Spatial variability and pattern analysis of soil properties in Dehui city, Jilin province

1IntroductionSoil nutrient, as the synthetic results under the influence of various anthropogenic activities and the factors such as climate and topography, etc., possesses certain spatial distribution characteristics, and certain structural and stochastic characteristics. The study of the differences existing in different parts of the region lays the foundation for adjusting all management measures and all material input capacities and for gaining the maximal economic benefit. Presently, the …     

吉林省德惠市土壤特性空间变异特征与格局

Based on regionalized variable theory, semivariograms of geo-statistics were used to research the spatial variation of soil properties quantitatively. The results showed that the semivariogram of soil organic matter is best described by spherical model, the best model for semivariograms of soil total N and available K is exponential models and that of available P belongs to linear with sill model. Those soil properties have different spatial correlations respectively, the lag of organic matter is the highest and that of available P is the lowest, the spatial correlation of N and available K belongs to moderate degree. Spatial heterogeneities are different too, the degree of organic matter and total N are higher, the degree of available K is in the next place and that of available P is the lowest. Influenced by the shape, topography and soil of the study area, all isotropies of available P are obvious in all directions while anisotropies of others are manifested. According to the analytical results, supported by GIS, Kriging and IDW methods are applied to describe and analyze the spatial distribution of soil properties. The results indicate that soil organic matter, total N and available K are distributed regularly from northeast to southwest, while available P is distributed randomly.     

吉林省德惠市土壤特性空间变异特征与格局

基于区变量理论,通过地统计学的半变异函数定量研究吉林省中部德惠市土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和速效磷的空间异质性特征。表明土壤有机质的理论模型属于球状模型、全氮和速效钾的理论模型为指数模型、速效磷则属于有基台值的线状模型。空间结构上,有机质具有很强的空间相关性,全氮和速效钾的空间相关性属于中等程度,而速效磷则具有弱相关性。四种土壤养分的空间自相关范围具有明显的差异,有机质和全氮的有效变程最大,速效钾次之,速效磷的有效变程最小。受研究区形状、地形及土壤母质区域性差异的影响,速效磷各向同性显著,其他养分各向带状性比较明显。根据空间分异的分析结果,在GIS支持下,采用Kriging和IDW两种插值方法,分析研究区土壤养分的空间格局,表明土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾均自东北向西南有规律地分布;速效磷分布的随机性较强,较前三者结构性特征不明显。     

民勤绿洲不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆表面土壤理化性质研究

以民勤绿洲作为研究区域,对不同演化阶段灌丛沙堆表面土壤样品进行了采集和分析。结果表明,随着灌丛沙堆的不断演化,土壤性质发生了显著的变化。不同演化阶段灌丛沙堆表面颗粒组成仍以砂粒为主,从雏形阶段到稳定阶段,砂粒含量逐渐减少,在稳定阶段达到最小,pH值和砂粒的变化趋势一致,粉砂、粘粒、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量增加,在稳定阶段均达到最大;灌丛沙堆活化后,其砂粒含量和pH值重新出现增加趋势,而粉砂和粘粒的含量开始减少,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量也迅速下降;除稳定阶段迎风坡和背风坡有机质、全氮和全磷含量差异比较显著外,其他演化阶段不同坡向粒度和养分差异均不显著;有机质、全氮、速效氮的含量在灌丛沙堆演化过程中变幅最大,全磷和速效磷次之,全钾和速效钾的变幅最小。     

Species diversity and its relation with soil factors under different site conditions in a desert-oasis ecotone

Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007–2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dune. Results of the Hill’s index (diversity ordering) shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation distribution was soil water content > pH > total K > organic matter > available N > total N > available K > total P > saline content > available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%.     

土地利用方式对西藏东部河谷山地土壤肥力性质的影响

通过现场调查取样和室内理化分析,研究了西藏东部主要河谷地区不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力性质及其随土地利用方式变化的机制。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质有明显的差异,耕地和裸地土壤砂粒含量高于其他利用方式,本区域土壤砂质特征明显;受有机质积累影响,乔木林地、灌丛地土壤具有相对较高N素养分;受施肥等因素影响,农耕地土壤具有相对较高P、K养分;在所有利用方式中,裸地土壤尽管具有相对较高的粉粒含量,但所有养分指标均最低,显著低于林地土壤。总之,对于西藏脆弱生境而言,耕作使得有机质更易于消耗。由于有机质与植被之间存在明显互相促进的作用,因此维持土壤有机质平衡对于恢复植被、保护青藏高原东缘生态屏障具有重要的意义。     

临泽绿洲农田土壤肥力质量时空变化特征

干旱区荒漠绿洲农田土壤肥力质量的研究是绿洲功能和生产力评价的一个重要方面。通过1982年和2008年临泽绿洲农田287个样点耕层土壤（0~20 cm）有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾数据,利用地理信息系统和地统计学分析手段,研究了26 a来土壤肥力质量的变化特征。结果表明,研究区土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量为13.8 g·kg-1、0.81 g·kg-1、64.4 mg·kg-1、32.3 mg·kg-1、199 mg·kg-1,较1982年分别提高了13.5%、7.8％、9.3%、225.6％和26.8％;土壤肥力指标的变异性较大,变异系数均大于25%;模糊数学综合评价方法适合研究区土壤肥力质量评价,土壤肥力质量综合值由1982年的强度空间变异发展为中等空间变异;根据全国农业地力等级划分标准,研究区土壤属于4、5、6、7级,较1982年的土壤肥力呈上升趋势。土壤肥力综合值分布图可以为该区域土壤资源的合理利用提供理论依据。     

改造华家岭防护林带的土壤改良效果

为探讨华家岭低效防护林带改造对土壤的改良效果,在华家岭地区选取生长不良的低效杨树纯林和改造后的云杉纯林、云杉×杨树、云杉×油松、云杉×落叶松混交林5种典型林带类型,对其土壤理化性状进行对比研究。结果表明:（1）云杉纯林及其混交林土壤的平均容重、平均毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、通气度与杨树纯林的差异显著（p<0.05）,经过低效林改造后的云杉纯林及其混交林较杨树纯林的土壤容重有所下降,孔隙度和通气性有所提高\.（2）除速效P外,各林型的土壤速效N、速效K、全N、全P、全K和有机质含量随土层深度的增加而降低;云杉纯林及其混交林的土壤有机质含量、速效N、P、K和全量N、P、K养分均高于杨树纯林,pH值低于杨树纯林\.（3）云杉纯林及其混交林的有机质含量和全N含量与容重和总孔隙度的相关性较杨树纯林的好,云杉纯林及其混交林对土壤理化性能的改良作用优于杨树纯林。     

阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期植被与土壤环境的变化

对阿拉善荒漠草地恢复初期(1998-2001)植被特征和土壤养分的变化进行了研究。结果表明:草地恢复过程中,植被的盖度和生物量比封育前分别增加272%~536%和44.39%~305.3%。植被的恢复使土壤理化性质发生了变化,与封育前相比土壤中有机质、全N、速效K以及细砂、特别细砂和粘粒含量显著增加;速效N、速效P降低。土壤有机质、全N和全P的含量与土壤中<0.05 mm颗粒和速效K含量呈极显著正相关,并且前三者之间也呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

Sampling Size Requirements to Delineate Spatial Variability of Soil Properties for Site-Specific Nutrient Management in Rubber Tree Plantations

Site-specific nutrient management is an important strategy to promote sustainable production of rubber trees in order to obtain high yields of natural rubber. Making effective nutrient management decisions for rubber trees depend on knowing the spatial variations of soil fertility properties in advance. In this study the Kriging geostatistical method was used to examine the spatial variability of soil total nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) in a typical hilly rubber tree plantation in Hainan, China. The spatial variability of the soils was small for the TN and OM and had medium variability for the AP and AK variables. Anisotropic semivariograms of all soil properties revealed that elevation and building contour ledge can profoundly affect the spatial variability of soil properties in the plantation, except for the AK variable. Soil samples had to be collected in alignment with the direction of elevation and perpendicular to the direction of building contour ledges, which was needed to obtain more reliable information within the study area in the rubber tree plantation. In formulating a sample scheme for AK, the distribution features of the soil’s parent material should be considered as the influence factor in the study field. The Kriging method used to guide the soil sampling for spatial variability dertermination of soil properties was about 2-5 times more efficient than the classic statistical method.     

区域尺度土壤养分空间变异及其影响因素研究

江苏北部5市土壤表层(0~20cm)全氮含量连云港东北部、淮安南部和盐城西部显著高于其它地区;全磷含量呈现由北到南、自西向东升高的趋势;速效磷含量高值区位于北部的灌云县和南部的金湖县;速效钾含量东部沿海高于其它地区。土壤类型和成土母质对土壤养分产生显著影响:对于土类而言,沼泽土和水稻土养分较高;各成土母质中,湖相沉积物发育的土壤养分含量最高。在研究区1:5万尺度范围内,土壤类型对全氮和全磷的变异起主导作用,而速效磷受成土母质的影响较大,土壤类型和成土母质对速效钾的影响较小,土壤类型和成土母质对全量养分的影响要大于速效养分。     

甘肃灌漠土土壤肥力的空间变异性典型研究

结合传统统计与地统计学方法对甘肃省河西地区武威灌漠土土壤肥力的空间变异性进行了分析。描述性统计结果显示，该地土壤肥力具有较大的空间变异，土壤NH4^ -N的变异系数最高，为62．656％，速效磷的变异系数次之，为47．369％，pH的变异系数最小，仅为1．284％，有机质和速效钾的变异系数分别为13．208％和38．075％。地统计学分析表明该区域土壤特性的块金方差／基台值比值[C0／(C0 C)]在0．0413％～13．7801％之间，说明该土壤性质的各项指标均有强烈的空间相关性，其中NH 一N和pH值的空间相关性相对最强，[C。／(G C)]分别为0．0413％和0．0978％；速效磷相对最弱，[C0／(C0 C)]为13．7801％；有机质与速效钾居中。土壤肥力性质的相关距变化范围为176～294m。该土壤性质的克立格插值结果显示出一定的空间相似性，显示地统计学方法可用于分析土壤肥力在空间上的变异。     

向海沼泽湿地土壤氮素的空间分布格局

本文运用地统计学方法探讨了吉林省通榆县向海沼泽湿地土壤氮素在植物生长初期的空间分布格局 ,结果表明除铵态氮外 ,其他各形态氮素主要集中分布在表层土壤 ,呈现出由表层向下逐渐减少的趋势。各形态氮素和全氮都具有高度的变异特征 ,其中表层土壤碱解氮的变异最大 ,铵态氮最小 ,变异系数分别为 6 5 6 4%和 4 9 5 1% ;其他各层土壤有机氮、全氮和硝态氮含量的统计变异较大 ,而碱解氮和铵态氮较小 ;有机氮和全氮的空间分布格局具有显著的相似性 ;表层土壤全氮、有机氮和碱解氮的高值区和低值区具有高度的一致性 ;除碱解氮主要集中在土壤表层外 ,其他形态氮素和全氮在土壤较深层次均出现累积峰。     

The impact of land use on soil properties in a karst agricultural region of Southwest China:a case study of Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan

Supported by RS and GIS, the land use change from 1982 to 2003 were analyzed and the impacts of land use changes on pH value, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, and available K in soil of Xiaojiang watershed, a typical karst agricultural region of Yunnan Province, Southwest China were assessed. The following aspects are concluded. (1) The total land use converted during the past 20 years in Xiaojiang watershed covers an area of 610.12 km2, of which 134.29 km2 of forestland was converted into cultivated land, and 210 km2 of unused land was converted into cultivated land. (2) The rapid growth of population and the economic development were the main driving forces of land use change. (3) With the change in land use, the soil properties have been changed significantly. The pH, organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K in soil in 1982 were 6.3, 38.02 g kg-1, 1.86 g kg-1, 1.63 g kg-1, 10.94 g kg-1, 114.42 g kg-1, 11.65 mg kg-1 and 64.69 mg kg-1g, respectively; and those in 2003 were 6.73, 25.26 g kg-1, 1.41 g kg-1, 0.99 g kg-1, 12.6 g kg-1, 113.43 mg kg-1, 11.11 mg kg-1 and 151.59 mg kg-1, respectively. Pared samples t-test of the tested indices of soil properties indicate that those indices have changed significantly during the last 20 years. But the soil properties changed differently, due to the differences in land use change. (4) Also, with the change in land use and management measures of soil, the modifications in soil properties which developed from carbonate rocks were more sensitive than those in the soil developed from sandstone.     

放牧对阿拉善荒漠草地土壤性状的影响

对阿拉善荒漠草地不同放牧条件下土壤理化性状的变化进行了研究,结果表明:在草地基况一致的条件下,经过连续6a不同强度的放牧,0~ 20cm土层土壤容重轻牧和重牧区低于中牧区。随着放牧强度的增加,土壤颗粒组成极粗砂、粗砂和中砂含量增加,细砂、极细砂、粉砂和粘粒含量减少,过度放牧加快了土壤风蚀沙化。0~20cm土层中土壤有机C、全P的含量和C/N随着放牧强度的增加而依次降低;全N、全K、pH末发生明显变化;速效N和速效K重牧区显著高于轻牧区和中牧区;速效P轻牧区高于中、重牧区。土壤有机C与全P、速效P呈显著正相关;全P与速效N和K呈显著负相关,与速效P呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

典型岩溶农业区土地利用变化对土壤性质的影响——以云南小江流域为例

1 Introduction Because of modifying land-cover (Turner et al., 1991) and management measures of soil (Dalal, 1986), land use changes can cause significant modifications in soil properties (Islam, 2000; Mcalister, 1998; Braimoh, 2004; Lal, 1996; Shepherd, …     

Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Nutrients Based on GIS and Geostatistics: A Case Study of Yisa Township,Yunnan, China

Hani rice terraces system is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO. Soil nutrients are an important symbol of soil fertility, and play an important role in the sustainable utilization of land. Based on geo-statistics and GIS, the spatial variation of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil in Yisa (a town in Honghe County, Yunnan Province) was studied. The results show that the spatial variability of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium exhibited medium spatial variability, and the coefficients of variation are 12.54%, 40.14%, 40.00%, 34.89%, and 40.00% respectively. Available phosphorus exhibited strong spatial variability, and the coefficient of variation is 102.13%. The spatial variation of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium fit the index mode, however, the spatial variation of available phosphorus fits the spherical model. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were greatly affected by soil structural factors, while pH, organic matter and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen were affected by both structural and random factors. The spatial distribution of soil nutrients in Yisa was intuitively characterized by Kriging interpolation. It is very important to understand the spatial distribution of soil nutrients, which will provide the guidance for adjusting agricultural management measures such as fertilization.     

塔里木河下游绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤异质性及对植物群落的影响

结合塔里木河下游铁干里克绿洲荒漠过渡带9个土壤剖面的81个土样分析数据,利用非参数检验、单因素方差分析和灰色关联方法,分析了塔里木河下游铁干里克绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤特性及其对植物群落的影响。结果表明,研究区土壤除全磷外,有机质等指标存在垂直分布差异,出现显著差异的土层深度为50 cm。研究区上段的土壤养分含量相对较高,下段较低;植物物种多样性指数自上段至下段的下降趋势与有机质等的变化相同,而植物群落退化则表现为从复合群落到单一群落的演变趋势,即从乔(胡杨为主)、灌(柽柳为主)、草复合群落演变到单一的柽柳灌丛群落。灰色关联分析表明,塔里木河下游铁干里克绿洲荒漠过渡带上层(0～50 cm)土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量与物种多样性的相关性较高。     

末次间冰期以来黄河中游黄土高原沟谷侵蚀-堆积过程初探

以陕西洛川北汉寨小流域为基础，建立末次间冰期以来黄河中游黄土高原的沟谷侵蚀－堆积模式，并定量计算流域不同时期侵蚀模数或堆积速率，初步恢复了末次间冰期以来黄土高原中部地区的沟谷侵蚀－堆积过程。计算结果表明，末次间冰期公来，黄土高原中部地区的自然侵蚀作用可能在逐渐加剧。侵蚀－堆积是黄土区沟谷发育的基本过程，并与气候变化密切相关。侵蚀期相当于湿润期，也就是降雨量大的时期；沉积黄土层的时期沟谷发育大大减缓甚至停止，并且在原来的谷底、谷坡上还可堆积黄土。     

Responses of soil nutrient to driving mechanism in Taihu Lake basin in last 20 years

1 IntroductionPopulation growth and economic development aggrandizes day by day pressure on land resources, which results in serious land degradation and environmental pollution[1]. The status and management of land resources has become one of the highlights of global soil study[2]. Human-induced soil changes and their effects on human lives and eco-environments have received extensive attention[3-7]. Improving soil quality is one of the most important factors for sustaining the global biosphe…