斜坡深层岩石蠕变与黄土坡滑坡

许多大型的滑坡都与深层重力斜坡变形有关,深层重力斜坡变形有三种基本类型：深层岩石蠕变、脊侧向扩展、逆冲断层前锋侧向扩展。重点阐述了深层岩石蠕变的特征及其形成的机制。以黄土坡滑坡为研究实例,提出黄土坡滑坡前期经历过深层蠕变。     

宝鸡市狄家坡滑坡稳定性研究

宝鸡市狄家坡斜坡是一个古滑坡。在调查滑坡区水文地质和工程地质条件的前提下, 本文描述了滑坡的形态与物质结构、滑坡表层的变形破坏特征及其影响因素, 探讨了古滑坡的发生机制。引用可以任意条分块体的Sarma方法, 研究了该滑坡在自然、地震、饱水和三者同时存在共四种状态下的稳定性, 并进行了斜坡表层黄土坡体的稳定性对于地下水位上升的敏感性分析。基本结论是, 狄家坡滑坡在整体上是稳定的, 其表层的黄土坡体在地下水位上升时会发生失稳破坏。最后, 提出了进行滑坡防治的工程对策。     

三峡水库区云阳县西城滑坡蠕变研究

一些大型的岩质滑坡往往经历过长期的变形准备。云阳县西城滑坡就是这类滑坡的一个典型实例。西城滑坡是三峡工程库区一个大型滑坡,2001年被列入三峡工程库区四大滑坡之一进行了勘察。通过勘察,对滑坡结构有了较为深入的了解,在滑坡前缘滑床中鉴别出褶皱及顺层滑动带等完整的变形系统。本文对西城滑坡滑床及前缘发育的变形构造形态、空间分布、运动学与动力学特点进行了阐述,分析了该变形系统与滑坡形成演化之间的关系,认为滑坡前期经历了重力长期作用下的斜坡岩体蠕变。本研究对于认识三峡水库区一些县城区斜坡中存在的深厚层松散地质体具有重要的指导意义。     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡体原岩结构特征及演化模式研究

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡是一个大型复合变形体,地质条件非常复杂,其演化过程还需要进一步研究。本文对黄土坡滑坡勘察及白土坡库岸深部监测钻孔岩芯资料进行了综合对比研究,结果表明巴东组第三段上亚段岩体相对下亚段岩体夹层发育密集,黄土坡滑坡滑床中可能仍有贯通性夹层发育,取样夹层已泥化为砾类土。根据巴东组第三段岩体中软弱夹层发育特点恢复了黄土坡滑坡体的原岩结构,滑体分布特征与原岩结构对比研究表明黄土坡滑坡体是复合牵引式滑坡多次滑动的产物。黄土坡斜坡前缘巴东组第三段上亚段岩体中夹层密集,易泥化为滑坡滑带发生深层蠕变,并且受F3断层切割和次级褶皱发育影响岩体破碎,先期发生了滑坡。继而引发斜坡中部巴东组第三段下亚段表层风化破碎岩体坠覆或滑动并超覆于前缘崩滑体之上,最后引发园艺场滑坡使斜坡后部巴东组第二段表层风化破碎岩体滑动超覆于中部岩体之上,受三峡水库蓄水影响黄土坡滑坡崩滑体深部滑带及滑床夹层蠕滑将进一步加剧。这种演化模式能较好地解释黄土坡滑坡复杂滑体结构的成因及变化特征。     

黄土-红层接触面滑坡的变形特征

黄土一新近纪红色泥岩接触面(简称黄土-红层接触面)滑坡是黄土地区分布最广、发生最频繁的滑坡类型之一.为了深入了解该类滑坡的形成机理,本项研究通过现场监测和室内物理模拟对一个正在变形的黄土-红层接触面滑坡的变形特征进行了系统的综合分析.野外变形和室内物理模拟试验一致显示,该滑坡将经历两个明显的变形过程:牵引式和累进式扩展变形;沿黄土-红层接触面的解体式块体滑移,同时伴随沿黄土古土壤层的局部滑移.滑坡变形由斜坡前缘崩塌牵引所致,块体滑移由前缘向后缘逐渐发展,滑面剪切破坏由中段向坡脚和后部两侧发展.进一步分析表明,该滑坡的变形特征主要受制于坡形、黄土结构和性质,尤其是黄土-红层接触面的产状和性质.降雨入渗改变斜坡岩土体的性质,进而影响该类滑坡的变形特征.此外,实验结果显示,开挖活动对斜坡变形的影响取决于开挖方式和开挖强度.     

贵州省关岭县永窝、大寨滑坡-碎屑流形成机制浅析

本文对永窝、大寨滑坡-碎屑流形成机制进行了初步分析,认为斜坡坡体结构面发育,主要存在3组陡倾构造节理以及一组原生节理,将岩体切割成楔形体,其中一组构造节理形成的古断裂面,为滑坡形成的主控因素;连续的干旱,然后持续的强降雨,诱发滑坡的发生。     

某水电站坝前左岸古滑坡成因机制分析

古滑坡坐落于Ⅱ级阶地台面上,堆积物最大厚度可达50m余。利用FLAC^3D数值模拟得到的滑面在前缘位于基覆界面附近,与野外调查的结果一致。结合雅砻江河谷演化历史,从斜坡演化机制、边坡岩体的变形破坏模式,分析了古滑坡成因机制。研究表明：雅砻江快速下切使岸坡岩体浅表改造程度较为剧烈,不断增加的重力堆积静荷载与崩塌形成的瞬时冲击荷载加速了岩体的弯曲一拉裂变形进程,造成Ⅱ级阶地基座岩体发生突发性折断破坏．从而导致古滑坡失稳。     

两河口水库区索依村滑坡形成机制及稳定性评价

索依村滑坡位于两河口水电站近坝库区,为一古滑坡。本文从斜坡地质结构分析人手,结合雅砻江河谷地貌演化,分析了滑坡的形成演化机制,进而评价了滑坡的稳定性。研究结果表明,滑坡发生于陡立板岩顺向层状结构斜坡中,其变形破坏模式为倾倒弯曲-拉裂型,形成于雅砻江Ⅲ级阶地形成以后至Ⅱ级阶地形成前的河谷快速下切期。是在河谷强烈下蚀作用及凹岸侧蚀作用下,斜坡岩体发生侧向卸荷,并在重力场作用下发生倾倒弯曲拉裂变形而形成。滑坡现状处于稳定状态,两河口水电站施工期导流围堰回水情况下,整体处于基本稳定状态,对水电工程施工安全不会带来重大影响。     

许家洞古滑坡复活的特性分析与治理方案优化

从地貌形态、古滑坡特征调查、滑坡发育的地质环境和滑坡变形监测分析,认为许家洞斜坡原来为一古滑坡;并基于此进行了滑带土抗剪强度的试验分析和滑坡稳定性对地下水位的敏感性分析,提出了滑坡治理设计的优选方案,经工程实践证明达到了降低工程造价和确保治理效果等目的,也可为类似滑坡的调查与治理提供参考.     

黄土坡滑坡形成与变形的地质过程机制

巴东黄土坡滑坡是三峡库区重大滑坡之一, 规模大, 而且形成与变形地质过程机制复杂.是与三峡库区构造强烈隆升、河流急剧下切、斜坡重力卸荷等各种作用相伴生的地质过程的结果; 其中的Ⅰ号崩滑堆积体在回水条件下深层蠕动变形较明显, 受到多方面的关注.采用地质过程类比分析方法, 通过对滑坡形成、回水前变形破坏、回水条件下变形的地质过程机制分析, 预测了深层蠕动变形使其中部和前部产生较大变形的发展趋势, 目前发现Ⅰ号崩滑堆积体的深层蠕动变形问题, 主要是库水升降的动态过程与降雨效应耦合作用的结果.      

降雨和库水位联合作用下库岸滑坡模型试验研究

受库区水位波动和降雨影响,库岸大量老滑坡体变形加剧,地质灾害问题十分突出。为研究库岸滑坡影响因素、变形演化规律及失稳条件,以大型物理模型试验为手段,选取三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为对象,通过考虑水位波动、降雨及其组合作用等诱发因素,开展了一系列的库岸滑坡模型试验研究。试验结果表明：水位升降,变形主要集中于模型坡体前缘,其中,水位抬升过程中,滑坡模型变形较小,变形加速阶段出现于水位下降期间,且变形速率与水位下降速率成正比,即临江Ⅰ号崩滑体为典型的动水压力型滑坡;降雨影响下坡体变形在时间和空间上存在明显分区现象,时间上,变形发展主要集中于坡体浅表层饱和之后,即短时降雨对坡体变形未产生显著影响,空间上,坡体前缘和后缘变形剧烈;库水位下降和强降雨联合作用下坡体前缘产生局部流滑破坏,并溯源发展至前缘整体破坏,为典型的牵引式破坏模式。试验揭示处于临滑阶段坡体,其孔隙水压力、土压力变化呈现异常频繁的波动现象,可为滑坡预警预报提供一定参考依据。     

含软弱夹层库岸复杂滑坡体形成机制

黄土坡复杂滑坡体形成机制研究对滑坡稳定性分析非常重要。通过地层对比并考虑软弱夹层的发育特征建立了巴东城区黄土坡斜坡原岩结构模型,斜坡前缘巴东组第三段上亚段岩体中软弱夹层发育密集,可与黄土坡滑坡深部多级滑带对应。数值模拟计算表明,斜坡在形成演化过程中斜坡前缘巴东组第三段上亚段岩体出现了明显的剪应变集中分布,变形深度与斜坡临江I号崩滑堆积体厚度基本一致,可见斜坡岩体结构和斜坡演化过程的应力应变特征控制了临江I号崩滑堆积体的形成。三峡水库蓄水后会加剧滑坡体的剪切变形,泥化夹层的存在容易诱发深层滑坡。      

New data and interpretations of the shallow and deep deformation of Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass during seasonal rainfall and water level fluctuation

The original Badong County, Hubei, China, was mainly below the highest water level of the Three Gorges Reservoir, which is 175 m above sea level. The new downtown of Badong was rebuilt in the Huangtupo area between 1982 and 1991. After detailed geological investigation in the Huangtupo area, four independent landslides were identified, making it one of the largest and most harmful landslide group in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Since 2003, abundant data have been obtained from the Huangtupo No. 1 sliding mass about rainfall, water level, earth surface deformation and deep deformation. The monitoring data indicate that the earth surface and deep deformation of this landslide is closely related to the seasonal rainfall and water level fluctuation of the reservoir. During increases in the water level, the earth surface deformation velocity decreases, and then increases obviously in the subsequent water level decreasing stage. Because the water level drawdown period overlaps with the rainy season in this area, the earth surface deformation is affected by both rainfall and water level. The deformation velocity of the earth surface caused by rainfall is about 5 mm/month, while that caused by water level decrease is 5–7 mm/month. On the contrary, the deformation velocity of the deep sliding mass accelerates 2 to 3 times faster than average during water level increase. The distinction of surface and deep deformation regulations indicates that the effects of seasonal rainfall and water level fluctuation on the stability of reservoir wading landslides are different. Based on all monitoring data, we also found that the Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass is creeping seasonally during the seasonal rainfall and periodic reservoir water level fluctuation. The deformation velocities of the east regions of the sliding body indicate acceleration, making these regions even more dangerous.     

三峡库区香溪河段典型滑坡变形特征分析

本文从坡形采集入手,对三峡库区香溪河段蓄水后发生变形的滑坡进行归纳统计。统计表明,近水库岸坡为凸形的滑坡更容易发生变形。对香溪河段典型滑坡进行了长期地表位移监测,获得八字门滑坡和白家包滑坡的变形曲线为台阶状,耿家坪滑坡的变形曲线为脉动形。近库水微地貌为凸岸,滑体物质为老滑坡堆积物的滑坡变形曲线为台阶状,变形具积累性;近库水微地貌为凹岸,滑体物质为崩塌堆积物的滑坡变形曲线为脉动形,变形具“弹性”。     

地形坡度对鄂渝地区水库型堆积层滑坡贡献率研究

堆积层滑坡是库区常见的滑坡类型之一,而地形坡度是滑坡发育的重要内因,研究地形坡度与堆积层滑坡发生概率之间的关系对水库型堆积层滑坡的危险性评价具有重要意义。以三峡库区及丹江口库区的139处堆积层滑坡为例,首先,将滑坡地形坡度以每隔5划分为一个区间,总共分为7个区间; 在此基础上,采用贡献率方法,定量研究了地形坡度分别对滑坡数量、面积、体积的贡献率; 最后,通过迭加统计,得到了不同坡度区间对滑坡发生的综合贡献率。结果表明, 15～25的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率最高, 10～15及25～30的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率中等,小于10及大于30的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率最小。研究结果可为具有类似地质背景的水库型堆积层滑坡危险性评估及防治规划提供参考依据。     

Using an extreme learning machine to predict the displacement of step-like landslides in relation to controlling factors

In the evolution of landslides, besides the geological conditions, displacement depends on the variation of the controlling factors. Due to the periodic fluctuation of the reservoir water level and the precipitation, the shape of cumulative displacement-time curves of the colluvial landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir follows a step function. The Baijiabao landslide in the Three Gorges region was selected as a case study. By analysing the response relationship between the landslide deformation, the rainfall, the reservoir water level and the groundwater level, an extreme learning machine was proposed in order to establish the landslide displacement prediction model in relation to controlling factors. The result demonstrated that the curves of the predicted and measured values were very similar, with a correlation coefficient of 0.984. They showed a distinctive step-like deformation characteristic, which underlined the role of the influencing factors in the displacement of the landslide. In relation to controlling factors, the proposed extreme learning machine (ELM) model showed a great ability to predict the Baijiabao landslide and is thus an effective displacement prediction method for colluvial landslides with step-like deformation in the Three Gorges Reservoir region.     

Regional assessment of landslide impact in the Three Gorges area, China, using ASTER data: Wushan-Zigui

This paper is focussed on the hazard impact of landslides in the Three Gorges, and represents the progression of our ongoing study on regional land instability assessment in the Three Gorges area using imagery data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER). The key development here is the establishment of a model that integrates land instability with several factors that can relate hazard to human life, such as slope failures occurring in proximity to built-up areas and roads, and areas of high landslide risk along the bank of Yangtze and its major tributaries. The method correctly identifies some of the known destructive landslides in the region, like Qianjiangping and Huangtupo, as belonging to areas of potentially high landslide impact. Our results suggest that several population centres, including the towns of Wushan and Badong, are rated at high landslide hazard levels. This study highlights the importance of differentiating between landslide types within susceptibility assessment, and identifies those locations in the Three Gorges where the probability of landslide occurrence with negative impact to life and property is greatest.     

A study of the factors influencing the occurrence of landslides in the Wushan area

Due to the complex natural geological conditions, many slope-related geological hazards occur in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China. This study focuses on the characteristics of landslide development and their underlying mechanisms in this area. A statistical analysis is conducted to determine the characteristics of landslide development in the Wushan area, including the landslide distribution as a function of the elevation, slope, landslide material composition, scale, lithology, boundary conditions, instability mechanism, stratigraphic age, attitude, and sliding direction. The mechanisms of slope instability and the effect on the occurrence of landslides are analyzed. This study provides important reference material for landslide research in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and similar stratigraphic areas.     

三峡库区滑坡空间发育规律及其关键影响因子

三峡库区涉水滑坡众多,目前库岸滑坡空间发育规律及其影响因素尚不明确.收集三峡大坝至库尾江津长江两岸593处滑坡相关资料,选取地层岩性、斜坡结构、高程与坡度作为滑坡关键控制因素及库水作用这一诱发因素.沿三峡大坝追溯至库尾,根据不同影响因子把干流库岸进行分段研究,统计滑坡在各影响因子中的分布特征,分析其分布规律及内在机理,可得以下结论:（1）受不同岩组的工程地质性质差异,干流库岸稳定性差异较大,造成滑坡在空间分布上呈显著区域差异性与分带性特征;（2）在同一岩组的左、右两岸或上下游段滑坡发育密度呈明显局部差异性,其主要受斜坡结构影响,顺向坡中发育密度明显高于横向坡与逆向坡;（3）由于地形地貌条件及库水作用影响,滑坡后缘高程与坡度由库首至库尾逐渐降低,而前缘主要集中于100~175 m,滑坡复活变形的最主要诱发因素为库水位升降作用,当水位作用于滑坡中前部时影响效果最明显,影响时效随着滑坡逐年变形应力调整后逐渐减弱.研究结果为三峡库区滑坡防治提供了一定依据.