性空间分布与总体海平面具有明显的一致性,因此比容海平面的变化是造成班达海海平面季节变化的主要原因;而风生Ekman流引起的海水堆积会影响班达海东北部的海平面高度。年际尺度上,班达海海平面与ENSO事件密切相关,月平均海面高度异常EOF分解第一模态方差贡献率高达96%,第一模态时间序列(PC1)滞后Ni?o3.4指数1个月左右时相关系数达到–0.76,远超过95%置信度水平;相比之下,IOD事件对班达海海平面的影响较小,PC1与印度洋偶极子指数(DMI)之间的最大相关系数仅为–0.3,低于95%置信度水平。并且月平均比容海平面异常和动力地形异常之间的差异在ENSO事件期间显著增大,表明ENSO事件引起的平流输送在班达海海平面高度年际变化中起到重要作用。     

Seasonal variability of mesoscale eddies in the Banda Sea inferred from altimeter data

Using the mesoscale eddy trajectory atlas product derived from satellite altimeter data from 1993 to 2016, this study analyzes statistical characteristics and seasonal variability of mesoscale eddies in the Banda Sea of the Indonesian seas. The results show that there were 147 mesoscale eddies that occurred in the Banda Sea, of which 137 eddies were locally generated and 10 originated from outside. The total numbers of cyclonic eddies(CEs,clockwise) and anticyclonic eddies(AEs, anticlockwise) ar...     

卡里马塔海峡贯穿流与印尼贯穿流的相互作用

卡里马塔海峡贯穿流将中国南海的低盐水输运到爪哇海,与印度尼西亚贯穿流(印尼贯穿流)携带的西太平洋高盐水在印度尼西亚海(印尼海)交汇,二者通过混合、浮力强迫等过程相互作用.这改变了印度尼西亚海的水体热盐性质,影响局地海气交换和热带太平洋-印度洋之间的热盐交换.依据卡里马塔海峡、龙目海峡和望加锡海峡的实测表层海流数据,采用...     

印尼贯穿流源区马鲁古海和哈马黑拉海水团来源的气候态分析

本文利用World Ocean Atlas 2013（WOA2013）气候态的温盐资料和the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA v3.3.1）流场数据,分析印尼贯穿流东部源区马鲁古海和哈马黑拉海的水团垂向分布特征及其来源,特别是次表层、中层及深层水的来源和路径。结果表明,气候态下,马鲁古海次表层的高温高盐水来自于北太平洋,与北太平洋热带水性质接近,哈马黑拉海次表层主要是来自南太平洋热带水;中层水以低温低盐为特征,马鲁古海的中层水来自南太平洋,受南极中层水控制,哈马黑拉海的中层水可能是从马鲁古海而来的南太平洋水;对于次表层和中层之间的过渡层,马鲁古海与哈马黑拉海的水源为南、北太平洋的混合水,且两个海域之间也存在着水团交换;在深层,马鲁古海的水源更倾向于班达海北部及塞兰海,而与太平洋水无关,哈马黑拉海由于地形阻挡也难以与太平洋直接发生水团交换。     

On the Upper Pleistocene Lamellibranchiate fossil groups and paleo-oceanic environment of the Huanghai Sea

Research on Lamelllbranchiate fossils of the Huanghai Sea started rather late in China and data on this subject are scarce. During the large-scale investigation of the Huanghai Sea sediment in the late 1970s, a large number of surface and core samples of the sea-floor sediment were obtained and a considerable number of Lamellibranchiatc fossils were found. A preliminary identification reveals that there are 46 species of the fossils.The Lamellibranchiate fossils in the Huanghai Sea are composed of different species: the shallow water species, the littoral species and the fossils reflecting the environment of the estuary where freshwater flows, or of the tidal zone having brackish water.Through the studies of the Lamellibranchiate fossils and their ecological environment, not only the features of the Lamellibranchiate groups of the Upper Pleistocene have been restored, but also some relatively important data of the investigation of paleo-current and paleo-temperature during late Pleistocene have been obt     

The petroleum resource potential of the Bering Sea region

The Bering Sea sedimentary basin comprises the Bering Sea and the adjacent intermontane depressions on the continents. It includes the following subordinate sedimentary basins: the Norton; Bethel; Saint Lawrence; Anadyr; Navarin; Khatyrka; Saint George; Bristol; Cook Inlet; and Aleutian consisting of the autonomous Aleutian, Bowers, and Komandor basins. All of them exhibit significant geological similarity. The Middle and Upper Miocene terrigenous sequences, which are petroliferous through the entire periphery of the Pacific Ocean, are characterized by their high petroleum resource potential in the Bering Sea continental margin as well, which is confirmed by the oil and gas pools discovered in neighboring onshore lowlands. The younger (Pliocene) and older (up to Upper Cretaceous) sedimentary formations are also promising with respect to hydrocarbons. The integral potential oil and gas resources of the Bering Sea sedimentary basin, including the continental slopes, are estimated by the US Geological Survey to be 1120 × 10⁶ t and 965 × 10⁹ m³, respectively.     

Tectonic unit divisions based on block tectonics theory in the South China Sea and its adjacent areas

Identifying distinct tectonic units is key to understanding the geotectonic framework and distribution law of oil and gas resources. The South China Sea and its adjacent areas have undergone complex tectonic evolution processes, and the division of tectonic units is controversial. Guided by block tectonics theory, this study divide the South China Sea and its adjacent areas into several distinguished tectonic units relying on known boundary markers such as sutures(ophiolite belts), subduction-collision zones, orogenic belts, and deep faults. This work suggests that the study area is occupied by nine stable blocks(West Burma Block, Sibumasu Block, LanpingSimao Block, Indochina Block, Yangtze Block, Cathaysian Block, Qiongnan Block, Nansha Block, and Northwest Sulu Block), two suture zones(Majiang suture zone and Southeast Yangtze suture zone), two accretionary zones(Sarawak-Sulu accretionary zone and East Sulawesi accretionary zone), one subduction-collision zone(RakhineJava-Timor subduction-collision zone), one ramp zone(Philippine islands ramp zone), and six small oceanic marginal sea basins(South China Sea Basin, Sulu Sea Basin, Sulawesi Sea Basin, Banda Sea Basin, Makassar Basin, and Andaman Sea Basin). This division reflects the tectonic activities, crustal structural properties, and evolutionary records of each evaluated tectonic unit. It is of great theoretical and practical importance to understand the tectonic framework to support the exploration of oil and gas resources in the South China Sea and its adjacent areas.     

Palynology and depositional environments of the Middle – Late Triassic (Anisian – Rhaetian) Kobbe,Snadd and Fruholmen formations,southern Barents Sea,Arctic Norway

The Middle to Upper Triassic series in the Norwegian Barents Sea represents an important target for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the dating and correlation of these rocks are problematic due to the scarcity of age-diagnostic macrofossils, lateral facies variation and the overall thickness of the succession. Palynology has proven to be a useful dating tool but further work is necessary to improve the zonal resolution, particularly for the Upper Triassic Series. The current paper presents a detailed palynostratigraphy of the Middle – Upper Triassic succession in four exploration wells (7120/12-2, 7228/2-1s, 7-1a and 9-1s) drilled in the Hammerfest and Nordkapp basins. Eleven informal palynological zones are described from the stratigraphic interval spanning the Kobbe, Snadd and Fruholmen formations, which constitute regionally significant hydrocarbon source and reservoir rock facies. The results of this study contribute to a higher resolution palynostratigraphy for the Middle to Upper Triassic strata of the southern Barents Sea (SBS), and an improved correlation with the stratigraphy of the Svalbard Archipelago. Palynofacies data for the succession, presented here for the first time, indicates depositional environments ranging from fluvio-deltaic to offshore marine.     

东海内陆架泥质区表层沉积物稀土元素的分布特征

通过对东海内陆架泥质区30个表层沉积物样品中的稀土元素、主微量元素、TOC、CaCO3、沉积物粒度进行了分析,讨论了影响稀土元素分布的原因。结果显示东海内陆架中ΣREEs为182.8～221μg/g,均值为206.5μg/g,明显高于黄土、黄河及雅鲁藏布江中稀土元素的含量,与长江、瓯江中稀土元素含量接近。稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化配分模式及(La/Yb)N比值显示,轻稀土显著富集,存在显著的δEu异常。稀土元素上地壳标准化配分模式显示稀土元素与上地壳之间不存在显著的分馏,稀土元素存在显著的"四分性"。稀土元素与粒径、有机质、CaCO3之间不存在相关性,表明研究区中稀土元素含量不受上述3个因素的控制。元素比值及稀土元素上地壳标准化配分模式显示研究区稀土元素主要源于长江。     

Stratigraphy and inversion tectonics in the St. Georges Channel area off SW Wales,U.K.

Transgressive Upper Cretaceous Chalk terminates (between SW Wales and SE Ireland) at approximately latitude 52°N as thinly bedded marginal facies; while the Tertiary sequences, previously considered to extend uninterrupted into both the South Celtic Sea area and the Nymphe Bank basin are preserved as isolated subcrops separated by Jurassic. The distinct subsidence history of St. Georges Channel basin, as compared to the Nymphe Bank basin which both belong to the North Celtic Sea graben, is attributed to inversion activity with the final phase occurring during the Paleogene.     

Geochemistry and provenance of a multiple-stage fan in the Upper Miocene to the Pliocene in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins,offshore South China Sea

The Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins in the northwestern South China Sea preserve a large volume of Cenozoic sediments. However, their sources are still remain controversial and need a further research. This paper uses discriminant diagrams and bivariate plots of major, trace and rare earth elements, combined with heavy mineral data and detrital zircon U-Pb ages to determine the provenance, source area weathering and tectonic setting of the Upper Miocene to Pliocene sediments in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, offshore South China Sea. The sandstone samples used in this study are characterized by four features: (i) The studied sandstones are first-cycle deposits, no recycling processes are recorded in these sediments, and there is a low degree of weathering conditions in the source areas. (ii) The sandstones from the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System may have a similar source, being derived from an old upper continental crust mainly composed of felsic igneous source rocks. (iii) Detrital zircon U-Pb ages suggest that Central Vietnam is likely to be the dominant source of the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System. (iv) The tectonic setting of the sandstones in the DF fan, LD fan and Central Canyon System belongs to the continental island arc (CIA) or the active continental margin (ACM) fields.     

Peculiarities of the rare-earth element distribution in the modern bottom sediments of the White Sea and the lower reaches of the Severnaya Dvina River

The study of the rare-earth element (REE) systematics in the modern bottom sediments of the White Sea and the lower reaches of the Severnaya Dvina River showed that they were derived by the simple mixing of the detrital material from two geochemically contrasting provenances: the Kola-Karelian geoblock almost completely consisting of Archean rocks and the northwestern Mezen syneclise made up of the Upper Vendian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic rocks. This is best manifested by the changes in ?_Nd(0). In terms of the Gd_N/Yb_N and Eu/Eu*, most of the studied samples are comparable with the Post-Archean craton complexes, some of which resemble the average composition of the Archean mudstone. Based on the ΣREE and La_N/Yb_N, the modern bottom sediments are subdivided into two groups: (1) those close to basalts and granites and (2) those approximating common sedimentary rocks. From the lower reaches of the Pinega River to the Tersky coast, the maximal average (La/Yb)_RPSC, (Gd/Yb)_RPSC, La_N/Yb_N, and Gd_N/Yb_N ratios were determined in the samples taken at the boundary of Dvina Bay with the Basin, i.e., in the sediments with the highest content of the pelitic component. In general, the geochemical composition of the modern bottom sediments of almost the entire White Sea area was defined by input of the eroded products of the mature continental crust with the Severnaya Dvina River, the main river of the region. Such a setting, when the formation of the sediments in a peri- or intracontinental marine basin is controlled by one large river system, presumably may be propagated to the sedimentation in the Laptev Sea, the eastern Kara Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and other basins.     

New insights into the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the southern Stappen High and its transition to Bjørnøya Basin,SW Barents Sea

Within the context of the southwestern Barents Sea, the southern Stappen High and its transition to the Bjørnøya Basin are still underexplored. Improved quality seismic reflection data are utilised to describe new insights into the Paleozoic to early Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the area, as well as to discuss the structural inheritance and the rift development. Well-defined syn-rift wedges and better resolution images for both the deep Carboniferous and Permian successions are revealed. In particular, both the mid-Carboniferous and Late Permian-earliest Triassic extensional phases are characterized by widespread NE-SW oriented normal faults that are mostly westward dipping. Although Triassic is mostly considered as a tectonically stable period in the Barents Sea, in the southern Stappen High there is clear identification of a localised depocentre (named herein “Intra Stappen Basin”) where syn-tectonic geometries characterize the upper Paleozoic and Triassic deposits. Regional correlation to Middle and Upper Triassic outcrops in southwestern Svalbard reveals possible progradation from a west-northwest Northeast Greenland provenance as a western sediment source area during the Triassic, in addition to the well-known eastern sediment source area. Thin but distinct Jurassic sequences are expected to be present on Stappen High associated with prominent regional NW-SE extension throughout Late Jurassic that culminated during the earliest Cretaceous. Furthermore, structural and stratigraphic relations are observed within the study area that clearly indicate a distinct early Aptian rift phase with increasing evidence for its occurrence in the southwestern Barents Sea. Upper Cretaceous sequences bounded by major low-angle west-dipping detachment faults are observed in southwest Stappen High. During early Cenozoic, the study area was located at the proximity of the paleo-coastline and paleo-shelf edge for both Paleocene and Eocene gravity mass-waste deposits. These are most probably related to a progressively evolving steep bathymetric gradient between the developing margin, mainly towards the west and to the south, and the uplifted Stappen High.     

Formation rate of water masses in the Japan sea

Water masses in the subsurface and the intermediate layer are actively formed due to strong winter convection in the Japan Sea. It is probable that some fraction of pollution is carried into the layer below the sea surface together with these water masses, so it is important to estimate the formation rate and turnover time of water masses to study the fate of pollutants. The present study estimates the annual formation rate and the turnover time of water masses using a three-dimensional ocean circulation model and a particle chasing method. The total annual formation rate of water masses below the sea surface amounted to about 3.53 ± 0.55 Sv in the Japan Sea. Regarding representative intermediate water masses, the annual formation rate of the Upper portion of the Japan Sea Proper Water (UJSPW) and the Japan Sea Intermediate Water (JSIW) were estimated to be about 0.38 ± 0.11 and 1.43 ± 0.16 Sv, respectively, although there was little evidence of the formation of deeper water masses below a depth of about 1500 m in a numerical experiment. An estimate of turnover time shows that the UJSPW and the JSIW circulate in the intermediate layer of the Japan Sea with timescales of about 22.1 and 2.2 years, respectively.     

On the total geostrophic circulation of the Indian Ocean: flow patterns, tracers, and transports

The large-scale circulation of the Indian Ocean has several major components. There is a cyclonic gyre in the far southwest with its axis along about 60°S. It extends to the bottom. North of this the Circumpolar Current flows eastward south of 40°S to more than 3000 m. The axis of the great anticyclonic gyre lies along 35°S to 40°S down to about 2000 m. Below there the western end shifts northward and the axis lies along the central and southeast Indian ridges, with southward flow west of the ridges and northward flow on the east side.There is a westward flow along 10°S to 15°S, which includes water from the Pacific, through the Banda Sea. The flow near the equator is eastward down to the depth of the ridge near 73°E. Flow within both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal is cyclonic down to great depth.There is a southward flow along the coast of Africa in the upper 2000 m joining the Circumpolar Current, and a southward flow along the coast of Australia that does not reach the Circumpolar Current.Below 2500 m there is a northward flow from the Circumpolar Current along the east coast of Madagascar and on into the Somali and Arabian basins.     

Morphology,sedimentary infill and depositional environments of the Early Quaternary North Sea Basin (56°–62°N)

The North Sea Basin has been subsiding during the Quaternary and contains hundreds of metres of fill. Seismic surveys (170 000 km²) provide new evidence on Early Quaternary sedimentation, from about 2.75 Ma to around the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary (0.78 Ma). We present an informal seismic stratigraphy for the Early Quaternary of the North Sea, and calculate sediment volumes for major units. Early Quaternary sediment thickness is > 1000 m in the northern basin and >700 m in the central basin (total about 40 000 km³). Northern North Sea basin-fill comprises several clinoform units, prograding westward over 60 000 km². Architecture of the central basin also comprises clinoforms, building from the southeast. To the west, an acoustically layered and mounded unit (Unit Z) was deposited. Remaining accommodation space was filled with fine-grained sediments of two Central Basin units. Above these units, an Upper Regional Unconformity-equivalent (URU) records a conformable surface with flat-lying units that indicate stronger direct glacial influence than on the sediments below. On the North Sea Plateau north of 59°N, the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU) is defined by a shift from westward to eastward dipping seismic reflectors, recording a major change in sedimentation, with the Shetland Platform becoming a significant source. A model of Early Quaternary sediment delivery to the North Sea shows sources from the Scandinavian ice sheet and major European rivers. Clinoforms prograding west in the northern North Sea Basin, representing glacigenic debris flows, indicate an ice sheet on the western Scandinavian margin. In the central basin, sediments are generally fine-grained, suggesting a distal fluvial or glacifluvial origin from European rivers. Ploughmarks also demonstrate that icebergs, derived from an ice sheet to the north, drifted into the central North Sea Basin. By contrast, sediments and glacial landforms above the URU provide evidence for the later presence of a grounded ice sheet.     

东海微板块的南北分块与水平运动

前晚白垩世,闽浙-朝鲜二古沟-弧系和琉球沟-弧系组成古双俯冲带,东海微板块的构造运动受制于双俯冲带的作用.东海微板块基底和琉球岛弧的南北三分态势,是由于西侧二古为-弧系的不同区段对物质和应力的消减作用存在非均一性,从而在双俯冲带的作用下,导致东海地壳水平运动作差异性调整,而由此产生的NW向断裂分割的结果.