黄河源区气候变化的季节特征与区域差异研究

基于黄河源区有关气象台站的观测数据,对该区黄河沿水文站以上、黄河沿水文站-吉迈水文站区间、吉迈水文站-玛曲水文站区间、玛曲水文站-唐乃亥水文站区间各区域及整个黄河源区1960-2014年期间气温、降水的季节变化特征及其区域差异进行了分析。结果表明：黄河源区气温变化与全球气温变化有着较好的一致性,各区年平均气温与各季气温的年际变化均呈波动状上升态势并明显高于过去50a全球与我国气温的升幅,且各气温系列升幅差异不大;而各区年平均气温与各季气温的年代际变化的上升态势较年际变化的更为显著,但不同区域各季气温升幅差异较大。各区气温均在1996年后出现一个跃动,跃动后各气温系列均值较跃动前有较大幅度的上升。由于区域地理环境的影响,黄河源区降水量的变化比较复杂,各区各季降水量的变化具有较大的差异。近50余年来,总体上整个河源区平均降水量的年际变化呈不明显的增长态势。其中河源区的上半部分,即黄河沿以上、黄河沿-吉迈之间等海拔较高的区域年降水量增长比较显著,而源区的下半部分,即吉迈-玛曲、玛曲-唐乃亥之间的区域,年降水呈减少态势,并且对全区平均降水量与产流量贡献最大的吉迈-玛曲之间的区域,年降水量的减少非常显著。各区冬春季和夏季降水量普遍呈增长态势,秋季是河源区各季节中降水唯一减少的季节,其中吉迈-玛曲之间的区间秋季降水量的减少最为显著。各区域各季降水量的年代际变化较其年际变化差异更大,但近十余年来大部分区域各季降水普遍偏多。各区域降水系列亦有突变发生,但突变时间并不像气温系列那样一致;年降水量与夏季降水量的突变大都发生在2005年,秋季降水量突变大都发生在1986年,春季和冬季降水量突变的时间杂乱无序;突变前后系列均值有增有减,且幅度大小不等。     

黄河源区气候对径流的影响分析

根据对降水响应速度的快慢,径流又可分为直接径流和基流。基流一般定义为河川径流中来自于地下蓄水或者其他延迟水源的成分,代表地下水出流;直接径流表示对降水事件的直接响应。从这一思路出发,文中在分析降水到总径流、直接径流和基流的转化率的基础上分析了气候变化对径流的影响。研究发现,黄河源区的径流系数随降水量的增加而增大,随气温升高而降低;径流随着降水的增加而增加。20世纪90年代降水减少和气温的大幅度升高是黄河源区径流减少的重要原因。区间子流域分析表明,不同的子流域气温和降水对径流的影响不同,在吉迈以上区间,年气温比较低,气温是影响径流系数的主要因子,径流随着气温的升高而降低,降水对径流的影响比较小;在吉迈—玛曲区间,直接径流量/降水量主要受降水的影响,总径流量/降水量、基流量/降水量随降水增加而升高,随气温升高而降低。总径流和基流随降水的增加而增大,随气温的升高而减少;在玛曲—唐乃亥区间,径流系数随着降水量的增加而增加,直接径流量/降水量随气温的升高而降低,降水是径流的主要影响因素。     

黄河源区气候变化的环境效应研究

以黄河源区气象台站的降水和气温资料以及玛多、达日、玛曲、唐乃亥和兰州水文站的径流资料为基础, 分析研究了该区降水、气温、水文变化趋势, 并对研究区的土地利用现状变化及原因进行了探讨. 结果表明: 在年代际变化趋势上, 黄河源区气温总体上呈升温态势, 降水呈减少趋势, 径流量也表现为减少趋势.土地利用现状的变化表明人类活动对研究区生态湿地的干预增强.自然因素和人类活动的综合作用, 使得黄河源区生态环境进一步恶化, 亟需进行人工干预, 保护和改善黄河源区生态湿地环境.     

考虑不同水文年及IHA指标相关性的水文特征评估方法

变动范围法(RVA)是国内外评价河流水文特征变化的重要方法,但其存在忽略水文年变化特征及中低度改变指标的缺陷。针对此问题,采用CRITIC法结合欧氏距离对传统RVA进行改进,并将改进方法用于黄河源区(唐乃亥水文站),分析黄河源区径流量的水文指标变化趋势和整体水文变异程度。研究结果表明:唐乃亥水文站在1990年时水文情势发生突变,突变后流量呈减少趋势;受干扰后的唐乃亥水文站2/3月份平均流量、年最小7/30/90d流量、年最大90d流量、高流量平均延时、流量平均减少率/增加率共9个指标为中度改变,其余指标为低度改变;黄河源区水文特征年改变度为41.36%,水文指标整体改变度为27.33%,水文情势整体改变度为57.39%,属于中度改变。     

基于数字滤波法的甘肃省河川基流特性分析

河川基流分析计算是山丘区地下水资源量评价的重要内容。以甘肃省112个水文站2001-2016年的逐日平均流量数据为基础,采用数字滤波方法进行基流分割,并对甘肃省内陆河、黄河、长江三大流域的基流量、基径比、基流模数分布规律进行分析。结果表明:所选的水文站年径流量和切割出的年基流量相关系数均在0. 9以上,基流量与径流量存在显著的正相关关系。甘肃省2001-2016年多年平均天然河川基流量为91. 33亿m3,其中内陆河流域18. 21亿m3,黄河流域34. 56亿m3,长江流域38. 57亿m3。从甘肃省三大流域河川基流量的计算结果来看,基径比和基流模数总体上是:内陆河流域黄河流域长江流域。基径比和基流模数分布与该流域降水、径流分布趋势一致。基径比和基流模数受植被条件影响巨大,植被条件好的地区大于植被条件差的地区。     

黄河源唐乃亥水文站水沙序列重建与变化规律研究

选用泽库气象站(1959~2011年)的降水量、唐乃亥水文站(1956~2011年)的年径流量、年输沙量分别与相邻位置的δ18O测定序列构造相关关系,建立以10a为滑动期的降水量变化曲线、以5a和10a为滑动期的年径流量/年输沙量变化曲线(公元192~2003年),研究千年尺度的降水量和水沙变化规律。结果表明:除了以5a为滑动期的唐乃亥年输沙量率定方程外,其它拟合方程的R2均大于0.6,相关性较高。黄河源的年径流量总体呈减小的趋势,但年输沙量变化趋势大致相同,其变化主要与降水量有关。以唐乃亥水文站为代表,1800a尺度上黄河源的年径流量/年输沙量的趋势变化可分为9个阶段,且5次呈增大趋势,4次呈减少趋势,表明水沙序列的长期变化呈多阶段性特征。     

气候变暖情景下黄河上游径流的可能变化

根据水文气象台站观测资料, 分析了全球变暖情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域温度、降水和径流的变化状况, 并采用假定气候组合对未来数十年黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域的径流变化进行了预测. 结果表明: 黄河上游的温度与全球变暖有着明显的对应关系, 近几十年来, 流域各个地方的温度有不同程度的上升. 降水变化因流域各地所处位置、地势、地形的不同而差异较大, 受温度上升和主要产流区域降水大幅减少的影响, 近10余年来黄河上游的径流量呈持续递减的态势. 在未来几十年, 如果遭遇到气温升幅与降水减幅较大的"暖-干"气候组合时, 流域产水量将有较大的减幅; 当气温变化不大而降水增幅较大时, 流域产水量将有明显的增加, 同时由于冰雪及冻土融水的补给, 此气候情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域径流量的增幅还将略大于降水量的增幅.     

祁连山疏勒河上游基流变化及其影响因素分析

基流是河川径流的重要组成部分,也是干旱半干旱地区最重要的枯季水文特征之一. 基流在维持河川径流和维护河流湖泊生态等方面具有重要意义. 基于祁连山疏勒河上游出山口控制水文站昌马堡站1954-2009年的日径流资料,采用递归数字滤波法和平滑最小值法对日径流进行基流分割,对比分析基流和基流指数BFI的变化特征,并从气温和降水两方面探讨基流变化的主要影响因素. 结果表明：两种方法的计算结果有差异,但平滑最小值法更适用于研究区. 疏勒河上游多年平均基流量为6.07×10⁸m³,基流变化总体上呈上升趋势,进入21世纪以后基流量增加最为显著. 研究区多年平均基流指数为0.66,基流指数的年际变化相对比较稳定,但年内波动幅度较大. 在长时间尺度上,降水是基流变化的主要影响因素,降水量的增加在一定程度上影响了基流和基流指数的变化. 在全球变暖的背景下,气温升高导致冰雪融水的增加和冻土的退化,间接的影响了基流的变化.     

开都河源区气候变化及径流响应

应用巴音布鲁克水文站和气象站1960-2005年的观测资料,分析了开都河流域源区气温和降水的变化特征以及径流对气候变化的响应.结果表明:近46 a来开都河源区气温总体呈上升趋势,而降水量年际波动较大,降水量自1989年以来增加显著,降水和气温是开都河源区径流量变化的主要影响因素.年降水量与年径流量的单相关系数最大,为0.73;年平均气温与年径流量的相关系数为0.36.在降水量不变的情况下,径流量随气温升高而减少;在气温不变的情况下,径流量随降水量的增加而增加;而在降水量和气温都增加的情况下,径流量将有所增加.     

黄河河源区径流对气候变化的敏感性分析

利用黄河源区有关水文、气象台站观测资料,对河源区各分区气候变化特征及各分区径流深对气候变化的敏感性进行了分析.结果表明:有器测资料以来的近50a间,河源区气温与全球变暖有着较好的对应关系,各区平均气温均呈不同程度的波动上升态势;而降水量的变化比较复杂,区域性差异较大;河源区径流的变化与降水量、气温的变化之间存在较显著的非线性关系.由于气温的持续上升与主要产流区降水的持续减少,区域径流量呈持续减少的趋势.总体上,河源区各分区径流对降水变化的敏感程度要强于气温,但吉迈以上区域径流对气温变化的敏感性要强于其下游其它两个区域.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the