中国近海玉蟹科两新种

本文报道采自我国近海的玉蟹科Leucosiidae 两新种：尖齿拳蟹(新种) Philyra acutidens sp.nov. 及假珍珠玉蟹(新种) Leucosia pseudomargaritata sp. nov.。新种的模式标本保存于中国科学院海洋研究所(青岛)。拳蟹属Philyra及玉蟹属Leucosia系玉蟹科中种类较多的两个属，我们收藏上述两新种的标本数量较多，前一新种产于渤海、黄海及东海北部，后一新种产于南海，尤以北部湾数量较多；它们与亲缘种十分相似，甚至容易造成误定。本文除详细描述新种特征外，还与近似种作了详细比较。     

南海等螯蟹属一新种

等螯蟹属Genus Parilia隶属于甲壳动物Crustacea十足目Decapoda短尾类Brachyura的玉蟹科Leucosiidae。本属自Wood-Mason,1891年建立以来,迄今仅报道3种:Parilia alcocki Wood-Mason,1891,产于印度;另两个种Parilia major Sakai,1961及Parilia tuberculata Sakai,1961均发现于日本土佐湾。本文卵等螯蟹(新种)Parilia ovata sp.nov.采于南海,为该属第四个种。新种的模式标本保存于中国科学院海洋研究所(青岛)。     

中国近海玉蟹属五个新种的描述

在我国近海进行的海洋综合调查(1958—1960年)时，获得了极为丰富的底栖动物研究材料，其中蟹类很占优势，仅玉蟹科(Leucosiidae)就有70多种。其中，在已整理完毕的16种玉蟹(Leucosia)中，共发现5个新种。新种的模式标本均保存在中国科学院海洋研究所无脊椎动物标本室。     

中国近海隆背蟹属的研究

关于我国近海的隆背蟹属Genus Carcinoplax过去缺乏全面的研究,有些种的鉴定及其分布范围也较混乱,因此,全面探讨该属在我国近海的种类及其分布十分必要。本文材料系根据我所历年来采获的标本,共619号,计3516个。文内共记述9种,其中有两新种即中华隆背蟹(新种)Carcinoplax sinica sp.nov.及长刺隆背蟹(新种)Carcinoplax longispinosa sp.nov.,此外,长足隆背蟹Carcinoplax longipes(Wood-Mason)及南方隆背     

南海深海软骨鱼类四新种一新属一新科

1979年8月4—18日和1980年4—6月在珠江口外南海,水深350—1000米处,采得软骨鱼类多尾,经鉴定其中有4新种,1新属和1新科,即中华光尾鲨(新种)Apristurus sinensis Chu cI Hu sp.nov.(猫鲨科Scyliorhinidae),南海施氏鳐(新种)Springeria nanhaien sis Meng et Li sp.nov(鳐科Rajidae),斑纹扁红(新种)Urolophus marmoratus Chu,Hu     

西沙光螯蟹属一新种

本文报道在西沙群岛采集的甲壳动物标本中发现的长脚蟹科光螯蟹属一新种Litocheira xishaensis sp. nov.,文内除详细描述新种的形态特征外,还与近似种作了比较,且有精细插图,以资鉴别。     

南海扁蟹科一新种

扁蟹科的种类甚少。我们在南海调查中,从拖网采获数量较丰富的一种扁蟹,共123号标本,其中♂102,♀309(170个抱卵),生活于水深34—202米的泥质沙或软泥底。这些标本经鉴定与已知种有显著不同,故确定为新种,现描述如下。     

南海关公蟹属两新种

关公蟹属Dorippe系Weber于1795年建立的。Ser?ne and Romimohtarto,1969年主要根据雄性第1腹肢构造的不同,将原关公蟹属分为三属四亚属,即Dorippe(Dorippe),Dorippe(Dorippoides),Neodorippe(Neodorippe),Neodorippe(Nebilum)和Paradorippe。在这些属中,关公蟹属和亚属在印度西太平洋区仅记述过一种,即Dorippe(Dorippe)frascone(Herbst)。历年来,我所在全国沿海进行采集和全国海洋综合调查中获得了一些关公蟹标本,其中有两个新种,特报道如下。     

中国近海中带蛤科的研究

中带蛤科(Mesodesmatidae)是蛤蜊总科(Mactracea)中种数较少的一科。中国科学院海洋研究所历年来在我国沿海潮间带采到一定数量的标本，经鉴定共5种(其中1新种)，分隶于4个属，种名如下：(*为我国首次记录)。 1.环纹坚石蛤Atactodea striata (Gmelin) *2.扁平蛤Davila planum (Hanley) *3.反凸息蛤(新种) Anapella retroconvexa sp. nov. 4.中国朽叶蛤Coecella chinensis Deshayes 5.锈色朽叶蛤Coecella turgida Deshayes 中国近海的中带蛤过去报道较少，Deshayes(1854)报道Coecella chinensis产于中国近海; Kuroda(1941)报道产于我国台湾省的C. chinensis, C. cf. turgida和Amphidesma(Atactodea) striatum等3种;张玺等(1960，1961)报道C. chinensis和Mesodesma striata等2种。     

西沙群岛蟹类(扇蟹科)的研究

扇蟹科Xanthidae在西沙群岛蟹类区系组成中占绝对优势,约占总种数的50%以上,其中以中、小型的个体居多。它们生活于潮间带的珊瑚礁中,多数具有美丽的颜色。其中有的种含有毒素,不能食用,如花纹爱洁蟹Atergatis floridius (Linnaeus)、铜铸熟若蟹Zosimus aeneus (Linnaeus)及颗粒扁足蟹Platypodia granulosa (Ruppell)等;经研究证实，所含蟹毒是一种麻痹毒素paralytic toxin,食后会引起四肢麻木,昏迷,严重者导致死亡(Hashimato et al.1967; Inque et al.1968)。本篇记述扇蟹科蟹类40种,隶于24属,其中31种为我国新记录(文中种名后具有*号者);有两种系采自中沙群岛,在此一并报道。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

Northstar-Geology,Exploration History,and Development Status,Beaufort Sea,Alaska

Exploration for oil at Northstar has been long and costly. Northstar leases were first acquired in 1979 at a joint state and federal sale by Shell Oil, Amerada Hess, and Texas Eastern. The Northstar Unit is 6 mi offshore and about 4 mi northeast of the Point McIntyre Field. Oil was first discovered in Shell's Seal Island 1 in 1983. Five additional appraisal wells were drilled (1983-1986) from two man-made gravel islands in 40 ft of water. Early engineering estimates put the cost of development at $ 1.6 billion. In February 1995, BP Exploration (Alaska) acquired a 98 % interest in the Northstar Unit from Amerada Hess and Shell Oil. When developed by BP, Northstar will be the first oil produced from federal leases in Alaska. To date, the oil industry has invested in excess of $ 140 million in exploration and appraisal operations. An additional $ 90 million was spent on lease bonus bids. The giant Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk Fields lie along the Barrow Arch. This arch is bounded to the north by a rift margin that deepens into the present-day offshore region. Northstar is located among a series of down-stepping faults off this northern rift margin of the Prudhoe Kuparuk high. The structure is a gently south-dipping northwest-trending faulted anticline. The crest of the structure is located near 10,850 ft subsea. The primary reservoir is the Ivishak Formation (325 ft thick) of the Sadlerochit Group. This is the same primary reservoir at Prudhoe Bay, approximately 12 mi to the south. At Northstar the Ivishak is a high-energy, coarse-grained conglomeratic facies of the Ivishak Formation. The primary lithology is a pebbly chert to quartz conglomerate with occasional sandstone. This very high net to gross reservoir appears to contain no regionally continuous permeability barriers. Cementation has reduced primary porosity to less than 15 %. Accurate porosity estimates are difficult to make due to the coarse-grained nature of the lithology and the presence of kaolinite and microporous chert. Permeability is highly variable, but averages 10 to 100 mDarcies. Oil is a very light and volatile 42 API crude with approximately 2,100 ft3 of gas per stock tank barrel of oil. This oil is very different from the heavier oils (26) found to the south in Prudhoe Bay. Estimated recoverable oil reserves range from 100 to 160 million barrels. A free-standing drilling rig is required at Northstar because the reserves are beyond extended-reach drilling techniques from shore-based facilities. The current development plan is to expand the existing Seal Island to about 5 acres. This is significantly less than Endicott's 40-acre island. The proposed drilling and produc tion island will be accessed by summer barges and winter ice roads. Oil, gas, and water will be processed at a stand-alone facility and then sent to shore via a subsurface pipeline. Northstar will have the first Arctic subsea pipeline in Alaska to transport oil to shore facilities (TAPS). Preliminary tests in Spring 1996 were very successful in demonstrating the technology to successfully bury a subsea pipeline safely in the Arctic.