天然气藏与油藏形成机理及分布特征的异同

作为流体矿藏气藏与油藏的形成和分布具有相似性,都需要经过由分散到富集的成藏过程。天然气来源的广泛性和易于溶解、运移、散失的特性,决定了天然气双石油具有更多的运聚成藏方式和时空分布的广泛性。水溶对流运移、多源复合成藏、溶解气脱溶成藏、运聚动平衡成藏,是天然气运聚成藏的重要特点。     

MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION OF OIL AND GAS ACCORDING TO THE SOURCE-ROCK THEORY

Practically all oil and gas accumulations throughout the world are associated with some extensive productive series which consist of highly permeable rocks containing oil and gas pools, interbedded with shales and marls containing dispersed organic matter. All of the important recent discoveries between the Volga and the Urals were based on the observed association of oil and gas pools with certain lithologic-stratigraphic complexes of the Devonian, Carboniferous, and part of the Permian; although accumulation is related to many diverse Structural zones. Here, the productive series is the source rock as well, for the pelites contain dispersed organic matter including bitumen whose composition is related to the oils.

Where accumulations occur in sediments deposited under oxidizing conditions, factors are sought which favor migration from possible source rocks along faults, unconformities, or surfaces of facies change. For example, in Azerbaidjan and Turkmenistan large oil and gas accumulations in Pliocene continental beds occur along structural zones that allowed migration from underlying, principally Paleogene and Miocene, deposits.

As shales compact, their organic constituents gradually change; the coaly part from a ligniferous to a carboniferous stage and, ultimately, to graphite. The mobile bituminous substances formed by dissociation of organic matter and disproportioning of hydrogen, change from asphaltines and resins to oils and then to methane in the subcapillary pores of pelites, where they are in a dispersed, loosely bound state. Compaction causes slow removal of the loosely bound water and molecular migration with differentiation of the bituminous substances. After differentiation, the more mobile hydrocarbons are carried by the water into reservoir rocks. The bituminous substances move from small to large pores also by capillary forces. Migration in subcapillary pores apparently ceases when rocks become lithified and are no longer plastic.

In the super-capillary pores and fissures of reservoir rock, free migration takes place as both molecular migration and movement in larger masses. Water circulates in reservoir beds from elevated areas of the outcrop toward lower discharge areas. When the hydrocarbon-bearing water moves into different environments of temperature and pressure, the hydrocarbons may come out of solution, rise to the top of the carrier-beds, and unite into oil and gas pools if traps are available. The location of oil and gas reflects the present equilibrium of fluids with the structural pattern and hydrogeological environment. --D. C. Van Siclen.     

Natural Gas Types,Distribution Controlling Factors,and Future Exploration in the Western Qaidam Basin

The Paleogene and Neogene oil and gas in the western Qaidam basin have a regular distribution in three concentric zones from the edge to the center of the basin.Natural gas mainly occurs in the inner zone,and the gas-oil ratio of the northern area of the basin is significantly higher than that of the southern area.Large amounts of carbon isotope data of natural gas,plotted in Xshaped and comprehensive identification diagrams for the southern area and northern area,respectively,were used to identify the types of natural gas.The large-scale distribution of natural gas is highly consistent with the Ro values of major source rocks,but is poorly correlated with the type of organic matter.This indicates that the main controlling factor of natural gas distribution is organic matter maturity,and the kerogen types act as the basis for the formation of different types of natural gas.Paleouplifts and squeezed anticlines near hydrocarbon generation depression centers,which are major natural gas-rich regions,control the migration directions of natural gas,while hydrocarbon migration pathways and fault systems connecting gas sources are the most important factors for natural gas reservoir formation in the inner basin.Therefore,favorable zones for natural gas distribution can be predicted on the basis of the distribution of thermal evolution and the gas generation intensity of major source rocks as well as the structural map.The Shizigou-YoushashanYingdong-Dawusi,Youquanzi –Kaitemilike- Youdunzi,and Xiaoliangshan – Nanyishan- Dafengshan structural belts are favorable zones for natural gas accumulation.This study has important theoretical and practical significance for future natural gas exploration.     

Conditions for the Formation of Oil and Gas Pools in Tertiary Volcanics in the Western Part of the Huimin Sag, Shandong and Their Distribution

Conditions for the Formation of oil and gas pools in Tertiary volcanics in the western part of the Huimin sag, Shandong and then (?)stribution have been studied based on the geological, seismic and well-logging information. In this paper, the types and lithofacies of the volcanic rocks in the western part of the Huimin sag are described; the relationship between rocks and electrical properties, the seismic reflection structures, the development and distribution of the volcanic rocks are expounded; and the fourfold role of the volcanic activities in the formation of the oil and gas pools is also dealt with. It is considered by the authors that the volcanic activities were not destructive to the formation of oil and gas pools but a factor favourable to the accumulation of organic matters and their conversion to hydrocarbon. The volcanic rocks might have served as reservoir rocks and cap rocks, or as a synsedimentary anticline. The prerequisites and important factors for the formation of oil and gas pools and their distribution are pointed out in the paper.     

高邮凹陷断层控油气作用的多样性

在探讨高邮凹陷断层发育时期和分布特点的基础上,结合油气分布特点,分析了断层在油气成藏中的作用类型,并探讨了其作用机理。依据断层在油气生成、运移、聚集和分布环节中的作用,把断层分为控源断层、供烃断层、改向断层、成圈断层和调整破坏断层。控源断层控制有效烃源岩展布和生烃时期的早晚,高邮凹陷控源断层下降盘为有效烃源岩分布区,而且西部地区早于东部地区生烃;供烃断层控制油气主运移通道的走势,其陡断面和凸断面为高邮凹陷断裂带油气的主运移通道;改向断层影响油气的富集层位和油气富集区的位置,其对高邮凹陷油气分布的影响存在“分散”和“富集”两种效应;成圈断层控制圈闭的类型及分布;调整破坏断层导致圈闭充满程度和原油物性的改变,高邮凹陷调整破坏断层为盐城期和三垛期活动断层。高邮凹陷断层的多期性和多样性导致断层体系中各断层封闭性在时空上的差异性和多变性,从而形成对油气控制的多面性和复杂性。     

Origin and Source of Deep Natural Gas in Nanpu sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Natural gas exploration in Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, has achieved breakthroughs in recent years, and a number of natural gas and condensate wells with high yield have been found in several structures in the beach area. Daily gas production of single wells is up to 170,000 m3, and high-yield wells are mainly distributed in?the Nanpu No. 1 structural belt.?Studies have shown that these natural gases are mainly hydrocarbon gases, with methane content about 80% to 90% and ethane 6%-9%, so they are mainly wet gas; and non-hydrocarbons are at a low level.?Carbon isotopes of methane range from -42‰ to -36‰, and ethane from -28‰ to -26‰. Calculated maturity based on the relationship between δ13C and Ro of natural gas, the gases are equivalent to those generated from organic matter when Ro is 1.0%-1.7% (mainly 1.25%-1.32%). The natural gas is oil-type gas generated from the source rocks at mature to high mature stage, associated with condensate, so carbon isotopes of the gases are heavier. Natural gas in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt is mainly associated gas with condensate. The analysis of the origin and source of natural gas and condensate, combined with the monomer hydrocarbon carbon isotopes and biomarker, indicated that the main source rocks in the Nanpu No.1 structural belt were Es3 (the lower member of the Shahejie Formation), followed by Es1 (the upper member of the Shahejie Formation).?The high-mature hydrocarbons from source rocks in the deep sag mainly migrated through deep inherited faults into shallow traps and accumulated to form oil and gas pools. Therefore, there is a great potential for exploring gas in deep layers.     

漠河盆地北部中侏罗统烃源岩有机质评价

通过漠河盆地北部油气地质调查,圈出了与油气形成密切相关的烃源岩层（含炭泥岩）的分布范围,为下一步寻找油气资源提供了靶区。研究表明：漠河盆地烃源岩类型为黑色泥岩,烃源岩w（TOC）为0.20%~30.30%。圈出26处烃源岩区,面积134.69 km²。烃源岩样品的最高热解温度（T_max）平均值为442℃,烃源岩演化处于成熟-过成熟阶段。漠河盆地西北部的成烃地质条件：中侏罗统沉积岩系为油气储藏提供了良好的空间和气源;中生代岩浆活动及韧性剪切作用为烃源岩成气作用提供了良好的温度条件;张性断裂、裂隙和碎裂岩化构造为油气运移和储存提供了运移通道和储存空间。     

分散可溶有机质的气源意义

广泛分布在烃源岩及输导通道中的分散可溶有机质作为一种新的气源逐渐受到重视。分散可溶有机质成气不仅关系到原油的消耗, 还关系到天然气的资源评价结果, 因而定量评价这一过程对油气勘探有着重要意义。笔者总结对比了传统成烃模式与考虑分散可溶有机质成气模式的异同, 建立了分散可溶有机质成气的地质模型, 初步计算了塔里木盆地分散可溶有机质的成气量。指出分散可溶有机质这一气源使得地层成气区域突破了烃源岩的分布范围, 成气中心向构造高部位偏移, 成气期推迟。计算得到塔里木盆地分散可溶有机质成气模式中源内分散可溶有机质裂解成气与源外的比例为1:2.88, 在成气晚期白垩纪末至现今这一阶段油裂解成气量为799 千亿m³, 是传统油成气模式的4.23倍。     

烃源岩中可溶有机质与粘土矿物结合关系——以东营凹陷沙四段低熟烃源岩为例

采用超临界抽提(SFE)新技术和氯仿抽提(CE)以及粘土分离等手段对东营凹陷沙四段低熟油烃源岩进行不同处理,得到3种粘土样品:(1)含有机质的粘土原样;(2)氯仿抽提去有机质的样品;(3)不同实验条件下超临界抽提后的样品。然后,分别对这3种粘土样品进行X射线衍射分析(XRD)和傅利叶转换红外光谱分析(FT-IR).研究发现烃源岩中可溶有机质除了吸附于矿物表面外,还吸附于粘土矿物尤其是蒙皂石层的层间,后者主要为碳数相对较低的饱和烃类。这一发现对认识沉积岩中可溶有机质对粘土矿物结构和特性的影响有着重要意义,对烃源岩评价和探讨泥质烃源岩烃类的初次运移提供了新思路。     

烃源岩中可溶有机质与粘土矿物结合关系——以东营凹陷沙四段低熟烃源岩为例

 采用超临界抽提(SFE)新技术和氯仿抽提(CE)以及粘土分离等手段对东营凹陷沙四段低熟油烃源岩进行不同处理,得到3种粘土样品:(1)含有机质的粘土原样;(2)氯仿抽提去有机质的样品;(3)不同实验条件下超临界抽提后的样品。然后,分别对这3种粘土样品进行X射线衍射分析(XRD)和傅利叶转换红外光谱分析(FT-IR).研究发现烃源岩中可溶有机质除了吸附于矿物表面外,还吸附于粘土矿物尤其是蒙皂石层的层间,后者主要为碳数相对较低的饱和烃类。这一发现对认识沉积岩中可溶有机质对粘土矿物结构和特性的影响有着重要意义,对烃源岩评价和探讨泥质烃源岩烃类的初次运移提供了新思路。     

含油气盆地中高地温的地质意义

本文以渤海湾油区南部含油气盆地为例,讨论了地温对盆地生油、砂岩孔隙性和特殊油、气藏形成的地质作用和意义。地热研究不仅限于学科自身的范围,而且已向石油、天然气等流体矿藏的成藏领域突入,并从已知的深层原生天然气藏、高含二氧化碳的天然气藏、特高压油藏和特稠油油藏的成藏实例中,找到了某些结合点。     

Main Controlling Factors on Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Distribution in Marine Sedimentary Sequences in South China

Multiple source rock assemblages were deposited in the sedimentary provinces in South China in geologic history,and some of them were destructed by and some survived against multiple tectonic movements.Therefore,multiple sources,mixed sources,and uneven distribution of sources occurred in the marine sedimentary basins in South China during the late stage of hydrocarbon pooling.Epidiagenesis of the marine carbonate reservoirs and its modification to reservoir poroperm characteristics determined the formation and the scale of natural gas pools.The exploration practices show that the large to medium gas fields mainly occur in areas with high-quality reservoirs.Detailed study of the paleo-oil accumulations and typical oil and gas reservoirs reveals that the basins experienced multiphase superimposition and modification,leading to the distribution of the Paleozoic paleo-oil accumulations and bitumen in the peripheral areas.The phenomenon that oil and gas production concentrates in the Sichuan basin indicates that the overall sealing conditions of a basin determine the oil/gas potentials and the scale of oil and gas production.This is a critical factor controlling the accumulation and distribution of gas in the marine sequences in South China.The early oil and gas pools in the Yangtze platform left billions of bitumen in the peripheral areas due to the destruction of seals.Since the Himalayan,"late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools represented by the gas pools in the Sichuan (四川) basin were formed in the marine sedimentary sequences in South China as a result of the change of the sealing conditions.Current gas discoveries appear to be "paleo-generation and paleo-accumulation" gas pools but actually are "late-generation and late-accumulation" gas pools.These patterns of hydrocarbon pooling clearly depict themselves in western Sichuan basin and Weiyuan (威远)gas field.It is revealed that the gas pools in the Sichuan basin were mainly formed as a result of hydrocarbon phase change (thermal cracking of oil to gas),miscible migration,and dynamic equilibration since the Himalayan.A large number of gas pools were formed in the Himalayan and the gas pools in the marine sequences are characterized by late pooling; this kind of gas fields/pools are controlled by:(1) effectiveness of modification and superimposition of the marine basins,(2) effectiveness of the source rocks,(3) effectiveness of the overall preservation conditions,and (4) effectiveness of plays.     

Petroleum Exploration of Craton Basins in China

1 Introduction The craton is a relatively stable continent block which is covered by thick sediments forming significant petroliferous basins and groups of great oil and gas fields. Ivanhoe et al. (early 1990’s) indicated that about half of the 509 large oil and gas fields in the world were related to craton basins (Ivannoe and Leckie, 1993). Mann et al. (2001) suggested that 54.7% of the 592 large fields were developed in the cratonic sag basins and about 30% located in the rifts and depres…     

流体包裹体在油气地质地球化学中的应用

流体包裹体研究是油气形成和成藏定量化研究的重要手段。本文总结了油气藏中流体包裹体的地质地球化学意义及其在石油、天然气研究中的应用,探讨了烃源岩和储层流体包裹体在确定源岩演化、沉积环境、有机母质类型、成熟度、油气运移充填期次等方面的应用,指出目前流体包裹体油气地球化学研究应关注的几个前沿方向：①在流体包裹体分析实验技术中,单个包裹体分析技术在油气地质定量化研究中具有重要的作用;②通过有机包裹体自然剖面与模拟实验对比研究烃类流体运移分馏,为建立油气成藏过程地球化学示踪指标提供基础参数;③通过储层中不同期次有机包裹体的化学组成、同位素组成、生物标志化合物与圈闭中已经聚集成藏的油气地球化学特征的对比研究,确定圈闭中油气的成因、来源和充填过程;④有机包裹体成烃作用研究为碳酸盐岩生烃和深层油气成因理论提供依据;这些方向的研究成果为深化油气理论、提高勘探水平具有重要意义。     

复合生烃系统--陆相断陷盆地烃源岩评价和油气预测的重要概念

复合生烃系统是指凹陷(或洼陷)具有两套或两套以上有机地球化学特征不同的有效烃源岩,它们具有多个成烃阶段和多期排烃运聚过程,形成了多种油气藏和多源油气藏。其特点可概括为“多套源岩、多阶段成烃、多源(混源)成藏的新模式”。渤海湾盆地油气勘探实践证明,丰富的油气资源及其分布特征与富含有机质生烃洼陷中存在的复合生烃系统具有十分密切的关系。渤海湾盆地复合生烃系统的组合特征可分为盐湖咸水湖相欠充填湖泊类型模式、半咸水微咸水深湖相平衡充填湖泊类型模式和淡水三角洲湖相过充填湖泊类型模式3种典型的湖相组合,其中所发育的烃源岩代表了复合生烃系统的基本特征。复合生烃系统发育在多幕式断陷活动的地质背景下,与不同油气储集性砂体相配合,通过不同的排烃方式和运移通道聚集成藏,形成了不同层系、不同区带和不同圈闭类型的复式油气聚集带,从而在空间上控制了盆地内各种油气藏的形成和分布。     

准噶尔盆地呼图壁气田油气成因及成藏分析

应用原油、天然气及烃源岩样品有机地球化学资料,对准噶尔盆地呼图壁气田油气地球化学特征及成藏时间进行分析.研究表明,呼图壁气田原油来源于白垩系烃源岩,天然气来源于侏罗系煤系烃源岩干酪根裂解气,源岩大量生气始于12 Ma左右,天然气成藏时间约在5 Ma.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩干酪根C同位素的特征和影响因素

许多研究者认为,烃源岩干酪根C同位素组成主要受干酪根类型的影响,可以作为评价烃源岩类型、沉积环境和进行油气源对比的重要指标,并得到广泛应用.对额济纳旗及邻区典型剖面石炭系-二叠系烃源岩有机碳(TOC)的丰度、地球化学特征、热演化特征和干酪根C同位素分布的研究表明.研究区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩为浅海陆棚相沉积环境形成的泥质岩,TOC含量中等,以Ⅱ类干酪根为主,烃源岩演化进入成熟-过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素县有显著偏重的特点.并且干酪根C同位素组成明显与热演化程度和有机碳丰度有关,随着烃源岩演化程度的不断提高,重碳同位素不断富集,在成熟-过成熟阶段,对C同位素的影响可达4‰～6‰随着TOC含量的增加,干酪根C同位素显著偏轻,影响值可达4‰以上.由于研究区烃源岩已进入成熟-过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素的分布在演化过程中已经发生较大变化,干酪根类型的影响相对降低或已不显著,不能再作为评价烃源岩干酪根类型的指标.     

论济阳坳陷新构造运动的成藏效应

济阳坳陷新构造运动的构造形迹主要表现为断裂和背斜构造,特别是复活性大断裂及其裂缝,在济阳坳陷油气成藏过程中起着关键性作用。经研究认为,新构造运动诱发和推动油气以断裂系统模式从烃源岩中排出,提高了烃源岩的排烃效率和排烃动力,影响油气运移取向,控制主要油气藏呈北东—南西向展布;输导或封挡油气,洼陷内小断裂和微裂缝等隐蔽输导体系可输导油气形成砂岩透镜体油气藏;控制油气幕式充注成藏;多种输导体系沟通新近系大型披覆背斜圈闭和丰富的烃源岩,形成了如孤岛、埕东等大中型油气田。笔者将新构造运动在油气成藏过程中所起的作用总称为成藏效应,其研究成果有助于重新认识盆地油气资源,并揭示油气成藏机理、成藏模式和成藏规律。     

川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组二段原油裂解成因天然气发现及成藏模式初探

川西坳陷中段具备多套烃源层、多个烃源区、多期油气生成、多期油气成藏同时又经历了多个构造期调整和破坏,纵向上发育的多套生储盖组合孕育了多层含气层系。天然气碳同位素分析表明,该区上三叠统须家河组产出的部分天然气乙烷碳同位素具有明显偏负的特征,相关图版的判别显示,这部分天然气具有原油裂解气的性质。同时在研究区上三叠统须家河组储层中发现了大量的储层沥青充填物,通过岩芯观察、显微照片、元素、热解等分析,发现该储层沥青充填物具有多种类型、多种分布形态、边界较为清楚等特征,且这些沥青充填物的反射率较高,尤其是须二段的储层沥青,这一特征与焦沥青的基本特征类似,表现为油藏裂解后残余物的特征,原油裂解气和焦沥青的发现证实了川西坳陷中段须家河组古油藏的存在。在此基础上,通过综合分析生油及裂解条件等,对研究区须家河组古油藏裂解气成藏模式进行了初步探讨,将这一过程分为印支晚期古油藏形成、燕山中期古油藏裂解、燕山晚期-喜山期气藏调整三个连续的阶段,这对深化认识川西坳陷中段天然气的成因和分布具有一定的意义。     

南海东北部珠江口盆地成生演化与油气运聚成藏规律

珠江口盆地处在南海东北部准被动大陆边缘的特殊大地构造位置,其区域背景及油气地质条件复杂。该区不仅具有中国东部新生代陆相断陷盆地的基本特征,亦具本身的特殊性。由于盆地不同区带油气地质条件的差异,故具有明显的"北油南气"分布规律及纵向上多种资源叠置共生与复合的特点:北部裂陷带及东沙隆起浅水区,处于减薄的洋陆过渡型地壳靠近陆缘一侧,其古近系断陷规模及半地堑洼陷沉积充填规模均比相邻的南部裂陷带深水区小,且地温梯度低、大地热流小,烃源岩有机质热演化处在油窗范围,以产大量石油为主伴有少量油型气,构成了以文昌、恩平、西江、惠州及陆丰油田群和流花油田群为主的北部浅水油气富集区。该区具有上渐新统三角洲砂岩及中新统礁灰岩外源型油气运聚成藏机制及含油气系统;南部裂陷带及南部隆起周缘深水区,以邻近深水区的白云凹陷北坡—番禺低隆起中小气田群和白云凹陷东部深水区LW3-1、LH34-2及LH29-1等天然气藏为代表,构成了以天然气为主但亦具石油及水合物资源潜力的深水油气富集区。由于南部裂陷带深水区处在洋陆过渡型地壳靠近洋壳一侧,地壳薄而裂陷深、断陷规模大,其与北部浅水区相比多了一套上渐新统海相烃源岩。该区地温梯度及大地热流偏高,烃源岩多处在成熟-高熟凝析油及湿气阶段,以产大量天然气及少量轻质油和凝析油为主,具有上渐新统陆架边缘三角洲砂岩和中新统深水扇混源型天然气运聚成藏机制及含油气系统。油气纵向分布具有深水海底天然气水合物及浅层气/生物气与深部常规油气共生叠置的关系。