磷酸盐对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

中肋骨条藻是一种在中国东部沿海广泛存在的广温广盐性的浮游硅藻，根据对近年来我国长江口和其他海域所发生赤潮的观测，有相当一部分是以中肋骨条藻为主(王金辉，2002；刘玉等，2002)，其严重的破坏了海洋生态环境并造成了重大的国民经济损失，因此，对诱发中骨条藻爆发赤潮各种因子的研究便具有了重要的现实意义。本文应用营养盐加富的实验方法，在室内进行了中肋骨条藻的培养试验，研究了不同磷酸盐浓度条件下中肋骨条藻的生长情况，并对藻细胞内氮磷比的变化情况进行了探讨，以求对揭示中肋骨条藻赤潮的产生机制有所裨益。     

细胞结构对浮游植物光学特性的影响

藻细胞抽象为细胞质和叶绿体构成的两层球体结构, 结合Aden-Kerker散射理论, 分析了藻细胞各物理属性对其光学特性的影响, 同时也与均匀球体藻细胞的光学特性进行了对比分析。分析结果表明, 与均匀球体结构相比, 叶绿体为外裹层的细胞结构将显著增强其后向散射效率及后向散射比率, 而叶绿体为内核层的细胞结构因打包效应将削弱藻细胞的吸收效率; 当叶绿体为外裹层时, 细胞粒径大小、叶绿体相对体积、叶绿体复折射率的虚部都对藻细胞的吸收效率会产生显著影响; 同时, 细胞粒径大小和叶绿体复折射率实部是决定细胞后向散射效率和后向散射比率的两个重要指标。     

华北半叶紫菜丝状体细胞凋亡过程的初步研究

本文对华北半叶紫菜丝状体细胞的凋亡过程进行了初步观察并对这一过程中细胞超微形态的变化进行了研究。结果表明 ,丝状体细胞的凋亡过程是由分枝的端部细胞发生老化开始的 ,老化细胞的细胞内壁增厚 ;细胞核内染色质凝缩 ,核膜溶解 ;色素体片层结构变形、溶解 ;红藻淀粉电子密度显著下降 ,逐渐解体 ;胞浆中出现不规则形态的囊泡、髓样结构和结构特殊的小体 ;随着细胞的趋于凋亡 ,核、色素体、线粒体等细胞器相继溶解消失 ,细胞结构崩溃 ,细胞内壁明显增厚。细胞中的囊泡和髓样结构参与了细胞内壁的形成。本研究首次报道紫菜中存在细胞凋亡 ,并对丝状体细胞凋亡过程的生物学意义及髓样结构的功能进行了讨论     

海洋植物组织和细胞培养研究进展

对海藻组织和细胞培养研究进行了综述。认为我国在该领域的研究起步晚、人员少,但在经济海藻应用研究如紫菜体细胞育苗上具有国际领先水平。为促进海藻组织和细胞培养技术的产业化,应加强藻类组织培养工作者与高等植物组织培养工作者之间的交流和合作,以组织培养技术中较为成熟的离体快繁为突破口,进行市场急需商品苗的快速生产。利用海藻组织和细胞培养进行次生物质合成和特殊药物转化的研究亦具有潜在的应用价值。     

赤点石斑鱼脑垂体组织生理学的研究

本文采用多种染色法研究赤点石斑鱼脑垂体各叶不同细胞的形态特征,促性腺激素释放素对嗜碱性细胞的生理影响。讨论了脑垂体促性腺细胞的成熟过程与其性腺发育的关系。     

日本沼虾染色体倍性检测技术的研究

用流式细胞仪分别对日本沼虾(Macrobrachiumnipponense)正常二倍体的体细胞和四倍阶段体胚胎的DNA相对含量和细胞频率进行了测定,以研究日本沼虾染色体倍性检测技术。以日本沼虾正常二倍体的体细胞液进样所得直方图为标准,用对细胞松弛素B人工诱导的日本沼虾四倍体胚胎进行DNA相对含量和细胞频率的测定,测试结果以直方图表示,并用染色体涂片镜检结果进行倍性核对。结果表明,日本沼虾二倍体和四倍体的DNA相对含量有显著差异,四倍体日本沼虾的DNA相对含量是二倍体的2倍。用流式细胞仪法检测日本沼虾倍性,方法简单、测试速度快、结果可靠。     

Comparative oxygen radical formation and toxicity of BDE 47 in rainbow trout cell lines

The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute a class of flame retardants whose residues have markedly increased in fish and human tissues during the last decade. In particular, the levels of certain PBDE congeners in salmon have raised concern regarding potential risks associated with dietary PBDE exposures. However, little is known regarding PBDE-mediated cell injury in relevant in vitro cell models. We conducted a comparative study of oxyradical production and cell injury in rainbow trout gill (RTgill-W1) and trout liver cells (RTL-W1) exposed to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 47), a predominant BDE residue found in fish tissues such as salmonids. Exposure to low micromolar concentrations of BDE 47 elicited a significant loss in RTgill-W1 and RTL-W1 cell viability as measured by alamarBlue assay. The dose-response of BDE toxicity differed among the two cell lines, with the RTL-W1 liver cells showing greater resistance to toxicity at lower BDE 47 doses, but a more dramatic loss of viability relative to gill cells when challenged with higher (50 microM) doses. The sensitivity of the trout liver cells at higher BDE 47 exposures was reflected by a higher basal production of oxygen radical production by 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence that was markedly enhanced in the presence of BDE 47, suggesting an overwhelming of trout liver cell antioxidant defense pathways. Collectively, our data indicate that RTgill-W1 and RTL-W1 liver cells are sensitive to BDE 47-mediated cell injury through a mechanism that may involve oxidative stress. Our data also provide an in vitro basis for potential tissue differences in BDE 47-mediated cell injury.     

裸体方格星虫壶状细胞复合体的形态结构

星虫动物利用体腔液中的多种细胞完成呼吸、免疫、生殖等功能,部分种类体腔中有一类能依靠纤毛摆动、在体腔液中自由"游动"的"壶状细胞复合体"(urn cell complex,UCC)。利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察了裸体方格星虫体液内UCC的形态、结构和细胞组分,结果显示:UCC占体腔液细胞总数的0.1%~0.4%,由位于前端的泡状细胞(vesicular cell)和位于基部能分泌粘液的纤毛细胞(ciliated cell)构成。泡状细胞呈帽状,长径为10~33μm,短径为8~25μm,内有一泡状体占据了细胞绝大部分体积,泡状体内含物均匀,电子密度低;位于细胞膜下有一或两个核,核内具团块状异染色质;细胞器极少。纤毛细胞呈扁平状,核大且位于正中,核仁明显,异染色质少;内质网和高尔基体发达,有大量分泌泡;线粒体丰富;细胞边缘有大量纤毛,具有典型的微管结构。泡状细胞质中仅有少量非网状细胞骨架,细胞形状多变;纤毛细胞骨架结构发达,尤其在纤毛着生区域。在UCC内部发现了多糖成分,泡状细胞主要含有酸性多糖,纤毛细胞则含有中性和酸性混合多糖。经对照实验发现,壶状细胞复合体内不存在碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)。实验结果说明,UCC可通过分泌粘液收集体液中的细胞碎片、异体杂质等,但是不具有细胞内消化的能力,其运动的动力由纤毛细胞提供。     

新型赤潮种类微小卡罗藻的溶血毒性检测

研究了从浙江海区分离的一株微小卡罗藻(Karlodinium micrum)对鲫鱼动脉血的溶血性,以典型鱼毒性的赤潮异弯藻作为比较,分别就细胞提取液、去藻上清液和细胞悬浮液的溶血性进行了研究。结果发现:同样处理条件下,以1%的Triton X-100作为溶血度100%的指标,微小卡罗藻细胞提取液的溶血度为70%,赤潮异弯藻细胞提取液的溶血度为32%。微小卡罗藻去藻上清液的溶血度为33%,赤潮异弯藻去藻上清液的溶血度大于100%溶血的TritonX-100组。两种藻的细胞悬浮液溶血度接近0。去藻上清液和细胞提取液具有显著浓度相关的溶血特征。在同样藻密度时,去藻上清液的溶血度大于细胞提取液的溶血度。由于微小卡罗藻在形态上容易与无毒的河口裸甲藻(Gyrodinium estuariales)混淆,因此,对于该藻的环境危害应当加以重视。对于微小卡罗藻具有溶血性的报道尚属首次。     

海洋无脊椎动物细胞培养与细胞干性的捕获

细胞系的构建在生物学领域具有重要意义,与其他动物(如昆虫)不同,经过数十年的发展,海洋无脊椎动物细胞研究仍停留在原代培养水平,没有建立起克隆化的永生细胞系。本文主要介绍了近年来海洋无脊椎动物细胞培养的研究进展,还介绍了一个基本原理,即海洋无脊椎动物永生细胞系的建立,可以通过捕获细胞的干性而实现。捕获细胞干性的第一条途径是利用转录因子等直接由体细胞制备海洋动物的诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)。第二条途径是获取海洋动物的成体干细胞(ASC)。这些细胞在维持机体活性、再生、无性克隆、体内增殖等方面起重要作用。当培养条件正确时,海洋无脊椎动物iPS细胞和ASC将会保持其原始状态,利用干细胞自我复制的固有能力、不分化地进行增殖而形成永生细胞系。     

乐清湾泥蚶血细胞周期和DNA含量

用流式细胞仪测定乐清湾泥蚶血细胞DNA含量，得出组方图中只有一个峰（G0/G1），表明了乐清湾泥蚶血液不存在合成期（S）、合成后期（G2）和分裂期（M）细胞，血细胞已失去分裂功能，不存在周期现象，以小鸡血细胞做标准对照物（DNA含量以2.3pg/N)，测得乐清湾泥蚶血细胞DNA含量为3.08pg/N。     

Variations in axial processes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The median valley of the MARK area

Submersible observations and photogeology document dramatic variations in the distribution of young volcanic rocks, faulting, fissuring, and hydrothermal activity along an 80 km-long segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge south of the Kane Transform (MARK Area). These variations define two spreading cells separated by a cell boundary zone or a small-offset transform zone. The northern spreading cell is characterized by a median ‘neovolcanic’ ridge which runs down the axis of the median valley floor for 40 km. This edifice is as much as 4 km wide and 600 m high and is composed of very lightly sedimented basalts inferred to be < 5000 years old. It is the largest single volcanic constructional feature discovered to date on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The active Snake Pit hydrothermal vent field is on the crest of this ridge and implies the presence of a magma chamber in the northern spreading cell. In contrast, the southern cell is characterized by small, individual volcanos similar in size to the central volcanos in the FAMOUS area. Two of the volcanos that were sampled appear to be composed of dominantly glassy basaltic rocks with very light sediment cover; whereas, other volcanos in this region appear to be older features. The boundary zone between the two spreading cells is intensely faulted and lacks young volcanic rocks. This area may also contain a small-offset ( < 8 km) transform zone. Magmatism in the northern cell has been episodic and tens of thousands of years have lapsed since the last major magmatic event there. In the southern cell, a more continuous style of volcanic accretion appears to be operative. The style of spreading in the southern cell may be much more typical for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge than that of the northern cell because the latter is adjacent to the 150 km-offset Kane Transform that may act as a thermal sink along the MAR. Such large transforms are not common on the MAR, therefore, lithosphere produced in a spreading cell influenced by a large transform may also be somewhat atypical.     

大亚湾大鹏澳海域表层沉积物中浮游植物休眠体集群的季节变化

于2007年4月至2008年3月对大亚湾大鹏澳海域表层沉积物中浮游植物休眠体进行了每月1次的周年调查.本调查分析鉴定出浮游植物休眠体79种,包括甲藻孢囊50种,硅藻休眠体26种.浮游植物休眠体丰度没有明显的季节变化规律,变化范围为217～6 764 cells/cm3,平均为1 376 cells/cm3;鱼类养殖区休眠体丰度较高,平均丰度为1 999 cells/cm3.浮游植物休眠体在数量上以硅藻为主,甲藻次之,而在鱼类养殖区也出现了较高的蓝藻休眠体.硅藻休眠体的平均丰度为783 cells/cm3,百分比含量为56.9%,从而反映了该海域硅藻型浮游植物群落结构.甲藻孢囊丰度的变化范围在79～1 237 cells/cm3,位于湾口对照区丰度较高,年平均为733 cells/cm3,而鱼类养殖区和贝类养殖区平均值分别为502、388 cells/cm3.异养型甲藻孢囊的种类和数量均比较丰富,其百分比含量为26.7%～82.4%.研究结果显示,在富营养化程度较高的养殖区海域,硅藻休眠体和异养型甲藻孢囊百分率均较高,而鱼类养殖区还出现了较高蓝藻孢子丰度.本次调查中还出现了易碎藻和艉杆藻等在本海域浮游植物调查中未记录种类的孢囊,有毒有害赤潮生物的休眠体如亚历山大藻、链状裸甲藻、旋沟藻、巴哈马梨甲藻孢囊等也在此次调查中频繁出现,说明大亚湾海域存在较大的有毒有害赤潮发生的风险.     

Chemical identification,antioxidant, cholinesterase inhibitory,and cytotoxic properties of fucoidan extracted from Persian Gulf Sargassum angustifolium

Marine macroalgal sulfated fucose-containing polysaccharides, like fucoidan, have drawn significant attention due to their biotechnological potentials, such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-cholinesterase activities. The fucoidan derived from brown macroalgae Sargassum angustifolium species (FSA) was investigated for its cytotoxic effects and alterations in cell proliferation, and cell cycle-related gene expression in the present study occurred on NB4 cell line. The results showed that FSA would induce p53, p21, pro-apoptotic genes and increase expression of the p15 gene as a cell arrest marker. Also, FSA inhibited the anti-apoptotic effect of the Bcl-2 gene and decreased dnmt-1 gene expression. FSA significantly exhibited potent 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (p<0.05) with an IC₅₀ value of 0.157 mg/mL and showed moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase activity with an IC₅₀ value of 1.20 μg/mL. These results indicated the potential of FSA for the development of therapeutic or preventive agents of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease mainly through cytotoxic effect and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibition as well as additional antioxidant capacities.     

对虾细胞培养及对虾病毒体外培养研究进展

随着对虾病毒病研究的不断深入迫切需要建立连续性的对虾细胞系来揭示对虾病毒致病机理等关键问题。文章介绍了用于细胞培养的对虾种类、组织。用于细胞培养的对虾种类包括中国明对虾Fenneropenaeuschinensis、斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon、日本囊对虾Marsupenaeusjaponicus、凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeusvannamei等。用于培养的对虾组织包括甲壳下表皮、心脏、肝胰腺、鳃、肠上皮、淋巴、血淋巴、卵巢、神经、肌肉、造血组织等。同时重点介绍了离散细胞的方法和培养的方式,温度、pH、渗透压的选择,目前对虾细胞培养所用的培养基及促生长添加物,以及如何控制污染。探讨了目前在对虾细胞培养及建系中存在的问题和可能的解决途径,为对虾与其它甲壳类动物细胞培养及细胞系的建立提供参考。此外还介绍了对虾病毒体外培养的研究现状并探讨了可能的解决方案。     

The contribution of rare species to coastal phytoplankton assemblages

Analysis of quantitative and qualitative composition of rare phytoplankton species was performed using a data set collected over a large geographic area (four eutrophic gulfs of the Aegean Sea, E. Mediterranean Sea) during 2002–2003. We examined the effects of excluding rare species on comparisons of species richness, diversity, similarity and niche breadth as well as the regional and seasonal contribution of rare species to cell abundance and carbon biomass. Overall, the total of 401 species included 182 rare species contributing 45.1% of the total species number. However, there was a considerable variation in this relationship among the other parameters, as rare species contributed only 6.4% of total cell abundance, 13.1% of total species diversity, 21.2% of total cell biovolume and 16.6% of total carbon biomass. The results showed that rarity may be a significant issue in studies detecting and quantifying phytoplankton community structure.     

Effects of UVB on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu

PCNA has been considered as a useful marker for the estimation of growth rates of marine phytoplankton at the species level. Since dinoflagellates are noted for having many prokaryotic features in that they are the only eukaryotes to have permanently condensed chromosomes as well as lacking histones and a nucleosome, the sensitivity to UVB radiation and the validity of PCNA as a maker of growth rate in dinoflagellate need to be evaluated.Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu was investigated to valuate the UVB sensitivity in relation to cellular and molecular aspects of PCNA as a growth indicator.The effects of UVB radiation on PCNA were studied using the methods of western blots technology and whole-cell immunoflurescence with one mono-antibody. UVB changed the cell morphology, halted the growth and increased the cell size, even caused cell death to a certain extent after treatment with UVB radiation in P. donghaiense. Compared with the control, treating the algal cultures in exponential phases with UVB radiation for 24 h caused chromatin release and increases in protein levels of PCNA.     

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys (Azumapecten) farreri) 消化盲囊的组织学和组织化学的研究

运用石蜡切片法、透射电镜技术及组织化学方法，对栉孔扇贝的消化盲囊进行了研究。结果表明消化盲囊的腺上皮由消化(吸收)细胞和分泌细胞组成，消化(吸收)细胞顶端有微绒毛，细胞内有酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、脂酶和酯酶活性，还含有糖原和脂肪。是进行食物的细胞内消化和营养物质吸收的主要场所，并有储存能量的功能；分泌细胞内含粗面内质网、高尔基体和分泌颗粒，具有酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性。并含有丰富的RNA和蛋白质，有分泌消化酶的功能；消化盲囊导管上皮细胞顶端有纤毛和微绒毛，细胞内有酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶及脂酶活性，也能分泌消化酶。消化(吸收)细胞浅部的细胞质及其释放到盲囊腔中的胞质团中含铁；各部位不含钙。     

雨生红球藻的细胞周期初探

于１９９７年在青岛利用显微镜连续观察技术研究了雨生红球藻的细胞繁殖方式和动力学。结果表明,该藻细胞周期分为流动和不动２个阶段。每一阶段主要以无性生殖产生孢子的方式完成增殖。正常条件下游动细胞主要产生２、４个,偶尔产生２、４个,偶尔产生８个游动孢子,游孢子从孢子囊释放后为游动细胞。环境不适时流动细胞以及流动孢子失去鞭毛转入不动阶段。不动细胞主要形成４、８个,偶尔也能形成２０多个不动孢子,该过程不一定