关于频率电磁测深几个问题的探讨(六)——频率电磁测深的电磁场分布与观测参量

分析了水平电偶源与垂直磁偶源的电磁场在半空间大地中的分布特点,指出观测各场分量的合适地面部位。为了定性解释,一般将场分量计算为单分量视电阻率或比值视电阻率;做定量解释时,可直接采用场强进行反演,以减小换算误差。基于当前电偶源与磁偶源的发射功率和电磁场衰减规律,在实际应用中,水平电偶源可探测更大深度(<3 000 m),垂直磁偶源探测浅部(<500 m)。      

Forward modeling and inversion of LWD induction data

The processing algorithms for high-frequency induction resistivity data are applied to logs acquired at different stages of well construction. Open-hole induction logging while reaming of vertical wells provides a priori information on geology and resistivity distribution. The resulting resistivity model can make reference in geosteering for deviated and horizontal drilling. Algorithms for inversion of high-frequency induction responses from layered media are used in a software package for processing LWD data. The software provides real-time inversion to recover resistivities and depths to layers in oil and gas reservoirs penetrated by wells of a complex trajectory. It also allows checking the inversion quality by analyzing the sensitivity of tool responses to model parameters with reference to the tool specifications.     

CSAMT一维全区反演

由汉克尔变换和连分式求解水平层状大地电偶源的水平电场和垂直磁场,然后由电场和磁场求得卡尼亚视电阻率,不进行近区和中间区校正,直接用阻尼最小法对近区和中间区发生畸变的卡尼亚视电阻率反演,得到地下电性参数。模型试算结果表明:虽然近区和中间区的视电阻率不能正确反映地下电性垂向变化,但由其反演仍能得到正确的结果。     

Inversion of GDS data of northwest Himalaya using EM2INV

This paper reviews the validity of earlier models obtained after quantitative interpretation of GDS data and presents a fresh model using the inversion scheme EM2INV. The 2-D inversion of data is more objective than the earlier interpretation performed by using trial and error method. The inversion results indicate that the present model differs from the earlier ones. The reason could be that available GDS data are sufficient only for deriving the horizontal variation of subsurface resistivity. In order to study the vertical resistivity variation additional MT sounding data would be required. It would therefore be desirable to carry out MT survey in the specified area. A more comprehensive/appropriate model could be derived from joint inversion of GDS and MT data.     

Combining TEM/resistivity joint inversion and magnetic data for groundwater exploration: application to the northeastern part of Greater Cairo,Egypt

This paper presents the combination of two complementary methods, magnetic and joint inversion of resistivity/TEM data, as an effective approach to characterize groundwater reservoirs. Twenty stations of transient electromagnetic (TEM) and vertical electrical soundings (VES) were measured and interpreted using a joint inversion technique to evaluate the subsurface low resistivity zones connected to the groundwater reservoir. A complementary survey including 871 land magnetic stations was carried out at the same area to detect the upper surface of the basaltic sheet, which represents the bottom of the Miocene aquifer in the study area. The geological log from one borehole drilled in the zone was used to partially calibrate the calculated models. The results revealed that the study area consists of five different geological units with ages ranging from Paleogene (Oligocene) to Quaternary. The methodology provides good results at a very low cost when compared with drilling boreholes.     

A numerical comparison of enhancing horizontal resolution (EHR) technique utilizing 2D resistivity imaging

The effectiveness of inversion apparent resistivity data to determine accurately the true resistivity distribution over 2D structures has been investigated using a common inversion scheme based on smoothness-constrained nonlinear least-squares optimization with enhancing horizontal resolution (EHR) technique by numerical simulation. The theoretical model generates in RES2DMOD software at specific distance and depth using Wenner, Wenner–Schlumberger, and pole–dipole arrays were inverted. The inversion model was compared with the original 2D model in RES2DINV software. The study model includes horizontal layering, vertical resolution, and horizontal two layers with different resistivity. Also, the response to variations in data density of these arrays was investigated. The study shows the best array suitable to be used in the survey was chosen for real data acquisition at the actual site. Subsequently, the results from borehole were used to verify the results of 2D resistivity imaging method with and without EHR technique. Saturated zone (0–40 Ω-m) was found scattered at the depth of 10–20 m. The borehole is located at 63 m at 2D resistivity imaging survey which shows at depth 10–20 m is sandy silt. Highly weathered sandstone was found at 6 m depth with resistivity value of 800 Ω-m and SPT N value of 20. The bedrock was found at 27 m depth with resistivity value of 3,000 Ω-m and SPT N value of 50. The application of 2D resistivity imaging with EHR technique indicate the ability of the proposed approach in terms of density, depth, and resistivity value of anomalous and layer in a computationally and numerically efficient manner and to exhibit good performance in the data inversion.     

High-frequency induction logging in deviated and horizontal wells: Geosteering and inversion

The study focuses on processing methods for high-frequency induction data from deviated and horizontal wells. Simulation of electromagnetic fields with analytical algorithms is used to study how the resistivity of rocks above and below the well influences the acquired data. The simulations show that the contribution of under- and overlying layers into the recorded responses is considerable and depends on resistivity contrasts between the layers and on the position of logging arrays relative to the layer boundaries. This fact has to be taken into account when estimating true resistivity of reservoirs and when inverting induction logs from horizontal wells for reservoir characterization. The method is applied to oil- and water-saturated reservoirs in West Siberia, which contain high-resistivity impermeable layers leading to overestimation of apparent resistivity. Due regard for the effect of these layers in inversion of induction logs provides high-quality resistivity estimates.     

海洋可控源电磁法几类偶极源探测海底高阻薄层的分辨率分析

针对海洋可控源中几类典型偶极源发射装置,建立各向异性地层高阻油气藏模型,采用基于格林函数的海洋一维地层解析方法,借助电磁场的互易性质,计算得到不同偶极源激发的电磁响应曲线。分析了不同偶极源的电磁响应特征,比较了各电磁场分量振幅和相位归一化曲线幅值。结果表明:垂直电偶极子源的各场的振幅归一化曲线对异常的反应最大,水平电偶极源对高阻层的分辨率高于垂直磁偶极源,水平电偶极源的轴向观测模式和水平磁偶极子源的赤道观测模式均有较好的分辨率,这两种模式下测量的与测线平行的电场和与测线垂直的磁场的分辨率最佳,且存在着最佳收发距,相位也有着近似相同的变化规律。      

直流电阻率测深二维自适应正则化反演

直流电阻率测深二维反演中,正则化参数的选取影响反演结果分辨率及反演过程稳定性。利用主动约束平衡正则化因子,进行直流电阻率光滑约束最小二乘二维自适应反演,改善直流电阻率测深二维反演的分辨率与稳定性。在反演迭代过程中,正则化因子根据模型参数的空间展布函数进行自适应计算、正则化参数的自适应计算。模拟数据反演结果验证了该方法的有效性与可行性,反演结果能准确地反映地下模型的真实电性结构。     

Influence of shallow infiltration on time-lapse ERT: Experience of advanced interpretation

Previous time-lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) studies have experienced difficulties in reconstructing reliable calculated resistivity changes in the subsurface. Increases or decreases of resistivity appear in the calculated ERT image where no changes were noted in the subsurface, leading to erroneous hydrological interpretations of the geophysical results. In this article, we investigate how a variation of actual resistivity with time and at shallow depth can influence time-lapse ERT results and produce resistivity artefacts at depth. We use 1 and 2-D numerical modelling to simulate infiltration scenarios. Using a standard time-lapse inversion, we demonstrate the resistivity artefact production according to the electrode spacing parameter. We used an advanced inversion methodology with a decoupling line at shallow depth to attenuate or remove resistivity artefacts. We also applied this methodology to a field data set obtained in a semi-arid environment in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Here, time-lapse ERT shows several resistivity artefacts of calculated resistivity if a standard inversion is used. We demonstrate the importance of a dense sampling of shallow resistivity variations at shallow depth. Advanced interpretation allows us to significantly attenuate or remove the resistivity artefact production at intermediate depth and produce reliable interpretation of hydrological processes.     

瞬变测深视电阻率曲线的正演计算及其初步解释

本文以垂直磁偶极子发射,接地导线测量这样一种发一收装置为例,讨论了求解时间减电磁场问题的计算方法,具体思路是：用线性滤波法,先求解频率域问题,然后且Ｇａｖｅｒ－Ｓｔｅｈｆｅｓｔ逆拉氏变换法将频率测深正演问题转化为相对应瞬变测深（时间域）正演问题,得到了垂直磁极子场中,水平层状介质表面瞬变电磁场分量的近似表达式,由此计算了视电阻率曲线,并从理论上探讨了瞬变测深视电阻率曲线的垂向分辨能力,本文试图对中     

Delineation of shallow resistivity structure in the city of Burdur,SW Turkey by vertical electrical sounding measurements

The city of Burdur, which is built on an alluvium aquifer, is located in one of the most seismically active zones in southwestern Turkey. The soil properties in the study site are characterized by unconsolidated and water-saturated sediments including silty, clayey and sandy units, and shallow groundwater level is the other characteristic of the site. Thus, the city is under soil liquefaction risk during a large earthquake. A resistivity survey including 189 vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements was carried out in 2000 as part of a multi-disciplinary project aiming to investigate settlement properties in Burdur city and its vicinity. In the present study, the VES data acquired by using a Schlumberger array were re-processed with 1D and 2D inversion techniques to determine liquefaction potential in the study site. The results of some 1D interpretations were compared to the data from several wells drilled during the project. Also, the groundwater level map that was previously obtained by hydrological studies was extended toward north by using the resistivity data. 2D least-squares inversions were performed along nine VES profiles. This provided very useful information on vertical and horizontal extends of geologic units and water content in the subsurface. The study area is characterized by low resistivity distribution (<150 Ωm) originating from high fluid content in the subsurface. Lower resistivity (3–30 Ωm) is associated with the Quaternary and the Tertiary lacustrine sediments while relatively high resistivity (40–150 Ωm) is related to the Quaternary alluvial cone deposits. This study has also shown that the resistivity measurements are useful in the estimation of liquefaction risk in a site by providing information on the groundwater level and the fluid content in the subsurface. Based on this, we obtained a liquefaction hazard map for the study area. The liquefaction potential was classified by considering the resistivity distributions from 2D inversion of the VES profiles, the types of the sediments and the extended groundwater level map. According to this map, the study area was characterized by high liquefaction hazard risk.     

A novel and generalized approach in the inversion of geoelectrical resistivity data using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

The non-linear apparent resistivity problem in the subsurface study of the earth takes into account the model parameters in terms of resistivity and thickness of individual subsurface layers using the trained synthetic data by means of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Here we used a single layer feed-forward neural network with fast back propagation learning algorithm. So on proper training of back propagation networks it tends to give the resistivity and thickness of the subsurface layer model of the field resistivity data with reference to the synthetic data trained in the appropriate network. During training, the weights and biases of the network are iteratively adjusted to make network performance function level more efficient. On adequate training, errors are minimized and the best result is obtained using the artificial neural networks. The network is trained with more number of VES data and this trained network is demonstrated by the field data. The accuracy of inversion depends upon the number of data trained. In this novel and specially designed algorithm, the interpretation of the vertical electrical sounding has been done successfully with the more accurate layer model.     

CSAMT一维全频视电阻率反演

本文采用全频率视电阻率反演,使用2~(-3)~2~(13)Hz频率,并且不做近区和过渡区校正,直接用卡尼亚视电阻率作为反演参数。正演采用虚界面法计算有限长导线在水平层状介质的电磁场分量,反演采用有限内存拟牛顿法。数值模拟采用三层模型和实测数据进行反演,得到了符合地下电性变化的反演模型结果,证实了CSAMT一维全频视电阻率反演具有可实施性。     

TEM-TDEM soundings with the use of vertical loops

In the course of scientific collaboration, we were involved in discussion on the capacity of a vertical loop configuration to resolve thin high-resistivity layers, which is quite an interesting and largely debated point. We report a small forward modeling study including an algorithm based on an analytical solution by separation of variables and a respective program for computing the time-domain TEM field of a horizontal magnetic dipole. We infer that the subsurface vertical loop system shows no critical advantage in resolving thin insulating inclusions.     

Variations of the dipole magnetic moment of the sun during the solar activity cycle

Observations of the large-scale solar magnetic field (synoptic maps) and measurements of the magnetic field of the Sun as a star (the total magnetic field) are used to determine the dipole magnetic moment and direction of the dipole field for three successive solar cycles. Both the magnetic moment and its vertical and horizontal components vary regularly during the cycle, but never disappear completely. A wavelet analysis of the total magnetic field shows that the amplitude of the 27-day variations of this field is very closely related to the magnetic moment of the horizontal dipole. The reversal of the global dipole field corresponds to a change in the inclination of its axis and occurs in a series of steps lasting one to two years rather than continuously. Before the onset of the reversal, the dipole axis precesses relative to the solar rotational axis, then shifts in a meridianal plane, reaching very low latitudes, where a substantial shift in longitude then begins. These results are discussed in connection with helioseismological data indicating the existence of oscillations with a period of about 1.3 yr and properties of dynamo processes for the case of an inclined rotator.     

Hydrogeophysical investigation and estimation of groundwater potentials of the Lower Palaeozoic to Precambrian crystalline basement rocks in Keffi area, north-central Nigeria, using resistivity methods

The use of resistivity sounding and two-dimensional (2-D) resistivity imaging was investigated with the aim of delineating and estimating the groundwater potential in Keffi area. Rock types identified are mainly gneisses and granites. Twenty-five resistivity soundings employing the Schlumberger electrode array were conducted across the area. Resistivity sounding data obtained were interpreted using partial curve matching approach and 1-D inversion algorithm, RESIST version 1.0. The 2-D resistivity imaging was also carried out along two traverses using dipole–dipole array, and the data obtained were subjected to finite element method modeling using DIPRO inversion algorithm to produce a two-dimensional subsurface geological model. Interpretation of results showed three to four geoelectrical layers. Layer thickness values were generally less than 2 m for collapsed zone, and ranged from 5 to 30 m for weathered bedrock (saprolite). Two major aquifer units, namely weathered bedrock (saprolite) aquifer and fractured bedrock (saprock) aquifer, have been delineated with the latter usually occurring beneath the former in most areas. Aquifer potentials in the area were estimated using simple schemes that involved the use of three geoelectrical parameters, namely: depth to fresh bedrock, weathered bedrock (saprolite) resistivity and fractured bedrock (saprock) resistivity. The assessment delineated the area into prospective high, medium and low groundwater potential zones.     

Applicability of a Backprojection Algorithm to Reconstruct Images of Subsurface Horizontal Planes for Laboratory Experiments in Electrical Resistance Tomography

This paper describes the use of a backprojection algorithm to reconstruct subsurface images of the electrical resistivity in horizontal planes parallel to the surface. The algorithm can be applied to detect buried objects such as tanks or pipes and possible leakages from them. Two imaging strategies are compared: juxtaposition of vertical planes, and 3D reconstruction from the sensitivity matrix corresponding to the entire volume whose surface is explored. The electrode arrays used for voltage measurement are the dipole–dipole array and a modified Schlumberger array. A personal computer controls current injection, electrode switching, and voltage detection. The system injects 1 kHz, 20 V peak-to-peak square waveforms, thus avoiding electrode polarization effects. Experimental laboratory measurements show that the algorithm detects localized objects such as an insulating sphere and a conductive cylinder immersed in water. Furthermore, covering half of the cylinder by a rubber sleeve to simulate a nonconductive leak, yields a distinct image for the leak. The backprojection algorithm does not need any regularization parameter and it is very fast in inverting the sensitivity matrix because it approximates the inverse matrix by its transposed. The dipole–dipole array usually yields a lower overall pixel error than the modified Schlumberger array but both allow the detection of simulated underground leaks.     

地面及井中高精度磁测联合反演解释在铁矿勘查中的应用

四川平川烂纸厂铁矿是我国重要的峨眉山玄武岩建造型铁矿床。通过对平川地区地面高精度磁数据进行化极、向上延拓以及小波分析等处理,圈定了五个磁性体。该区磁性体受南北向断裂控制,异常沿南北向呈狭长串珠条带状分布,产状近直立,埋藏较浅,下沿深度较大。通过与井中磁异常分量Za数据联合反演,获得磁性体的深部形态特征,分析了其对应的下延深度,与现已查明矿体的空间展布相吻合。地面与井中数据联合反演提高了深部目标体分辨能力,为深部矿产资源探测提供了重要的的地球物理方法。     

基于电阻率孔压静力触探的浅层气可靠度识别

地下浅层气的存在会对地铁项目的勘察、施工以及后期正常运营构成安全隐患。采用基于地质统计学和可靠性分析的概率方法,对杭州某地铁站场地的电阻率静力触探测试数据进行分析。通过回归分析移除电阻率数据的趋势项,以变差函数为工具,描述电阻率残差在竖向和水平向上的各向异性,采用克里格插值对未采样点参数值进行最优线性无偏估计,采用一阶可靠度方法获取基于电阻率的地下浅层气分布三维概率图。分析表明：电阻率残差具有显著的各向异性,在竖直和水平方向的自相关距离分别为5.1 m和55.6 m。在考虑不同土体电阻率背景值不同的前提下,采用一阶可靠度方法建立了浅层气三维概率分布图。该场地竖直方向上浅层气分布于25 m附近及30～35 m深度区间内,水平方向上则集中分布于RCPTU1点位附近。可基于该结果提出针对性的防治对策,为布设排气孔、浅层气监测等治理措施提供依据。