The reflection of the present distribution of the primary production in the bottom sediments of the Sea of Okhotsk

Using the authors’ data obtained during expeditions to the Sea of Okhotsk during the last decade, the primary phytoplankton production and the distribution of organic carbon and chlorophyll a degradation products (chlorin) in the bottom sediments were studied. Using the authors’ and published data, the spatial distribution of the production and paleoproduction indicators was plotted. The ratios of the chlorin and C_org content in the sediments was considered, and the correlation between these parameters was revealed. It was shown that the average annual primary production of phytoplankton and the paleoproduction indices were maximum in the coastal and upwelling zones and decreased towards the sea’s center. A quantitative correlation was found between the distribution of the present primary production in the photic layer and that of the rates of the accumulation of organic matter buried within the surface sediments. As a result, it was shown that the content of chlorin and C_org in the marine bottom sediments may be used to reconstruct the paleoproduction variability of the past.     

盐城海岸带表层土壤重金属的空间分布及其影响因素研究

以盐城海岸带为研究对象,分析了Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,V,Zn,Co,Cd 9种重金属元素在二维空间分布的异质性,以及沿着经纬度方向的梯度变化,并通过主成分分析和元素区域背景值的分析,探讨重金属元素的可能来源.结果表明:自陆向海存在着逐渐减少的格局梯度,而在区域的北部分布着重金属元素的峰值;二维分析的结果表明,重...     

石油污染物在海滩颗粒体系中吸附规律的研究

以0#柴油为研究对象,探讨了石油污染物在海滩颗粒体系中的吸附规律,考察了吸附剂(沙粒)的粒径、海水盐度和温度三因素对吸附作用的影响,并对吸附机理进行了分析。结果表明,颗粒物对溶解油的吸附速率较快,其吸附量与沙粒粒径成反比,与盐度成正比,而温度的升高不利于吸附过程的进行。溶解油在颗粒物上的吸附为物理吸附,其吸附模式符合Henery等温吸附式。     

Role of the small-size fraction of mesozooplankton in the pelagic community of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the autumn

The role of the small-size (SF; 0.1–0.5 mm) and large-size (LF; 0.5–20.0 mm) fractions in the biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton (0.1–20.0 mm) was assessed using the database of samples obtained during the cruises of RV Akvanavt in the northeastern Black Sea in November 2000 and October 2006. The mesozooplankton was collected by means of Juday nets (37/50, filtering gauze 160 μm) and Niskin bottles in two areas: (1) the shelf and continental slope (30–1480 m depth) and (2) the deep sea (depths of more than 1500 m). The plankton net was considerably less effective in collecting the SF of the mesozooplankton (by a factor of 30–36) than the Niskin bottles. When comparing the SF and LF, we estimated the abundance and biomass of the SF in the samples obtained with the Niskin bottles. The abundance of the SF in the deep-sea area was 2.5 times lower compared to the shelf and continental slope, and the LF abundance was 5.0 times lower in the same way. The abundance of the SF constituted 88% of the total mesozooplankton on the shelf and continental slope, and 78% in the deep-sea area. The biomass of the SF was higher as well on the shelf and continental slope. Meroplankton played a significant role in the SF zooplankton abundance (0.5 × 10³ + 0.16 ind. m⁻³) in this area. The SF grazing impact was 10% of the total mesozooplankton grazing on the shelf and continental slope, and 17% in the deepsea area. Appendicularia and nauplii of copepods had the greatest contribution to the mesozooplankton grazing among the SF group.     

Phytoplankton of the south-western part of the Kara Sea

The research was performed along a transect from the Yamal Peninsula coast towards the outer shelf of the southwestern part of the Kara Sea in September 2007. 130 phytoplankton species have been identified, among which 63 were found in the area for the first time. The total phytoplankton numbers varied within the range of 0.2 to 11.3 × 10⁹ cells/m², while biomass within the range of 43 to 1057 mgC/m². A well pronounced cross-shelf zoning in the phytoplankton communities was ascertained. The inner shelf zone about 30 km wide with depths down to 30 meters was characterized by the predominance of diatoms (up to 80% of the total algae numbers and biomass). The second group by value was dinoflagellates. Seaward in the area of the depth increase from 30 to 140 m, the zone of the Yamal Current was located, which was 40 km wide and notable for its active water dynamics. The total cell numbers in the zone reached a maximum for the entire investigated area: up to 11.3 × 10⁹ cells/m². The leading group in the phytoplankton was autotrophic flagellates, whose share in the total numbers reached 56–82%. Further than 70 km from the shore, the outer shelf zone was found with the water column rigidly stratified. The highest for the whole area phytoplankton biomass was identified here (up to 1.06 gC/m⁹), 80% of which was concentrated above the halocline. Diatoms dominated in the phytoplankton numbers (up to 92%) and biomass (up to 90%), which was related to the mass development of two species: Chaetoceros diadema and Leptocylindrus danicus.     

赤道太平洋沉积有机质物性、源性的地球化学及其沉积环境对比研究

对赤道中东太平洋和赤道西太平洋4个柱状样中有机碳、可溶有机质(即氯仿沥青"A")及其族组成(总烃、饱和烃、芳烃、非烃)、某些生物标志物(正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃和萜类)分布特征进行物性和源性的地球化学对比研究,并对它们的共性和差异性进行了探讨。结果表明:它们的共性是非烃含量高,而饱和烃和芳烃含量低,饱和烃与芳烃的比值小,类异戊二烯含量高,样品的碳优势指数CPI值为0.812~1.380,Ts/Tm的比值在0.99~1.50,反映了检测出的分子化石经历了一定的成岩作用改造,具有低成熟烃特点。4个站位的有机质都处于低演化阶段,演化程度大小为WP02-1>ES0103>W2001-2>MP2001-01。由于物性、源性以及沉积环境的差异,正构烷烃的特征可以分为两类:MP2001-01柱样沉积物中正构烷烃谱图呈双峰型分布,前低碳峰群以nC17和nC18为主峰,后高碳峰群以nC₂₇和nC₂₉为主峰,nC₂₃-/nC₂₄+为0.631~0.950,表征了主要以海洋低等菌藻类和陆地高等植物两种混合来源;而W2001-2,ES0103和WP02-1三个站位的谱图呈单峰型,并以与水生大型植物有关的C₂₅为主峰(nC₂₅为主峰,nC₂₄次之,个别为nC₂₃)的中等碳链长占优势,nC₂₃-/nC₂₄+为0.081~0.234,表明正构烷烃主要来源是海洋水生大型植物,藻类对这些海域低熟烃的形成作出了巨大贡献。这3个站位Pr/Ph为0.215~0.901,反映出这些站位处于强还原、还原或少数弱氧化环境,还原环境在低熟烃形成和保存过程中发挥了重要作用。     

鸭绿江口主汊道常量元素沉积记录的特征及其意义

本文依据鸭绿江口主汊道采集的K1和K12柱状样,进行了常量元素的富集特征、相关系数、主成分分析及含量与特征参数垂向分布的讨论。研究表明:鸭绿江口属于涨潮三角洲,纳潮海湾泥质堆积区快速沉积的时间始于1960年。主汊道的沉积物具有多源性,K12柱状样受粒度控制显著,陆源碎屑为主;K1柱状样受粒度控制不显著,受海洋作用的影响较大。主汊道的沉积记录以1978年为界,分为上下2个沉积单元。主汊道的沉积物受到河口区水动力的强烈改造,与物源区的沉积物相比已经产生了很多的分异和变化。该研究通过对鸭绿江口主汊道常量元素沉积记录的分析,发现了近百年来该区域地貌演变和发育的规律,有效补充了鸭绿江口新生陆地形成过程的全貌。     

球等鞭金藻胞外滤液对自身藻细胞生长的影响

以4个不同生长阶段的球等鞭金藻的胞外滤液为研究对象,将其直接或添加营养盐后用于球等鞭金藻的培养,通过监测培养过程中藻细胞的密度、培养液中硝酸态氮和可溶性磷等指标的变化,探讨球等鞭金藻胞外滤液对自身藻细胞生长的影响;并采用紫外光谱和高效液相色谱对胞外滤液的乙酸乙酯粗提物进行初步分析。结果表明,随着4组胞外滤液老化程度的增加,藻细胞的生长受到越来越强烈的抑制作用,即便是补充了足够的营养盐,也无法消除胞外滤液对藻细胞生长的抑制作用;并且,胞外滤液对藻细胞吸收硝酸态氮和可溶性磷也有一定的抑制作用。因此,推测是球等鞭金藻在生长过程中产生某种抑制物,该抑制物在进入稳定期时逐渐释放到培养液中,至细胞衰亡期时含量达到最大。紫外光谱和高效液相色谱分析表明,抑制物的特征吸收为235nm,且抑制物的粗提物中包含5个主要化学成份。     

Evaluation of the ecological state of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk using the DNase test system

A study of the state of the Russian coastal marine ecosystems of the Sea of Japan (the Tumen River mouth) and the Sea of Okhotsk (the eastern shelf of Sakhalin Island and the Sakhalin Gulf) and Kraternya Bight (Yankich Island, Kuril Islands) was carried out during the 29th expedition of the R/V Akademik Oparin. A highly sensitive express analysis using the DNase of the Strongylocentrotus intermedius sea urchin was utilized in order to evaluate the quality of the natural marine water of the areas experiencing different degrees of anthropogenic impact. The marine water quality was evaluated according to the degree of the DNase inhibition in the samples. The presence of ecological stress was shown at the aforementioned sites excluding Kraternya Bight. The method allows the fast (1 hour) analysis of the pollution of marine areas and, coupled with data on the hydrological, hydrochemical, and microbiological studies of water samples, provides the possibility to make an ecological forecast.     

中国海域习见石斑鱼属鱼类矢耳石形态特征

以采自中国海域12种石斑鱼标本为基础,分析了石斑鱼属(Epinephelus)鱼类的矢耳石形态特征,探讨了耳石形态在该属鱼种识别方面的应用。结果显示,12种鱼类矢耳石形态近似,耳石细长,呈三角形或梭形,由听沟开口处形成的前部凹刻"V"形或浅宽,形成显著或不显著的侧叶。12种鱼耳石长宽比1.76~2.41,矩形趋近率0.60~0.72,充实度17.24~36.58。耳石外部轮廓、边缘光滑度、听沟前部形态、凹刻类型等特征同是本属鱼种耳石形态识别的主要依据,基于傅里叶系数的聚类分析结果表明耳石形态种间分异较显著。结果表明,听沟同是石斑鱼属鱼类耳石形态分类的重要特征之一,根据耳石形态可以实现石斑鱼属鱼种的初步分类检索,耳石形态在鱼类系统分类上有良好的应用研究前景。     

Monitoring the state of the Solent

The development of the State of the Solent report and establishment of a set of coastal and marine indicators to measure the ‘health’ of the Solent was one of the original Flagship Projects developed when the Solent Forum was established in 1992. It was recognised that integrated coastal zone management requires robust indicators of sustainability that gauge the ‘health’ of the coast in relation to environmental, economic and social activity. The indicators selected for the Solent were, as far as possible, nested within established indicator sets that had been developed at the national and European levels. In developing the coastal sustainability indicators for the Solent and publishing the State of the Solent reports, a number of lessons were learned related to data compilation and the benefits of a participatory process to develop the indicators.     

Regularities of the formation of the granulometric composition of the bottom and beach deposits of the Anapa bay bar

As a result of the field studies conducted in 2010 of the spatial and temporal variability of the granulometric composition of the bottom and beach deposits of the southern part of the Anapa bay bar, the tendency of a decrease in the average size of the particles under the southward flow of the deposits of the coastal zone was revealed. The comparison of the data obtained in 1949, 1979, and 2010 shows that the average diameter of the particles in the deposits of the underwater slope also gradually decreases over the time. It was established that, with the decreasing of the particle sizes down to 0.1 mm, their nonrecoverable deposition to a depth of more than 7 m increases. Since, in the southern edge of the Anapa bay bar, over 70% of the bottom and about 60% of the beach deposits are represented by fractions smaller 0.16 mm, at this site the mass deposition of the sand material to a depth occurs. Based on the data obtained, the particle size of the sandy material recommended for the restoration of the beaches of the southern part of the Anapa bay bar was determined.     

Microbiological analysis of the contamination of marginal seas in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean

A comparative study of the abundance of microorganisms of different environmental and trophic groups in the seawater of several aquatic areas of Far Eastern seas under the conditions of integrated organic contamination was carried out. It was shown that, although marine microorganisms are characterized by polyresistance to a great variety of contaminants, their responses are individual for each of the kinds of pollutants. By the results of microbial indication, the environmental quality in the areas of the greatest ecological stresses at the Pacific Ocean coasts was estimated. These areas were the coasts of Sakhalin Island in the oil production region, the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Avacha Bay region, the southern Primor’e within the impact zone of the Tumannaya River runoff, and Zolotoi Rog Bight located in the central part of the city of Vladivostok. On the basis of the data concerning the microbial indication of the contamination of the aquatic areas studied with oil hydrocarbons, phenols, and nutrients, the applicability of this method to the express estimation of the quality of coastal seawaters and to the short-term forecast of the changes that proceed under the complicated organic contamination was demonstrated.     

杭州湾南岸浅滩的漫滩潮流数值模拟

在杭州湾浅滩上采用底座式ADCP测得单点的漫滩潮流流速、流向及同步水位的变化过程,并在此基础上建立平面二维潮流数值模型,分析整个潮滩上的漫滩潮流过程及其特征。在模型漫滩边界上采用向上取水位值的处理方法,使得模型计算稳定,并获得了稳定逼真的漫滩潮流模拟结果。模拟结果表明:漫滩潮流模拟过程与实测资料基本一致。因此在漫滩潮流模拟中向上取水位值的边界处理方法是可行的。研究成果为漫滩潮流的数值模拟提供了一种较实用的漫滩边界处理方法。     

长江口外陆架区埋藏古河道研究

大量高分辨率单道地震和浅地层剖面资料显示长江口外的广大海域分布着大量埋藏古河道,据区域浅层地质特征及地震相特征,可把研究区埋藏古河道断面划分为对称、不对称和复式三种类型;河道内充填的沉积物复杂多样;古河道主要存在于晚更新世晚期沉积层中。60个古河道断面串联成长180km的古长江河系以及长64km的古舟山河和长近100km的古钱塘江河两条支流河道系。长江古河道宽深比较大,盛冰期时深切81~109m,河底纵比降为0.82×10-4,平均古流量约为535.24m3/s,最大断面的古流量为20433.72m3/s。按比降-河宽法判别,当时古长江河道为辫状分汊河型。     

珠江磨刀门河口环流结构动力特征分析

河口环流结构关系到物质输运、泥沙沉积和地貌变化等物理过程。根据2019年磨刀门河口原型观测平台洪枯季连续观测分层潮流资料,统计洪枯季、大小潮河口东、西汊的涨落潮流及历时变化特征,利用理论方法解析河口东西汊平面环流和重力环流结构,进一步引入混合参数研究河口纵向环流中的潮汐应变环流。研究发现枯季东、西汊在转潮时刻存在东涨西落的平面环流结构,洪季平面环流特征较不明显;枯季重力环流强度整体略大于洪季,西汊重力环流强于东汊,表层向海环流流速可达0.2～0.25 m/s,而底层向陆环流流速相对较小。洪季大潮期由潮不对称性驱动的潮汐应变环流相对较大,进而增强了纵向环流的强度。河口垂向余流结构同样表现洪枯季、大小潮的变化规律。洪季余流整体较大,西汊在小潮期表层余流流速超过0.6 m/s,而东汊余流则明显呈现表层向海、底层向陆的分布特征,枯季余流整体较小,表明其对物质输运和河口地形塑造作用较弱。     

长江口外陆架区埋藏古河道研究长江口外陆架区埋藏古河道研究

大量高分辨率单道地震和浅地层剖面资料显示长江口外的广大海域分布着大量埋藏古河道,据区域浅层地质特征及地震相特征,可把研究区埋藏古河道断面划分为对称、不对称和复式三种类型;河道内充填的沉积物复杂多样;古河道主要存在于晚更新世晚期沉积层中。60个古河道断面串联成长180 km的古长江河系以及长64 km的古舟山河和长近100 km的古钱塘江河两条支流河道系。长江古河道宽深比较大,盛冰期时深切81～109 m,河底纵比降为0.82×10-4,平均古流量约为535.24 m3/s,最大断面的古流量为20 433.72 m3/s。按比降河宽法判别,当时古长江河道为辫状分汊河型。     

1005号热带气旋“乌鲁伊”移动路径分析

利用欧洲格点资料,应用天气学方法,从环流场演变、B效应、不对称结构等方面对1005号热带气旋“乌鲁伊”活动过程进行了分析,探讨了“乌鲁伊”不同阶段路径变化的原因．结果表明,澳大利亚大陆高压维持稳定以及热带气旋“托马斯”与“乌鲁伊”之间的相互作用是“乌鲁伊”西行北抬的根本原因．在“乌鲁伊”台风西行过程中,中高纬度环流场进行强烈调整是引起“乌鲁伊”移动路径南翘西折的关键,大陆高压在低纬向“乌鲁伊”北侧嵌入、以及地面气压场上从北指向南的气压梯度力突然增强,对热带气旋“乌鲁伊”移动路径南翘有直接影响．对西风指数的分析表明,“乌鲁伊”的南翘过程与西风指数从最低值484．4m。／s。向644．3m。／s。升高过程相对应,“乌鲁伊”移动路径西折与西风指数维持在644．3m。／s。以上有关．500hPa位势高度梯度场分析表明,热带气旋“乌鲁伊”从东向西、向南、向西南稳定移动过程中,东南侧和西北侧等梯度线中心数值的差值几乎为0,呈现出对称分布的特点;在热带气旋“乌鲁伊”南翘、西折时,东南侧与西北侧等梯度线数值发生显著变化,南翘时差值为一16．6m／s。,西折时差值则为12．0m／s。．500hPa位势高度梯度场的变化对“乌鲁伊”南翘西折路径具有很好的预示作用．     

Peculiarities of the primary production process in the Kara Sea at the end of the vegetation season

Research was implemented from September 15 through October 4, 2011 in the Kara Sea along transects located southeastwards Novaya Zemlya, in the St. Anna Trough, the Yenisei River estuary, and the adjacent shelf. The concentration of chlorophyll a was the highest in the photic zone (0.05–2.30 mg/m³, on average, 0.80 ± 0.37 mg/m³). The maximal concentration of Chl a at most of the stations located in the water layer of 7–30 m. Integral primary production in the water column varied from 3.0 to 151.0 mg C/m² per day, on average, 37.2 ± 36.6 mg C/m² per day. The maximal rate of primary production at most of the stations has been observed for the surface layer of the water column. Within the upper mixed water layer, relative primary production was from 31 to 100% (on average, 77 ± 20%). The most productive zone was the waters along Yenisei transect. In the estuary and at the adjacent shelf, primary production was 50 mg C/m² per day, exceeding the range observed for other areas by 1.5–2.0 times. The concentrations of silica and nitrogen together with light regime and water temperature were the major limiting factors affecting the primary production rate in the Kara Sea in autumn.