Ichthyofauna of the Eastern Coast Bays of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago

Based on 2014–2016 studies and published data on the ichthyofauna composition near the eastern coast of Novaya Zemlya, a revised list of fish fauna has been compiled. It includes 30 species from 23 genera and 13 families. The taxonomic diversity of ichthyofauna, its characteristics in respect to geographic range and biotopic groups of fish are considered. In general, ichthyological communities in bays off the eastern coast are similar in the species ratio to the communities in the open Kara Sea, and do not demonstrate any essential features of isolation.     

Benthic Fauna of Stepovoi Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago,Kara Sea)

Oceanology - Benthic fauna in Stepovoi Bay (Kara Sea, Novaya Zemlya) was studied during expeditions of the R/V Professor Shtokman in 2013–2014. Sampling was carried out at ten grab stations...     

Benthic fauna of Blagopoluchiya Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago,Kara Sea)

The benthic fauna was studied in the Blagopoluchiya Bay (Kara Sea, Novaya Zemlya Archipelago) during an expedition of the R/V Professor Shtokman in autumn 2013. The inner basin of the bay, with depths of around 150 m, is separated from the outer slope of Novaya Zemlya by a shoal 30 m in depth. Six macrobenthic communities were described at nine stations (25 bottom grab samples) taken along a transect from the inner part of the bay to the outer part of the slope. The depths, position on the transect axis and sediment types were the major factors influencing the distribution of the communities. The benthic abundance and biomass in the inner and outer parts of the bay did not differ significantly. The diversity of macrobenthic organisms (α-diversity as the number of species in the sample and β-diversity as the rate of increase in species number in the area) was lower in the inner part of the bay. The intertidal zone (littoral) has been described. The littoral fauna was very poor; it comprised only the amphipods Gammarus setosus inhabiting the near-surface area.     

Benthic fauna of Tsivolki Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago,Kara Sea)

Benthic fauna in Tsivolki Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Kara Sea) has been studied during the voyage of the R/V Professor Shtokman in 2013 and 2014. A peculiar feature of the bay is the presence of the Serp i Molot glacier in its inner part, which determines the extremely high content of suspended particles in the water column. The bay is divided into three parts: the inner part (close to the glacier), the middle basin, and the outer slope. These parts are separated from each other by several rises. Benthic communities changed gradually from the inner part of the bay towards the outer slope. Three communities were described from the data of nine grab stations (26 samples). The apex of the bay is occupied by the depleted community dominated by the isopod Saduria sabini and the bivalve Yoldiella lenticula, which can successfully survive the increased mineral sedimentation. In the middle basin, it is replaced by the transitional community with Ennucula tenuis and Portlandia arctica being the main dominants. Finally, the outer slope is inhabited by the community typical for the open parts of the Kara Sea. It is dominated by ^{Astarte crenata, Ophiacantha bidentata}, and Ophiopleura borealis. The main reason for macrobenthic distribution in the studied region is the content of mineral particles in the water column and bottom layers.     

庙岛群岛浮游动物群落种类组成与时空分布

文章于2018年8月、10月和2019年2月、5月对庙岛群岛海域59个站位进行4个航次的水质及浮游动物调查,统计分析I型网采集浮游动物的群落结构、时空分布及与各环境因子的相关性。结果表明：庙岛群岛海域共鉴定出浮游动物93种,分属13大类,其中桡足类和浮游幼虫均为25种,共占比53.8%。各季节出现的优势种有一定差异,中华哲水蚤在四季当中均为优势种。全年大型浮游动物的丰度在3.0～2 720 ind/m³之间波动,平均值为122.41 ind/m³;生物量在0.25～3 106.75 mg/m³之间波动,平均值为172.15 mg/m³;多样性指数介于0.058～3.670之间,平均值为1.431;均匀度指数介于0.030～0.922之间,平均值为0.467;丰富度指数介于0.362～7.964之间,平均值为2.358。Pearson相关性分析及典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,各环境因子中温度与盐度对浮游动物的分布影响尤为显著。     

Features of hydrophysical and hydrochemical conditions in Blagopoluchiya Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago)

The report presents the results of hydrophysical and hydrochemical studies in Blagopoluchiya Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago) based on data of integrated expeditions of the Institute of Oceanology in the Kara Sea in 2007, 2013, and 2014. The main focus was the influence of the Ob and Yenisei rivers, as well as of the runoff of meltwaters from the coasts of the archipelago on the hydrochemical and hydrophysical structures of the bay waters. The features of water exchange between the bay and adjacent aquatic area are considered, along with the renewal mechanisms for deep waters in the bay (deeper than 100 m). The possible occurrence of stagnant effects in deep layers of the bay is evaluated.     

The surface runoff of nutrients from the coasts of Blagopoluchiya bay of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago

Resulting from the surveys in the Blagopoluchiya and Techenii bays at the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago during cruise 54 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in September of 2007, it was shown that the waters supplied from the archipelago coasts contained considerable amounts of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. The pH values and total alkalinities were also considerably increased. The laboratory experiments confirmed that the rocks forming the coasts of the surveyed bays might be sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. The effect of the Novaya Zemlya runoff upon the hydrochemical structure of the upper 10-m layer of the seawaters was traced for 16–20 km from the coast during the period of the surveys.     

Bottom Communities of Sedova Bay (Novaya Zemlya,the Kara Sea)

Oceanology - The benthic fauna of Sedova Bay (Kara Sea, Novaya Zemlya Archipelago) was studied during two cruises of the R/V Academik Mstislav Keldysh in 2015–2016. Three macrobenthic...     

Zooplankton Feeding Ecology: Grazing by Marine Copepods and Cladocerans upon Phytoplankton and Cyanobacteria from Kingston Harbour, Jamaica

Abstract. Grazing by the copepods Temora turbinata and Acartia lilljeborgii and the marine cladoceran Penilia avirostris on natural phytoplankton and cyanobacteria assemblages from Kingston Harbour. Jamaica, was examined in summer 1992. Food assemblages were often dominated by an unidentified filamentous cyanobacterium. with abundances of up to 1.16 × 10⁴ filaments. ml^-1. Other abundant phytoplankters included microflagellates and diatoms of the genus Niteschia. Mean clearance rates for the entire food assemblage ranged from 0.10 to 2.41 ml animal^-1. h^-1, although most mean clearance rates were between 0.5 and 1.5 ml. animal^-1 h^-1. Patterns of selection of different food items by various grazers on different dates were variable and inconsistent. Microscopic measurements revealed that cyanobacterial filament lengths were shorter in grazed than initial aliquots during a cyanobacterium bloom in August. This suggests that grazers reduced lengths of many filaments by biting off portions, in addition to consuming entire filaments. Such ‘filament clipping’ of cyanobacteria filaments has been recorded previously in freshwater studies and suggests that grazers impact a larger portion of the phytoplankton assemblage than is accounted for by ingestion and clearance rates based only upon removal of filaments. Grazers exhibited no adverse effects from consuming cyanobacteria. Cyanobacterkd are often considered to be toxic or of poor food quality for planktonic grazers. but due to the high abundance and dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria in Kingston Harbour. if these cyanobacteria were ungrazed. there would at times be little alternative phytoplankton food for copepods and cladocerans. Our results suggest that the trophic role of tilamentous cyanobacteria in pelagic food webs of the tropical ocean should be further investigated and possibly reconsidered.     

Benthic Fauna of Oga Bay (Novaya Zemlya,Kara Sea)

Oceanology - The benthic fauna of Oga Bay (Kara Sea, Novaya Zemlya archipelago) was studied in 2015–2016 during the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh expeditions. Five grab stations at depths of...     

Mineral composition of soils and bottom sediments in bays of Novaya Zemlya

We have analyzed the specific features of the mineralogical composition of bottom sediments of Blagopoluchiya, Tsivol’ki, and Abrosimov bays and soils on Cape Zhelaniya and the coasts of Abrosimov and Stepovoi bays. The data were obtained during two scientific expeditions of the R/V Professor Shtokman in 2014 (cruise 128) and R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in 2015 (cruise 63). These investigations revealed patterns in the transportation of terrigenous material in the coastal zone of the bays: a decrease in the share of nonclay minerals and an increase in that of clay minerals with distance from shore. The increase in kaolinite and smectite content in soil horizons is related to biochemical weathering, while illite is mainly formed as a result of physical weathering.

     

Sedimentation and mixing rates of radionuclides in Barents Sea sediments off Novaya Zemlya

Radionuclide measurements have been conducted on sediment cores collected in 1992 in the south-eastern region of the Barents Sea, known as the Pechora Sea. Cesium-137 and ^239,24OPu activities in surface sediments are generally less than 30 Bq/kg, with the highest levels being measured in sediments off the southwestern coastline of the island of Novaya Zemlya. High correlations between both ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,24OPu and the concentration of fine (< 63 μm) particles in surface sediments indicate that much of the variance in radionuclide concentrations throughout the Pechora Sea can be explained by particle size fractionation. However, elevated activities of ¹³⁷Cs (138 Bq/kg), ⁶⁰Co (92 Bq/kg), ²⁴¹Am (433 Bq/kg), and especially ^239,24OPu (8.47 × 103 Bq/kg) were measured in one surface sediment sample from the fjord of Chernaya Bay on the southern coast of Novaya Zemlya. The source of radioactive contamination is two underwater nuclear tests conducted in Chernaya Bay in 1955 and 1957.The ²³⁸Pu/^239,240Vu activity ratio of 0.0245 in Chernaya Bay is equivalent to values measured in global fallout. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio (0.0304), measured by mass spectrometry, is much lower than values (0.18) typical of global fallout, but is consistent with ratios measured for fallout from the early (1951–1955) series of weapons tests at the Nevada Test Site. The timing of the Chernaya Bay source term, estimated from the ²⁴¹Am/²⁴¹Pu ratio, is consistent with the timing of the 1955 and 1957 underwater nuclear tests. Relatively low initial yields of ²⁴¹Pu (²⁴¹Pu/²³⁹Pu atom RATIO = 0.00 123) in these tests have resulted in relatively low ²⁴¹Am/^239,240Pu activity ratios (0.05) in recent sediments in Chernaya Bay.Radionuclide tracer profiles in cores from the Pechora Sea can be simulated using a two-layer biodiffusion model with rapid, near-homogeneous mixing in the surface mixed layer and reduced mixing in the deep layer. Lead-210 profiles are consistent with a wide range of sedimentation and mixing rates in the deep sediment layer. However, the ¹³7Cs and ^239,240Pu results further constrain the model parameters and indicate that the downward transport of radionuclides in the sediments is governed primarily by sediment mixing, with sediment burial playing a secondary role.     

Variability of Sedimentation Processes in Northern Part of East Novaya Zemlya Trough in the Anthropocene

Oceanology - The lithological and mineralogical characteristics of sea surface sediments, composition of microfossils, contribution of organic matter, and element composition have been studied in a...     

Research Results on Ecological Hazard Objects in Abrosimov Bay (Novaya Zemlya,Kara Sea)

Oceanology - The article presents results of field research on environmental assessment in Abrosimov Bay (Yuzhny Island of Novaya Zemlya) in connection with the existing RW disposal sites in this...     

Elemental composition of zooplankton in the Kara Sea and the bays on the eastern side of Novaya Zemlya

The chemical composition of zooplankton in the Kara Sea Basin has been studied. Independent samplings of the open sea and the Blagopoluchie and Tsivol’ki bays of Novaya Zemlya testify to the similarity of the distribution pattern of all the studied elements. The chemical composition of samples is predominated by organic carbon (49.5 ± 4.8% of dry weight). The other most important constituent elements are Na, P, S, K, Mg, and Ca. Their average total concentrations are 4.82 ± 0.1%. From an analysis of the composition of major and trace elements of zooplankton in the Kara Sea and the bays of Novaya Zemlya, three groups of elements have been specified: with similar (С_org, K, S, P, Al, Ti, Sc, Cd, Se, Cs, and Rb), lower (Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ba, B, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Co, Sb, Mo, Ag, Be, Ga, and Hg), and higher (Li, As, and U) contents compared to their mean concentrations in ocean zooplankton.     

Hydraulic Regimes of Flow over Mountains during Severe Downslope Windstorms: Novorossiysk Bora,Novaya Zemlya Bora,and Pevek Yuzhak

Common features of the flow behavior over mountains within the hydraulic jump model are identified based on an analysis of 36 episodes of severe winds in the regions of Novorossiysk, Pevek, and Novaya Zemlya. In all these episodes, the incoming flow is characterized by a strong inversion layer at altitudes of 0.5–1.5 km and, in the case of bora, by a critical level in the wind profile in the middle troposphere, which creates conditions for a weakened dynamic interaction between the low-level air flowing over mountains and the upper layers of the atmosphere. The wind-speed increase on the lee slope is caused by the transition of the incoming flow from the subcritical to supercritical state. In this case, the velocity amplitude increases with increasing inversion intensity. Model estimates of wind-speed increase are in good agreement with observations at lee-side weather stations for episodes with a strong elevated inversion.     

乐清湾2009年夏季浮游动物种类组成和数量分布

2009-08对乐清湾进行了生物调查。共鉴定浮游动物66种,浮游幼虫15类,分为半咸水河口类群、近海暖温带类群、近海暖水类群和大洋广布类群,其中近海暖水类群占主导地位。Ⅰ型网主要优势种有针刺拟哲水蚤、汤氏长足水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、刺尾纺锤水蚤等;Ⅱ型网主要优势种有针刺拟哲水蚤、强额拟哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、刺尾纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、简长腹剑水蚤、小长腹剑水蚤等。浮游动物优势种分布有明显差别,太平洋纺锤水蚤分布仅限于湾顶海区,小长腹剑水蚤密集区也在此区域,其它优势种则分布于乐清湾中部和湾口海区。浮游动物平均生物量为125.05mg/m3,平均丰度为234.00个/m3,数量分布呈现出从湾顶向湾口逐渐降低的趋势。     

南麂列岛附近海域的浮游植物和赤潮生物

１９９０年４月和１０月在南麂列岛附近海域进行了两个航次的浮游植物采样调查，共检出浮游植物９７种，隶属于３６属。春季同样浮游植物的平均丰度为２９．７×１０４个／ｍ３，水样浮游植物平均丰度达５２７６０×１０４个／ｍ３。优势种有三鳍原角藻Ｐｒｏｒｏｃｅｎｔｒｕｍｔｒｉｅｓｔｉｎｉｕｍ、夜光藻Ｎｏｃｔｉｌｕｃａｓｃｉｎｔｉｌｌａｎｓ和威氏圆筛藻Ｃｏｓｃｉｎｏｄｉｓｃｕｓｗａｉｌｅｓｉｉ。秋季浮游植物同样的平均丰度为３２．５×１０４个／ｍ３；水样浮游植物平均丰度为９２８×１０４个／ｍ３。优势类群有角刺藻Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｓｐｐ、圆筛藻Ｃｏｓｃｉｎｏｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｐｐ、角藻Ｃｅｒａｔｉｕｍｓｐｐ、海毛藻Ｔｈａｌａｓｓｉｏｔｈｒｉｘｓｐｐ、根管藻Ｒｈｉｚｏｓｏｌｅｎｉａｓｐｐ、骨条藻Ｓｋｅｌｅｔｏｎｅｍａｃｏｓｔａｔｕｍ等。该海区春秋两季均存在多种赤潮生物。     

Changes in the Quantitative Characteristics of Macro- and Meiobenthos in the Blagopoluchiya Bay from 2013 to 2020 (Novaya Zemlya,the Kara Sea)

Oceanology - Macro- and meiobenthos of the Blagopoluchiya Bay (Novaya Zemlya, Kara Sea) have undergone significant changes in their quantitative distribution from 2013 to 2020. During this period,...