Liquefaction, ground fissures and coastline change during the Egio earthquake (15 June 1995; Central-Western Greece)

The destructive earthquake (Ms = 6.1 R) that hit the town of Egio and the surrounding area of the Northern Peloponnessos (Greece) generated extensive liquefaction, ground fissuring and coastline changes.
Historical data indicate that the same region has experienced episodic earthquake damage, with some seismogenic phenomena having reoccurred at the same locations. In conclusion, it is confirmed that this is a high seismic risk region, where proper building design and planning can reduce the potential danger if the geodynamic setting is properly taken into account.     

地震研究进展与趋势——全球地震科学钻探研究综述

近年来大地震频繁发生,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,认识地震和地震发生机制已成为地质学家和地球物理学家共同的奋斗目标。科学钻探是获取地下深部物质、了解深部信息的最直接、最有效、最可靠的方法,因此,科学钻探是认识和揭示地震断裂作用的最佳手段。本文介绍了目前世界上主要的地震科学钻探计划,包括位于环太平洋地震带的日本野岛(Nojima)断层科学钻探计划、台湾车笼埔断裂钻探计划(TCDP)、圣安德烈斯断裂深部观测钻探计划(SAFOD)、新西兰深部断层钻探计划(DFDP)、日本南海海槽发震带试验钻探计划(NanTroSEIZE)、日本海沟地震快速钻探计划(JFAST)和大陆内部地震的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探计划(WFSD),简要概括了这些科学钻探计划所取得的有关地震研究的重要进展与贡献,并且通过这些成果探讨了未来地震研究趋势。     

阪神地震中大开地铁车站震害机制数值仿真分析

1995年阪神地震中,神户市的地下结构遭受了严重的破坏,尤其是地铁车站的破坏最为严重,其中大开地铁车站有一半以上的中柱发生坍塌,导致地面坍塌近2.5 m。对大开地铁车站的震害进行了全面地描述,基于大型商用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用在该软件上二次开发的土体非线性黏弹性动力本构模型模拟土在循环荷载作用下的动力特性,采用黏塑性动力损伤模型模拟混凝土在循环荷载作用下的拉、压应力-应变关系,对大开地铁车站的非线性地震反应进行了数值仿真分析,给出了破坏演化过程,把有限元分析的结果与大开地铁站的实际震害现象进行了对比,结果表明：数值仿真分析结果能够合理地解释大开地铁车站的主要震害现象,建模方法能够被用来进行地下结构的非线性地震反应分析。     

Mexico,San Francisco,Los Angeles and Kobe: What Next?

Some analogies in the distribution of damage in the 1985 Mexico, 1989 Loma Prieta, and 1995 Kobe earthquakes may be attributable to similarities in the history of reclamation of bayshore or lakeshore environments by emplacing artificial fill on soft mud. In all three cases, a transitional environment has generated similar soil types and analogous forms of human settlement. These similarities may translate into hazardous situations because of amplification of seismic waves in wedge-shaped low-velocity layers; nonlinearity of seismic wave propagation in soft water-saturated soils; transitions from solid-like to liquid-like behavior, including liquefaction and the emergence of prograde surface waves; and other unforeseen conditions arising from surface geology. Severe stability problems may arise in tall, top-heavy structures and in structures with horizontal spans of the order of the wavelength of surface waves. Effective strategies of hazard reduction include a recognition of the many unanticipated ways in which earthquake hazard may become an emergent property of complex nature-society systems.     

苏门答腊地震对柴达木地方震的触发作用

2004年12月26日印度尼西亚苏门答腊西北海域发生40年来最强烈的地震,造成巨大伤亡和财产损失.大地震在4000km外的柴达木盆地西部地区狮子沟地震台阵网上有长达1000多秒的明显记录,也触发柴西地区地方震的发震频率在大地震之后一天内提高了10倍.从大地震触发的地方震活动分布来看,触发地震的发震断裂是英雄岭南侧花土沟断裂和红柳泉断裂.      

1996～2005年中国大陆震害情况与减灾建议

地震是典型的突发性地质灾害,破坏性极大.本文首先对1996～2005年这10年间的大陆地震发生情况以及地震灾害情况进行了统计分析,列举了直接经济损失超过1亿元的重大地震灾害,指出大陆防震减灾要有地域特点;然后提出了一些防震减灾建议,如注意防范地震引发的次生灾害,加强建筑抗震设计和加固,推广使用现代信息技术,积极开展防震减灾能力评价,通过合理的城市规划和土地利用规划来减轻地震灾害.     

Research on the February 18, 1996 earthquake in the caves of Saint-Paul-de-Fenouillet area, (eastern Pyrenees,France)

Abstract

Eight caves have been investigated near Saint-Paul- de-Fenouillet after the earthquake of 5.2 magnitude of February 1996 which occurred in the eastern Pyrenees (France) and caused moderate damage at the ground surface. The earthquake has been associated with the movement of an E-W fault. The caves had not been visited since the earthquake. Some damage, mainly collapses of soda straws and small rocks, could be attributed to this earthquake. The most interesting cave in the epicentral area is the Paradet cave which is situated on a recently activated fault plane. In this cave, soda straw falls could be attributed to the earthquake, but other more ancient damage was also observed. Analysis of the azimuth of fallen speleothems, which are natural pendulums, may indicate the directions, and an estimation of their mechanical properties gives the threshold of the seismic ground motion amplitude responsible for their collapse, thus supplying information to calibrate damage due to past earthquakes. A statistical study indicates that the main direction of the collapsed soda straws is E–W. Numerical simulations confirm that soda straws are relatively strong objects that may break under certain conditions during earthquakes. © Elsevier, Paris     

京津冀地区历史地震事件时空特征研究*

受环太平洋地震带影响,华北平原地区地震频发,尤其是处于中国首都经济圈的京津冀地区的地震事件备受关注。通过对历史文献资料及地震台网记录中的地震事件统计、分析,重建该地区地震事件历史并获取其潜在的空间分布特征及时间规律,对未来地震事件的早期预警具有重要参考意义。分析结果表明,公元前231年至公元2018年期间京津冀地区发生的1044起地震事件中,以有感地震和中强地震为主,小地震、强烈地震以及大地震发生频次较低。地震记录完整性分析结果表明,除小地震外,其他等级地震记录自公元1400年以来基本完整。在空间分布上,京津冀地区历史地震呈“T”字形分布,沿1条北西—南东走向地震带和1条北东—南西走向地震带分布。在时间上,京津冀地区地震事件呈现出阶段性的变化,在公元1480—1680年间以及1950年以来2个时间段内较为活跃,发生频率较高,频谱分析结果进一步表明地震记录存在45年的复发周期。在月际尺度上,地震事件同样存在季节性差异且多发于夏秋季节,同时地震密集区域在年内呈现出自西向东迁移的现象。最后,根据历史地震事件发生的时间规律,在未来一段时间内京津冀地区仍将处于地震活跃期,存在发生强震的风险。     

2012年缅甸德贝金M7.0地震及其地表破裂特征

文章以地质地貌与地震遗迹野外调查获得的第一手资料为基础,重点介绍了实皆断裂的活动习性、2012年地震产生的建筑物破坏与地震地表破裂带特征.实皆断裂是一条规模宏大,以右旋走滑为主的全新世活动断裂,其水平滑动速率为18～20 mm/a.历史上沿实皆断裂曾发生10余次7级以上强震,迄今保留有1839年曼德勒因瓦M 8、193...     

地震震源与灾害评估分析:中国四川2008年5月12日Ms 8.0汶川地震

汶川5月12日8.0级地震在构造上起因于印度板块与欧亚板块以每年约5 cm的速度聚敛,并因此而引起青藏高原的地壳物质向四川盆地及中国东南大陆运移.主震震源及余震活动集中于以龙门山为中轴的一条长约350 km、宽约100 km的地震活动带.震源深度一般分布丁地壳脆性-韧性转换边界以上约10～20 km区间的地壳震源层之中,属浅源构造地震.主要震源机制与龙门山构造运动方式密切相关,以其地壳厚度向西急剧加厚、重力梯度带、高波速比(Vp/Vs～2.2)等深部异常及逆冲断层兼具走滑性质的地质构造为特征.在震源辐射、路径传播和场地效应研究的基础上,分别计算并比较了岩石和土壤条件下的地震响应谱,特别强调了土壤条件下的场地放大效应;同时对与地震安全性有关的一些问题如地质灾害、地震频谱设计、地震早期预警系统及中、长期至短期地震预报等进行了探讨;特别提供了一个由加权平均计算、以岩石条件下震波衰减模式为基础的地震频谱设计参考实例.地震构造与动力学研究可融人工程地质与环境工程等学科发展.经历汶川地震考验的一些新近设计和建设的工程项目可为今后改进工程建筑规范与标准提供重要而有益的参考.地震预报是当今一大难题,但需探索研究,不可懈怠.地震减灾与预防足目前比较切合实际的安全举措.     

Earthquake resistant building design codes and safety standards: The California experience

Seismologists and earthquake engineers have sought to understand and predict earthquakes and to develop better building designs to withstand them for well over a century. In the United States, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake provided the first real impetus for establishing building design codes and safety standards. Subsequent major California earthquakes in Santa Barbara (1925), Long Beach (1933), San Fernando (1971), Loma Prieta (1989), and Northridge (1994) each led to additional seismological understanding and engineering response in the form of enhanced building design codes. Nonetheless, the process to incorporate good seismic design and mitigation efforts has been slow, and by no means failsafe, especially in the Eastern U.S. where much of the building stock predates more recent design codes, and hence where a major earthquake could collapse large numbers of buildings. Even in the absence of catastrophe, it is still important to guard against a false sense of security.     

国内外地震液化场地特征对比研究

收集整理了阪神、通海、唐山、集集以及海城地震等5次大地震的液化资料,对比分析了场地特征,剖析了其差别和联系。分析结果表明,几次地震中液化层埋藏深度、液化场地地下水位深度差异明显,液化层和地下水位分布范围从小到大依次为通海地震、唐山地震、阪神地震和集集地震,液化层分别主要集中在0～2、2～6、4～6、2～8 m间,地下水位则分别主要集中在0～1、1～2、1～3、1～3 m间;集集地震液化层埋深和水位均分布最广,液化层埋深分布在0～20 m,地下水位则分布在0～9 m范围;几次地震液化层标准贯入击数集中范围相似,主要在5～15击之间,但范围差异显著,通海地震虽然地下水位和液化层埋藏深度最浅,但标贯击数均值最大,而集集地震标贯击数范围最广,最大超过30击;几次地震液化层剪切波速变化范围差异明显,海城地震在150 m/s以内,阪神地震集中在150～200 m/s,而集集地震集中在150～250 m/s,其均值接近200 m/s,且有波速250 m/s左右液化场地存在,以往认为场地剪切波速210 m/s以上可不考虑场地液化的认识有误。     

Emergency shelter capacity estimation by earthquake damage analysis

Taiwan is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire and thus experiences many detectable earthquakes annually. The damage resulting from these earthquakes affects the government and local citizens financially and endangers lives. As the political and economic capital of Taiwan, Taipei has a high population density. Assessing the seismic effects in Taipei, therefore, is a crucial issue requiring immediate attention. In this study, Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System (TELES) software for analyzing potential earthquakes was used to simulate earthquake events at potential faults in the Taipei area. The TELES analysis theory was used to analyze seismic events and to predict building damage and displacement of citizens in each Taipei administrative district. The analytical results are then compared with the capacity of temporary shelters currently planned by the government. Finally, our conclusions and recommendations are presented. Hopefully, the results of this study can provide a useful reference for relevant organizations when developing earthquake disaster prevention policies.     

A focus on the September 1985 Michoacan earthquakes

Summary The severity of damage to Mexico City as a result of the 19 September 1985 Michoacan earthquake was unusual given the city's distance (350 km) from the zone of seismic energy release. To explain the damage many authors have suggested that unusual source or transmission path characteristics contributed to enhanced ground motion in Mexico City. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of results obtained from data recorded during the earthquake related to possible anomalous source characteristics.It is concluded that although the Michoacan earthquake was a large earthquake indeed, in terms of energy output, spectral content, geometry and source mechanics it was not remarkable or anomalous relative to other subduction zone earthquakes in Mexico or elsewhere. In fact the future may well see a larger earthquake generated along the Guerrero seismic gap which is significantly closer to Mexico City.     

Use of tsunami waveforms for earthquake source study

Tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges, like seismic waves recorded on seismograms, can be used to study earthquake source processes. The tsunami propagation can be accurately evaluated, since bathymetry is much better known than seismic velocity structure in the Earth. Using waveform inversion techniques, we can estimate the spatial distribution of coseismic slip on the fault plane from tsunami waveforms. This method has been applied to several earthquakes around Japan. Two recent earthquakes, the 1968 Tokachi-oki and 1983 Japan Sea earthquakes, are examined for calibration purposes. Both events show nonuniform slip distributions very similar to those obtained from seismic wave analyses. The use of tsunami waveforms is more useful for the study of unusual or old earthquakes. The 1984 Torishima earthquake caused unusually large tsunamis for its earthquake size. Waveform modeling of this event shows that part of the abnormal size of this tsunami is due to the propagation effect along the shallow ridge system. For old earthquakes, many tide gauge records exist with quality comparable to modern records, while there are only a few good quality seismic records. The 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankaido earthquakes are examined as examples of old events, and slip distributions are obtained. Such estimates are possible only using tsunami records. Since tide-gauge records are available as far back as the 1850s, use of them will provide unique and important information on long-term global seismicity.     

Evaluation of parameters affecting earthquake damage by decision tree techniques

Earthquake damages are assessed based on a holistic approach using structural as well as non-structural factors to model earthquake damage distributions with Decision Tree Techniques, using the Answer Tree program and the damage data from recent major earthquakes in Turkey. The damage dataset consists of approximately 9,400 buildings that were surveyed to evaluate the factors affecting building damage after Erzincan [1992], Dinar [1995], and Kocaeli [1999] earthquakes. The earthquake damage is defined as the dependent variable, while earthquake magnitude (M), intensity (I) in the city, peak ground acceleration (PGA) in each city, epicenter distance (ED), building types (BT), number of storeys (NS), presence of soft storey (SS), building position (BP) on the site, and site conditions (SC) are independent variables in the proposed model. The damage level (DL) was classified with respect to red, yellow, and green codes. The main purpose was (1) to identify the factors controlling building damage during earthquakes; (b) to determine the most significant factor; (c) to evaluate the effects of different factors for different earthquakes; (d) to develop damage distribution models for different subgroups based on the Decision Tree Techniques.

Ground zoning against seismic hazard in Athens, Greece

The 1999, Ms=5.9, Athens earthquake caused serious structural damage to buildings in the western part of Athens, Greece. This paper presents the ground zoning against seismic hazard proposed shortly after the earthquake in order to aid reconstruction of the area. Existing engineering geological and geotechnical data were combined with local observations to provide a unified set of classification criteria, consistent with provisions of the Greek Seismic Code EAK. The accuracy and the possible limitations of this zoning procedure are addressed through comparison with observed damage distribution as well as results from seismic ground response analyses performed at sites with well established soil profiles. There is clear evidence that the proposed zones correspond to geological formations exhibiting grossly different seismic response with regard to the design of common engineering structures. However, the mostly qualitative nature of the guidelines for ground categorisation provided by EAK and the general lack of systematic, site-specific geotechnical data for the whole area induce uncertainties in the definition of the seismic design actions for the different zones. These objective uncertainties certainly demand increased conservatism but do not limit application of the proposed methodology for first aid, preliminary planning in the event of destructive earthquakes.     

Estimation of Earthquake Damage to Buried Pipelines Caused by Ground Shaking

One of the most critical lessons of the recent earthquakes is the need for seismic planning for lifelines, with appropriate supplies and back up systems for emergency repair and restoration. Seismic planning, however requires physical loss estimations before the earthquakes occur. Buried pipeline damage correlations are critical part of loss estimation procedures applied to lifelines for future earthquakes. We review the existing pipeline damage relationships only for ground shaking (transient ground deformations) in the light of recent developments and evaluate them with Denizli City, Turkey water supply system. Eight scenario earthquakes with four different earthquake magnitudes between M6 and M7 caused by two different fault ruptures (Pamukkale and Karakova-Akhan Faults) were used. Analyses were performed by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This high number of different scenario earthquakes made it possible to compare the pipeline damage relationships at different ground shaking levels. Pipeline damage estimations for Denizli City were calculated for each damage relationship and earthquake scenario. Relative effects of damage relationships and scenario earthquakes on the results were compared and discussed. The results were presented separately for brittle, ductile, and all pipelines. It was shown that the variation in ductile pipeline damage estimations by various relationships was higher than the variation in brittle pipeline damage estimations for a particular scenario earthquake.     

基于静力触探试验的液化判别新方法

近来地震液化灾害频发,再次成为研究重点,发展具有良好应用前景的基于静力触探试验（CPT）的液化判别方法对预防液化灾害具有重要意义。以Boulanger数据库171组数据为回归样本,分析既有方法存在的问题,提出了基于CPT液化判别的双曲线模型和计算公式,并通过提取2011年新西兰地震147组液化新数据,对该方法进行对比检验。研究表明,我国岩土工程勘察规范的CPT液化判别方法对浅埋砂层偏于保守,对深层土又明显偏于危险,而国际上具有代表性的Robertson方法,其液化临界线存在低烈度区不合理回弯、高烈度区又偏于保守的问题。提出的新公式在不同地震动强度和砂层埋深下均可给出合理判别结果,克服了国内外既有方法的缺点,并纳入到具有样板规范性质的《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》修订稿中,可为我国相关规范修订和工程应用提供支持。