Effects of the anthropogenic activities on the morphological evolution of the Modaomen Estuary,Pearl River Delta,China

Owing to the intensive human activities, the Modaomen Estuary has been significantly modified since 1950s, which has resulted in considerable changes of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the area. In this paper, the effects of the anthropogenic activities on the hydrodynamics and morphological evolution in the estuary at different stages are systematically assessed based on the detailed bathymetric data and field survey. The results show that the human activities have caused the channelization of the enclosed sea area in the Modamen Estuary;fast seaward movement of the mouth bar with high siltation;expansion of the channel volume due to channel deepening. The paper also highlights the main hydrodynamic changes in the estuary, including the rise of the water level;the distinguishing changes of tidal range before and after the 1990s （decrease and increase respectively）; as well as the increase of the divided flow ratio. It is found that reclamation is the main factor promoting the transition of nature of the estuary from runoff dominant to runoff and wave dominant, and sand mining activities are mainly to strengthen the tidal dynamic and to low the water level. The results provide useful guidance for better planning of the future developments in the estuary and further research in the area.     

Production of the Crab Elamenopsis kempiHymenosomatidae in the Garmat-Ali Region, Basrah, Iraq

Abstract. The production of the hymenosomatid crab Elamenopsis kempi was calculated for a period of 18 months from a subtidal area of the Garmat-Ali river, southern Iraq. The highest average individual somatic energy was attained in spring. Maximum population biomass and production were attained by the summer cohort and the minimum values were exhibited by the overwintering cohort. The fluctuations of the average population biomass were followed throughout the sampling period. Average total annual population production was 13.2 g DW · m^-2· a^-1 and the P/B ratio was 5.9. These values were compared with those of the most common crustaceans in the region.     

Recycling of manganese in the coastal sea,Funka Bay,Japan

The downward flux of Mn through the water column was directly measured using sediment traps. The Mn flux from the bottom sediment to the water column, and the removal rate of Mn in the bottom water were estimated from Mn gradients in the bottom water. The sediment traps were deployed more than ten times at the same station in Funka Bay, Japan. The trapped settling matter and filtered suspended matter samples were analyzed for Mn, Fe, Al and ignition loss. The observed downward flux of Mn through the water column in winter (1.3–2.8 μg/cm² /day) was generally an order of magnitude larger than that in summer (0.13–0.45 μg/cm² /day), and the Mn fluxes for both seasons were also greater than the accumulation rate of Mn in the bottom sediments (0.10 μg/cm ²/day). More Al was contained in the trapped settling matter than in the suspended matter, while Mn showed the opposite behavior. The Fe/Mn ratio of the residual fraction (obtained by subtracting the sediment component of the settling matter) was rather well correlated with the corresponding ratio in suspended matter. Settling particles are expected to scavenge suspended matter during their passage through the water column. The flux of Mn across the sediment—water interface was estimated from its vertical profiles in the water column to be 0.1–0.3 μg/cm² day. The residence time of Mn in bottom water was about one to several months. These results suggest that Mn is actively recycled between the water column and the sediments of the coastal sea.     

Organic biogeochemistry of the Darwin Mounds, a deep-water coral ecosystem, of the NE Atlantic

The Darwin Mounds are a series of small (5 m high, 75–100 m diameter) sandy features located in the northern Rockall Trough. They provide a habitat for communities of Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna. Suspended particulate organic matter (sPOM) reaching the deep-sea floor, which could potentially fuel this deep-water coral (DWC) ecosystem, was collected during summer 2000. This was relatively “fresh” (i.e. dominated by labile lipids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids) and was derived largely from phytoplankton remains and faecal pellets, with contributions from bacteria and microzooplankton. Labile sPOM components were enriched in the benthic boundary layer (10 m above bottom (mab)) relative to 150 mab. The action of certain benthic fauna that are exclusively associated with the DWC ecosystem (e.g. echiuran worms) leads to the subduction of fresh organic material into the sediments. The mound surface sediments are enriched in organic carbon, relative to off-mound sites. There is no evidence for hydrocarbon venting at this location.     

The structure,dynamics, and transformation of the estuary lenses in run-off seawater on the shelf of Guinea

Peculiarities of the dynamics and the structure formation in the estuary run-off lenses have been analysed based on field data obtained at the Guinean coast (the central eastern Atlantic Ocean). Attention was paid to the processes of restratification, internal mixing, and exchange in the areas of the frontal zone of the run-off lens and the tidal frontal zone. The stabilization of the front of the estuary run-off lens by means of the periodic washing out of its forepart by tidal upwelling is described. The mechanisms of the energy transformation in the leading part of the lens have been revealed. Effects of run-off and loczalization of transformed waters in the small-scale frontal zones are found. The energy estimations represented will be useful in considering analogous phenomena in other coastal regions.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Chlorophyll, delayed fluorescence, and primary production in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan

The content of chlorophyll (Chl), the intensity of delayed fluorescence (DF), the primary production (PP), and the concentrations of macronutrients were measured in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan during cruise 30 of R/V Professor Gagarinskii in the autumn of 2000. Sixty-three stations were executed in two steps: October 12–17 (stations 2–34) and October 29–November 3 (stations 35–63). At all the stations, CTD probes were performed. Three cross sections were executed twice within a 2-to 3-week interval, during which structural changes in the hydrological fields took place due to the development of an upwelling. During this time, the length of a day and the daily photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) decreased notably. The vertical profiles of Chl and DF showed pronounced maxima. The waters of the shallow-water stations were characterized by an increased Chl content as compared to the deep-water stations. The content of Chl in the photosynthetic layer amounted from 11 to 30 mg/m²; the PP values were from 120 to 520 mg C/m²/day. At the shallow-water stations, during the second step, the Chl concentration increased by roughly 60% (on average, from 0.47 ± 0.22 to 0.77 ± 0.42 mg/m³); the PP value grew by about 40% (from 268 ± 67 to 370 ± 72 mg C/m²/day). At the deep-water stations, this increase was small (the Chl concentration and PP value increased from 0.37 ± 0.20 to 0.41 ± 0.18 mg/m³ and from 356 ± 72 to 377 ± 74 mg C/m²/day, respectively). The changes noted proceeded due to the increase in the nutrient concentrations during the time between the two surveys, despite the decrease in the length of the day and of the daily PAR. The observations performed showed that, during the autumn time, the horizontal water advection across the shelf, caused by the development of the upwelling, plays the key role in the variations of the production characteristics of the Primor’e coastal zone.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.     

Structure, biomass distribution and trophodynamics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific

Biomass distribution and trophodynamics in the oceanic ecosystem in the Oyashio region are presented and analyzed, combining the seasonal data for plankton and micronekton collected at Site H since 1996 with data for nekton and other animals at higher trophic levels from various sources. The total biomass of biological components including bacteria, phytoplankton, microzooplankton, mesozooplankton, micronekton, fishes/squids and marine birds/mammals was 23 g C m⁻², among which the most dominant component was mesozooplankton (34% of the total), followed by phytoplankton (28%), bacteria (15%) and microzooplankton (protozoans) (14%). The remainder (9%) was largely composed of micronekton and fish/squid. Marine mammals/birds are only a small fraction (0.14%) of the total biomass. Large/medium grazing copepods (Neocalaus spp., Eucalanus bungii and Metridia spp.) accounted for 77% of the mesozooplankton biomass. Based on information about diet composition, predators were assigned broadly into mean trophic level 3–4, and carbon flow through the grazing food chain was established based on the estimated annual production/food consumption balance of each trophic level. From the food chain scheme, ecological efficiencies as high as 24% were calculated for the primary/secondary production and 21% for the secondary/tertiary production. Biomass and production of bacteria were estimated as 1/10 of the respective values for phytoplankton at Site H, but the role of the microbial food chain remains unresolved in the present analysis. As keystone species in the oceanic Oyashio region, Neocalanus spp. are suggested as a vital link between primary production and production of pelagic fishes, mammals and birds.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS,TOPEX, GFO,Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.     

Abundance and size composition of the summer phytoplankton communities in the western North Pacific Ocean,the Bering Sea,and the Gulf of Alaska

Chlorophylla concentrations (Chla) of size-fractionated phytoplankton samples were measured in the western North Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Gulf of Alaska during the summer of 1986. Among samples collected in the upper 100 m (total of 210 samples), 207 samples were dominated by micro- (>10 m) or picoplankton (<2 m) and only three samples were represented by nanoplankton (2–10 m). These 207 samples were classified based on the total Chla content into three types: Type H (>1.0 g l^–1), Type M (0.5–1.0 g l^–1), and Type L (<0.5 g l^–1). These types further divided into two subtypes (-p and-m), depending upon dominancy of pico (-p) and microplankton (-m). The phytoplankton community was represented by Type L-p in the Gulf of Alaska, where 80% of the samples fell into this type. It was represented by Type M-p in the western North Pacific and the Oceanic Domain in the Bering Sea, where 53 and 41% of samples were identified as this type, respectively. In the Middle Domain of the Bering Sea, 68% of samples collected below the nitracline was Type H-m, which indicates blooms of microplanton. This type was also observed in the neritic waters near the Aleutian Islands. These types described above are consistent with a general trend that an increase in phytoplankton abundance is attributed to the growth of microplankton. An unusual type occurred above the nitracline of the Middle Domain, where microplankton prevailed, although the total Chla was less (Type L-m). This type represents a feature of late phase of an ice edge bloom. Another unusual type was found mainly in the Outer Domain of the Bering Sea, where the total Chla was high and picoplankton prevailed (Type H-p). The predominance of picoplankton seems to result from the heavy grazing intensity of large calanoid copepods upon microplankton but not upon picoplankton     

福建东山湾表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊分布研究

本研究于2016年11月在福建东山湾海域采集了表层沉积物, 对沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分布规律进行了研究, 重点揭示了有毒有害甲藻孢囊的分布; 同时测定了沉积物中生源要素含量, 以揭示孢囊分布与生源要素的关系。共鉴定甲藻孢囊22种, 包括自养型14种和异养型8种, 优势种为原多甲藻孢囊。孢囊的种类多样性指数(H')偏低, 为1.70~2.38之间; 均匀度指数(J)为0.64~0.84。孢囊密度介于70.6~136.4个·g^-1, 平均为107.2个·g^-1, 在漳江口和八尺门海域较低。东山湾表层沉积物中较高的异养型甲藻孢囊百分含量(平均75.5%)在一定程度上说明了水体中较高的初级生产力及富营养化水平。值得注意的是, 本研究分析鉴定出7种有毒有害甲藻的孢囊, 包括麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxin, PSP)原因种奥氏亚历山大藻(Alexandrium ostenfeldii)和链状/塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella/tamarense)孢囊复合体、虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin, YTX)原因种具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera)、环胺藻毒素(azaspiracid, AZP)潜在原因种环胺藻(Azadinium sp)、产生鱼毒素的哈曼褐多沟藻(Polykrikos hartmannii)以及赤潮藻类Barrufeta bravensis和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella acuminate)。整体来说, 这些有毒有害藻类的孢囊密度较低, 但具刺膝沟藻在某些站位的高密度出现需引起关注。     

Concentrations of the elements Ag,Al, Ca,Cd, Cu,Fe, Mg,Mn, Pb and Zn,and the radionuclides 210Pb and 210Po in the digestive gland of the squid Nototodarus gouldi

Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations and ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb activities were measured in 26 specimens of the squid Nototodarus gouldi taken from the waters of Bass Strait in one jigging operation. All the elements show wide ranges in concentrations in specimens apparently subject to the same environmental conditions. Copper concentration was 27-1 200 μg/g, and ²¹⁰Po activity 4·8–24·2 Bq/g. The animal wet weights, the elements Ag, Al, Cd, Fe and Zn, and the radionuclide ²¹⁰Po have coefficients of variation in the range 40–60%; Ca, Mg and Mn show the smallest variability (CV = < 30%), and Cu the greatest (CV = 12%). Significant correlations (p < 0·001) were found between the following pairs of elements: Cd-Zn, Cd-Cu, Zn-Cu, Mg-Mn, Fe-Mn, Ca-Mg and Fe-²¹⁰Po.     

NOAA的GNOME溢油模型在湄洲湾的应用

在湄洲湾试用GNOME溢油模型模拟溢油扩散．先用EFDC建立潮流场,并选用主导风形成常风场,一并输入GNOME建立起溢油模型,模拟涨、落潮过程叠加不同风况下敏感海域的溢油扩散．模拟结果：初始溢油量为100t,扩散到第6小时,8种不同条件下挥发油量都为7．7t,附岸和漂浮油量和为92．3t,其中漂浮油量为6．4～92．0t,相应附岸油量为85．9～0．3t;溢油扩散最大范围为1．3～30．0km。,90％置信区间为2．0～56．0km。,最大距离为1．2～14．6km;与前人模拟溢油扩散结果相比基本一致．经分析,溢油扩散主要受3个方面影响：（1）岸线走向：当岸线靠近油膜漂移的路线时,大量油膜附着在岸上,扩散范围较小;（2）风况与流场关系：如果两者方向一致,油膜会扩散较远;（3）风区长度：风区越长,油膜扩散范围越大．总之,建立GNOME溢油模型较好地模拟了溢油扩散趋势,对溢油应急响应具有参考作用．     

中国西沙群岛底栖甲藻热带库里亚藻(Coolia tropicalis)的形态学、系统发育及毒性研究

库里亚藻(Coolia)是一类广泛分布且具有生物毒性的海洋底栖甲藻。本研究对近年来在中国南海西沙群岛海域采集分离的4株库里亚藻, 通过光镜及电镜下的形态学观察, 并结合基于核糖体大亚基(large subunit, LSU)rDNA(D1-D3)和内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)的序列进行系统发育分析, 鉴定该4个株系为热带库里亚藻(Coolia tropicalis)。在卤虫(Artemia salina)生物毒性试验中, 热带库里亚藻不同株系毒素提取液对卤虫幼虫表现出了毒性差异, XS554株系的48h半致死浓度(LC50)为1.42mg·mL ^-1(约相当于1.1×10 ⁵cells·mL ^-1), 5XS15株系的LC50为1.92mg·mL ^-1(约相当于1×10 ⁵cells·mL ^-1)。     

Fronts, baroclinic transport, and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the southeast Indian Ocean

Fronts,baroclinic transport,and mesoscale variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) along 115°E are examined on the basis of CTD data from two hydrographic cruises occupied in 1995 as a part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment(WOCE cruise I9S) and in 2004 as a part of CLIVAR/CO2 repeat hydrography program.The integrated baroclinic transport across I9S section is(97.2×106±2.2×106) m3/s relative to the deepest common level(DCL).The net transport at the north end of I9S,determined by the south Australian circulation system,is about 16.5×106m3/s westward.Relying on a consistent set of water mass criteria and transport maxima,the ACC baroclinic transport,(117×106 ±6.7×10 6)m3/s to the east,is carried along three fronts:the Subantarctic Front(SAF) at a mean latitude of 44°-49°S carries(50.6×10 6 ±13.4×106)m3/s;the Polar Front(PF),with the northern branch(PF-N) at 50.5°S and the southern branch(PFS) at 58°S,carries(51.3×106 ±8.7×106)m3/s;finally,the southern ACC front(SACCF) and the southern boundary of the ACC(SB) consist of three cores between 59°S and 65°S that combined carry(15.2×106 ±1.8×106)m3/s.Mesoscale eddy features are identifiable in the CTD sections and tracked in concurrent maps of altimetric sea level anomalies(SLA) between 44°-48°S and 53°-57°S.Because of the remarkable mesoscale eddy features within the SAF observed in both the tracks of the cruises,the eastward transport of the SAF occurs at two latitude bands separating by 1°.Both the CTD and the altimetric data suggest that the mesoscale variability is concentrated around the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone(APFZ) and causes the ACC fronts to merge,diverge,and to fluctuate in intensity and position along their paths.     

黄河、辽河和鸭绿江沉积角闪石矿物化学特征对比及物源识别

通过提取黄河、辽河和鸭绿江表层沉积物中的碎屑矿物角闪石,对单矿物采用电子探针,对群体角闪石采用ICP-MS和ICP-AES分析其常量元素及微量元素组成。结果表明:角闪石单矿物主成分在一定范围内有较大变化,都具有高Si、Ca、Mg和低Na、K的特征;3条河流的角闪石晶体化学都归属钙角闪石组,半数以上矿物种为镁角闪石;角闪石群体矿物化学显示黄河角闪石的稀土元素浓度明显高于黄土和黄河全岩沉积物,而且重稀土比轻稀土更富集,说明角闪石是黄河和黄土沉积物稀土元素的主要载体之一,角闪石含量变化会对全岩样品稀土元素含量造成重要影响。微量元素特征显示新旧黄河样品间差别很小,与其同一来源物质的事实相符。虽然黄河、辽河和鸭绿江河流样品角闪石主成分相近,但微量元素方面(元素含量、元素含量对比值及特征值)显示较明显不同,样品间多种数值指标相对偏差在20%以上,可作为物源识别的判别标志,如微量元素Ba、Li、Rb、Cs、Ta、Tl、Pb、La、Ce、Pr、Nd等含量的差异,元素对比值c(La)/c(Y)、c(Sr)/c(Rb)、c(Zn)/c(Cu)、c(Gd)/c(Cd)、c(Li)/c(Be)、c(Rb)/c(Cs)、c(Sr)/c(Ba)、c(Hf)/c(Ta)、c(Pb)/c(Bi)等的差异;特征值∑c(REE)、Σc(LREE)、∑c(HREE)、∑c(LREE)/∑c(HREE)、[c(La)/c(Lu)]N、[c(La)/c(Yb)]N、[c(La)/c(Sm)]N等的差异。     

Geological structure of the marginal plateau off Tottori,Southern-West of Honshu,Japan

A geological and geophysical survey off Tottori, southern-west of Honshu, Japan, was carried out by the Hydrographic Department of Japan during May and June (26 days) of 1974.In the survey area, there is marginal plateau which lies under the slope of the continental shelf adjacent to the Sanin district. By the closely-spaced surveying the marginal plateau was divided into two different zones based on differences of genesis and structure, which are identified in this paper as marginal plateaus A (west side) and marginal plateau B (east side). The tectonic boundary between marginal plateaus A and B, previously believed to exist near Tottori City, was not confirmed. An erosional plane, beneath the horizontally bedded upper layer was found to be 75 m lower than the submerged surface of marginal plateau A. Marginal plateau B is hypothesized to have been generated by the sliding of the upper layer. This is suggested by the presence of prominent slumping directed toward the bottom of the Oki Trough. This result implies that the submergence of the Oki Trough area and formation of the marginal plateau are closely related.     

The organic carbon in the water,the particulate matter,and the upper layer of the bottom sediments of the west Kara Sea

In three sections in the Kara Sea, the contents of the dissolved and particulate organic carbon (the DOC and POC, respectively), as well as of the organic carbon of the bottom sediments (C_org) were determined. The contents of varied from 6.3 to 2400 μg/l for the DOC and from 0.84 to 12.2 mg of C/l for the POC. The average concentrations for all the samples tested amounted to 200 μg/l for the DOC (n = 78, σ = 368) and 2.7 mg/l for the POC (n = 92, σ = 2.7). The concentrations of Corg in the samples of the upper layer of the bottom sediments of the area treated varied from 0.13 to 2.10% of the dry substance at an average value of 0.9% (n = 21, σ= 0.49%). It is shown that the distribution of the different forms of organic matter (OM) is an indicator of the supply and spreading of the particulate matter in the Kara Sea and that the DOC and POC of the Kara Sea are formed under the impact of the runoff of the Ob and Yenisei river waters. It is found that the distribution of the OM of the bottom sediments in the surveyed area of the Kara Sea is closely related to their grain-size composition and to the structure of the currents in the area studied. The variations in the Corg content in the bottom sediment cores from the zone of riverine and marine water mixing represent the variability of the OM burial.     

南海芋螺科一新记录种(软体动物门, 腹足纲, 新腹足目)

在对中国科学院南海海洋生物标本馆馆藏芋螺科 Conidae 标本, 以及近年来在南海补充采集的标本进行整理的过程中, 通过形态分类学方法鉴定发现隶属于芋螺属 Conus 的中国海新记录种1种: 锈色芋螺 Conus ferrugineus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792, 标本采自西沙群岛。文章描述了该种的外部形态, 查明了其生活习性和地理分布特点, 并与相似种犊纹芋螺 Conus vitulinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 进行了比较, 通过壳口内面前沟部位的颜色可将两者区分开: 锈色芋螺呈白色, 而犊纹芋螺呈紫 (褐) 色; 同时对这两个相似种的其他区别特征进行了总结。     

南麂列岛大沙岙沙滩贝类的时空分布

南麂列岛作为观光旅游的休闲去处正在日益升温,其中沙滩游玩是最大的活动亮点,大沙岙是南麂列岛最具代表性的沙滩,沙滩内生活着较多贝类,随大量人员的涌入和沿岸环境污染的日趋加重,大沙岙沙滩贝类的栖息地环境受到了较大程度的危害、人为活动正影响着贝类的生长发育。为探明近年来大沙岙贝类种类、数量及群落结构的变化,在南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区建立初期(1992年)生态调查的基础上,于2003年再次对大沙岙贝类进行了采样分析,结果表明:大沙岙沙滩12种贝类的平均生物量和栖息密度分别为30.16g/m2和20个/m2,北断面开放区贝类的平均生物量和栖息密度(13.98g/m2和11个/m2)明显少于受监控的南断面核心区(46.33g/m2和30个/m2),贝类的平均生物量和栖息密度的垂直分布低潮区(48.43g/m2和31个/m2)高于中潮区(28.03g/m2和20个/m2),贝类的平均栖息密度7月高于3月,北断面贝类的季节变化、多样性和均匀度指数大于南断面。与建区初期同季调查资料比对发现,2003年北断面贝类数量下降幅度(14倍)显著大于南断面贝类下降幅度(1倍)。分析认为,自然环境变化和人为采捕是影响沙滩贝类数量下降的主要外部因子。