Numerical simulations for effects of anisotropy and heterogeneity on well responses to slug tests

Because of their simplicity, assumptions of isotropy and homogeneity are often applied to slug test analyses, determining hydraulic conductivity of heterogeneous and anisotropic formations, in spite of their inherent unfitness. In this study, it was examined how anisotropy and heterogeneity of the formation affect well recovery curves and therefore estimates of hydraulic conductivity in slug tests. Using a finite element method (FEM) slug test model, several hypothetical slug tests in anisotropic and heterogeneous formations with known hydraulic parameters and actual formations of unknown parameters were analyzed. Error factors as a result of the assumptions of isotropy and homogeneity were quantified through sensitivity analyses of well recovery curves. Results of slug tests analyzed in this study indicate that: (1) the well recovery curves in slug tests do not show unique shape or signs reflecting the anisotropy and heterogeneity of the tested formation; (2) the assumption of isotropy does not deviate estimates of hydraulic conductivity significantly when the radial hydraulic conductivity is larger than the vertical one in the formation; (3) the assumption of homogeneity in a layered heterogeneous system has a high potential for errors in hydraulic conductivity estimation, however it can be avoided by placing the screened section apart from the adjacent layers; (4) a low permeability well skin skews the hydraulic conductivity of the original formation, depending on the size and hydraulic conductivity of the skin.     

Numerical modeling and inversion of electromagnetic logs in the wells drilled with biopolymer and oil-based mud

Algorithms and software for numerical modeling and inversion of electromagnetic logs in the wells drilled with biopolymer and oil-based mud are developed. The algorithms are based on linearized solutions of the forward and inverse problems of electromagnetic logging and permit fast modeling of induction logs and efficient recovery of electric conductivity around the well. Mathematical modeling is based on numerical-analytical solution of the 2D forward problem taking into account high conductivity contrast between the well and the formation. Linear inversion is based on SVD-decomposition of information matrix. The results of numerical modeling and inversion of synthetic and field logs at the intervals of fluid-saturated terrigenous and carbonate formations drilled using biopolymer and oil-based mud are given.     

地应力分层技术在压裂设计优化中的应用

纵向连续地应力分布对井中储层的压裂施工设计具有重要的指导意义。以卫星油田葡萄花油藏储层为研究对象,结合实际储层压裂数据,优化建立由连续测井数据计算地层最小主应力的数学模型,给出合理的沿井轴连续的地应力剖面。以自然电位曲线的分层为基准,按照一定规则将应力剖面曲线、自然伽马曲线分层取值,并计算待压裂层与上(下)隔层间的"隔层厚度"、"储隔层应力差"、"隔层品质"等参数。利用研究区实际压裂设计数据,以避免压裂过程中待压裂岩层发生"窜槽"为目的,研究给出了不同参数岩层,在压裂排量、压砂强度、单位厚度用液量及压裂方式等施工参数方面的约束条件。实际井例的应用说明,这些条件可有效保障勘探开发压裂工艺的成功率。     

Processing high-frequency electromagnetic logs from conducting formations: linearized 2D forward and inverse solutions with regard to eddy currents

High-performance algorithms and software have been designed for fast 2D forward modeling and inversion of high-frequency electromagnetic logs to recover the patterns of electrical conductivity and relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of rocks. Forward modeling implies linear representation, with regard to eddy current, of attenuations and phase shifts of electromagnetic fields propagating in 2D conducting formations. In order to improve the modeling quality, the background model is chosen proceeding from the eddy current pattern in a heterogeneous subsurface. The inverse solution is obtained by pseudoinversion of the sensitivity matrix of relative amplitudes and phases. Joint 2D inversion of phase shifts and attenuations improves the reliability of the inferred spatial conductivity distribution and allows estimating permittivity. The reported numerical experiments on inversion of synthetic and field EM logs prove the possibility of estimating the permittivity of complex terrigenous and carbonate reservoirs with water- and oil-filled porosity.     

多孔矿物介质对有机相变材料导热性能的影响

通过对制备的基于膨胀多孔石墨和硅藻土两种多孔矿物介质与硬脂酸丁酯有机相变材料的相变蓄热复合材料,采用调制差示扫描量热方法(MDSC)测试复合材料的导热系数,并借助层状复合材料热传导模型分析多孔矿物介质内部结构特征对复合材料的导热性能的影响,其结果表明,采用膨胀多孔石墨制备的相变蓄热复合材料具有明显的层状结构,其压制方向的导热系数更接近层状复合材料热传导模型c轴方向导热系数预测结果;采用硅藻土制备的相变蓄热复合材料的导热系数符合层状复合材料热传导模型的a-b平面方向导热系数预测结果,说明该复合材料内部结构具有非常好的连通性。多孔矿物介质对相变材料导热系数的增强效果不仅受多孔矿物介质导热系数的影响,还会受到复合材料内部结构特征的明显影响,在热传导方向上形成连通性结构有利于增强效果,而形成与热传导方向垂直的层状结构则不利于导热系数的增强,即使多孔矿物介质具有很高的导热系数。     

Assessment of groundwater occurrence in Olomoro,Nigeria using borehole logging and electrical resistivity methods

The objective of this study was to assess the subsurface strata and groundwater situation of Olomoro, Nigeria using borehole logging and electrical resistivity techniques. The borehole logging consisting of resistivity and spontaneous potential logs were conducted by using the Johnson Keck logger on a drilled well in the study area. The electrical resistivity survey involving 17 vertical electrical soundings (VES) with a maximum current electrode spacing of 100 to 150 m was conducted using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. Analysis of the well cuttings revealed that the lithology of the subsurface consist of topsoil, clay, very fine sand, medium grain sand, coarse sand and very coarse sand. Results of the downhole logging also revealed that the mean electrical conductivity and the total dissolved solid of the groundwater was obtained as 390 μS/cm and 245 mg/cm³ respectively. These values are within the acceptable limit set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) for drinking water. The result of the vertical electrical sounding interpreted using the computer iterative modeling revealed the presence of four to five geoelectric layers which showed a close correlation with result from the lithology and downhole logging. Results further showed that the resistivity of the subsurface aquifer ranged between 1584 and 5420 Ωm while the aquifer depths varied between 27.8 and 39.3 m. Groundwater development of the area is suggested using the depth and resistivity maps provided in this study.     

烟圈反演和视纵向电导解释方法对比

基于浮动薄板理论,研究瞬变电磁场层状介质中视纵向电导的计算方法,利用遗传算法代替常用的阻尼最小二乘法来获取关键参数。进行“烟圈”反演计算,并分别采用3层H (K)型和4层HK型地电模型对比视纵向电导曲线和电阻率—深度曲线。结果表明,“烟圈”反演具有不需初始模型、计算简便等优点,在定性反演方面,视纵向电导解释方法可以更准确地划分电性层,且能够比较直观地体现电性变化趋势。      

Failure of Layered Sandstone under Brazilian Test Conditions: Effect of Micro-Scale Parameters on Macro-Scale Behaviour

The experimental research in this paper focuses on the effect of micro-scale parameters on macro-scale behaviour of samples tested under Brazilian test conditions for one particular layered sandstone, i.e. sandstone from Modave in the South of Belgium. Five (visually) similar blocks are studied; however, they are different at micro-scale. Their differences on microscopic level (such as grain size, mineral contents and number of layer boundaries) affect the failure process. Fracture length parallel to the layers increases if more layer boundaries (e.g. per cm) are present and more weak minerals. The Brazilian tensile strength of studied layered Modave sandstone is larger for larger quartz grains, while fracture length parallel to the layers is smaller. Quartz grains in the studied layered sandstone are classified as fine sand.     

Disposition of aquifer system, geo-electric characteristics and gamma-log anomaly in the Kuttanad alluvium of Kerala

Kuttanad near the western coast of Kerala is a low lying area below mean sea level. The hydrogeological scenario in this wet land dominated tract, known as kole lands, was investigated by using the lithological and geophysical data generated under the R&D exploration programme of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) during the year 2000, as also other related data generated till the year 2009. The hydrogeology of the tract is complex, and the presence of carbonaceous and organic matter in the soil and sub-soil influences the geochemical and geo-electric characteristics of the sub-surface geological formations as reflected by SP and resistivity logs. The lithologs and geophysical logs of bore wells were used to define the aquifer geometry. While the lateral and vertical variations of the aquifer systems identified were high, the bottom aquifer was relatively brackish over a large area. The gamma log behavior in these granular zones is anomalous and misguiding in nature. The radioactivities recorded against clay horizons were in the range of 130 to 200cps and in the granular zones 150 to 350 cps. The presence of monazite bearing sands at certain depths was responsible for anomalously high gamma counts against granular zones. The water quality in the granular zones was inferred from the electrical logs. The depth of occurrence of high radiation sand beds was also demarcated.     

扶余油田扶余组曲流河储层单砂体构型刻画及剩余油控制因素

针对陆相曲流河油藏复杂的砂体分布特征及重建地下认识体系关键技术难点,在分析陆相盆地地层建造及曲流河储层形成基础上,运用曲流河储集层层次细分方法,将吉林扶余油田扶余组曲流河油藏分为4个砂层组,13个小层。在小层划分基础上,以曲流河单砂体内部构型刻画为重点,通过综合运用岩心、密井网测井、开发动态等资料,对研究区点坝单砂体层次界面、岩相组合及空间展布与配置关系进行系统研究,探讨了剩余油成因及分布特征。研究结果表明,形成于弱水动力环境的扶余组曲流河油藏点坝单砂体受两级沉积界面控制,形成的侧积体数多在3~4个,侧积面夹角多在3.5°~6.2°,平面规模差异较大。孤立型、搭接型、叠加型和切叠型是储集层单砂体空间配置的主要方式。受点坝侧积泥岩等夹层及注采方式影响,剩余油多分布于点坝、孤立及切叠砂体中,构成了油藏实施二次开发的物质基础。     

基于成因机理的低阻油层精细评价方法

低阻油层已成为各油田现阶段增储上产的主力储层之一。通过对葡敖油田葡萄花低阻油层的研究发现,构造和沉积特征在宏观上综合控制着该区低阻油层的形成和分布。对构造而言,低阻油层主要发育在低幅度构造的鼻状构造两侧的西部斜坡带、平缓斜坡带;对沉积而言,低阻油层主要发育于弱水动力条件下形成的三角洲前缘的席状砂及滨浅湖的滩砂和坝砂中。在宏观地质因素控制下,低阻油层的微观特征表现为高地层水矿化度、高束缚水饱和度和强黏土矿物附加导电。基于岩心和测井数据,针对低阻油层的实际特征,利用储层品质因子代替传统经验公式中的孔隙度建立束缚水饱和度模型,根据阳离子交换能力和黏土矿物含量的特征,构造该区低阻敏感参数,建立低阻油层评价的高精度数学模型;并依据分析化验数据综合确定各特征参数在低阻油层的下限值,实现从定性识别向定量评价的过渡。利用低阻油层的定量评价模型精细解释研究区17口关键井,能准确识别26个低阻油层中的25个,获得了96.15%的准确率。     

Thermoelastic and thermoplastic response of a double-layer porous space containing a decaying heat source

Solutions are presented for the behaviour of a layered porous space which contains a decaying heat source. Such a problem arises when high-level nuclear waste is placed in deep underground depositories in deep clayey formations of sedimentary basins. The geometry of the problem is one dimensional and the porous space is constituted by two layers: a deep low permeability layer which contains the nuclear waste disposal and a superficial layer. The solution is used to examine the effects of contrasts of permeability, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacities between the two layers on the large-scale behaviour of the porous space. Results are presented, using realistic data, for the pore pressure and temperature evolution at the heat source centre, and for the vertical displacement of the ground level. The superficial layer has no significant effects on pore pressure, temperature and stress evolution near the heat source centre. The vertical displacement of the ground level is mainly due to the thermal dilatation of the pore water, so it decreases with an increasing of permeability of the superficial layer. The solution of the time-dependent problem is carried out by applying Laplace transforms to the field variables, obtaining solutions and then using numerical methods to invert the transformed solutions. Comparisons with numerical simulations taking into account the non-linear and non-reversible behaviour of the rock mass are presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔河油田南部石炭系卡拉沙依组沉积相研究

综合应用沉积学、古生物学、地球化学等多学科理论,通过岩心观察描述,结合测井、录井、古生物、地球化学等资料综合分析认为:塔河油田南部石炭系卡拉沙依组上部砂泥岩段砂岩中发育羽状交错层理、波状层理、透镜状层理,砂泥岩薄互层,低砂地比,半咸水生物或广盐度生物大量发育,反映了一种潮坪环境;平面上,研究区北部偏粗、含砾,反映存在河流注入,为具有河口湾性质的潮坪沉积体系,卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段主要处于潮间带,发育潮道、砂坪、砂泥混合坪、泥坪、河口坝等微相。下部的上泥岩段为深灰色、灰褐色、棕褐色泥岩,偶夹薄层泥质粉砂岩、灰质泥岩条带,发育平行层理,为泻湖相沉积。     

塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡西段石炭系生屑灰岩段旋回划分及意义

从露头剖面及钻井岩芯、电性特征入手,结合区域地质背景认为:麦盖提斜坡西段石炭系生屑灰岩段横向展布相对稳定,夹在上下两套泥岩(或膏质泥岩)之间,呈连续沉积过渡,电测曲线为低伽玛值、高电阻率值,形态总体呈箱形。生屑灰岩段在岩性、电性特征上均具明显的成段性,自下而上具有四次旋回性(相当于五级层序)。Ⅰ旋回层主要为灰质云岩夹膏质灰岩、泥质云岩,电阻率、自然伽玛曲线呈漏斗型,与下伏及上覆地层均呈突变过渡;Ⅱ旋回层主要为含泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩,自然伽玛、电阻率曲线均呈鼓型、箱型特征,与上覆地层呈突变过渡,电阻率曲线幅值相对较高;Ⅲ旋回层主要为泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩、云质灰岩夹生屑灰岩,电阻率、自然伽玛曲线呈低幅度锯齿型,自然伽玛幅度相对较高,电阻率幅值相对较低,与上覆地层均呈渐变过渡;Ⅳ旋回层以白云岩、灰质云岩为主,电阻率及自然伽玛曲线呈复合钟型特征,与上覆地层均呈突变接触。地层精细划分对比有助于更好地认清生屑灰岩段在纵横向的变化规律,进一步突出有利储集区(琼002—群6井)及有利储集层段(Ⅳ旋回层),为下一步的勘探夯实理论基础。     

江西冷水坑铅锌银矿田成矿系统与成矿模式

江西冷水坑矿田具有浅部斑岩型矿体与深部层状矿体的复杂组合。深部的层状矿体曾被长期认为是受构造破碎带控制的"层控叠改型矿体",与斑岩型矿体同期形成。本文从矿床的基本地质特征入手,论述和分析了层状银铅锌矿体所具有的火山碎屑建造及成矿特点,认为矿床具有三期成矿特点,层状矿体属火山机构控制的以火山集块-角砾岩层为赋矿岩石的火山喷发-沉积成岩矿体。提出了该矿床火山构造-岩浆喷发成矿系统的主要成矿要素和成矿模式,斑岩岩浆就位及其流体活动,在产生大规模斑岩型矿化的同时,对早期的火山沉积碳酸盐层进行叠加改造而形成了与斑岩具有成因联系的层控铅锌银矿床。     

Analysis of sedimentary facies and depositional environments of Paleogene sequence of Cambay basin,India

A study on the sedimentary facies characterization and depositional environment interpretations for the K#Field (K-Oil Field) in Cambay petroleum basin of western onshore, India was conducted based on the sub-surface data from drilled wells, including well logs, borehole images, cores and the regional knowledge of the basin. In this work, an effort is made to integrate the current data from seismics and well logging, to study and analyze its depositional environments and establish the petroleum systems. The study regions for the present work are K45 and K48 blocks. The target strata includes 2 oil-bearing formations of Paleogene, which is about 3600 ft; they are M#Fm (M-Formation) of the Eocene and N#Fm (N-Formation) of Oligocene, subdivided into 11 zones. The sediment fill is mostly of Tertiary. The research attempts to decipher the oil - depositional source correlation problems of the basin. Sedimentary models were established referring to the core analysis, core photographs and well logs. Reservoir and heterogeneity study included reservoir lithology features, physical properties and pore structure features.Well facies analysis of oil well WELL-0297 and WELL-0129 was done and the results were analyzed for further drilling of new wells for oil and gas exploration. The study found that the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Paleogene are fluviatile facies sand and mud interbed sediment with the thickness 2000-4000 ft, which are main oil-bearing formations in these areas. Studies concluded that the fluvial reservoirs of the K#Field are characterized by large variations from laterally extensive bodies with good interconnectedness and high net-to-gross ratios, multi-storey ribbon bodies with poor interconnections and low net-to-gross ratios.     

枕、球—枕构造：地层中的古地震记录

枕状构造(pillow)与球—枕构造(ballandpillow)、负载构造(load))是地层中的软沉积物变形构造,它们在形态、产状、变形机制等方面是不同的。枕状构造是砂层中一组呈“凹”形弯曲的变形沉积体,它的原始层平行于枕状体的底面,顶面则是一个平直的截切面。枕状构造是由于层状砂层强烈液化向上覆软沉积砂层流动、穿刺,使之弯曲褶皱,在原地固定位置形成,因此枕状构造在一个层内是沿岩层走向呈现一系列相间隔的向形和很窄的背形。形成球—枕构造与负载构造的软沉积层包括细砂单元与上覆粗砂单元。他们的变形机制与砂层的液化作用有关。下伏细粒砂单元具强的液化变形而上覆粗砂单元为弱变形层。上覆粗砂单元（比重大）在下伏细砂单元（比重小）之上形成一个不稳定重力驱动系统,地震发生时的剪切力使重的粗砂（弱液化）陷落下沉至下伏细粒单元（强液化）中成负载构造和球—枕构造。球—枕体位于细砂层的不同位置,表明他们是下沉穿越细砂层单元为异地沉积体。形成枕、球—枕及负载体的软沉积物液化变形机制不同,但液化作用的触发机制是强地震。这些液化变形构造在实验室砂层的振动液化模拟实验中也已得到证实。地层中的枕状构造及球—枕、负载构造代表一次Ms>5的古地震灾变事件。古地震往往是沿着某些古地震断裂分布,是古地震断裂活动的表现。本文将举例讨论我国古老地层中的某些枕状构造、球—枕与负载构造,并简述当时发震的构造背景。     

砂泥岩薄互层测井资料解释方法

从分析薄互层的特征入手,采用反褶积方法对单条测井曲线做提高分辨率的处理,并调整电阻率测井曲线,使其与提高了分辨率的泥质含量及孔隙度测井曲线的纵向分辨率协调、在此基础上,按一定的解释模型计算出孔隙度和饱和度等参数。实际计算表明,本方法改善了储集参数的评价,降低了含水饱和度。     

核测井曲线综合纵向响应函数与分辨率分析

对核测井曲线进行付氏变换,其纵向分辨率可以从分析振幅谱斜率变化中获得。核测井仪器的纵向响应函数不仅与仪器的结构有关,而且还含有与探测介质有关的参数。在地层界面处的曲线变化中提取出测井曲线的综合纵向响应函数。结果证实核测井曲线的纵向响应函数与仪器的固有纵向响应函数不一致。核测井曲线的综合响应函数不仅取决于仪器的响应函数,而且受测量速度、采样率,地面仪器记录方式等因素的影响。