台西南盆地和北港隆起的中生界及其沉积环境

我国南海海域广泛存在中生代沉积地层，在南海寻找中生界油气藏潜力极大。台西南盆地和北港隆起有数十口井钻遇中生界，经过详细生物地层学工作确定了下白垩统（阿普特阶和下阿尔必阶）和侏罗系（？）两套中生代地层，是迄今南海北部中生界地层研究最为深入的地区，可作为对比的样板。介绍了台西南盆地和台湾西部中生界的岩性、岩相和生物地层学特征，指出晚侏罗世（？）与早白垩世之间沉积环境发生了显著变化，台西南盆地由深海至半深海变为内陆，而北港隆起由内陆变为海陆交互和浅海环境。     

Estimating saturation of gas hydrates using conventional 3D seismic data,Gulf of Mexico Joint Industry Project Leg II

We present a methodology for generating pre-drill estimations of hydrate saturations using conventional 3D seismic data. These seismic-based estimates will be compared with well log derived saturations from the subsequently drilled wells of the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II (JIP Leg II) expedition.Predicting saturation of gas hydrates (S_h-seismic) combines pre-stack seismic inversion, rock physics modeling and stratigraphic interpretation. Before the wells were drilled, no nearby sonic and density logs were available to define and calibrate the elastic property trends for the shallow target interval containing the gas hydrate stability zone. Therefore, rock property trends were established by applying principles of rock physics and shallow sediment compaction, constrained by known regional geological parameters. S_h-seismic volumes were generated by inverting pre-stack data to acoustic impedance (PI) and shear impedance (SI) volumes, and then analyzing deviations from modeled impedance trends. To enhance the quality of the inversion, the signal-to-noise ratio of the offset data was maximized by conditioning the seismic prior to inversion. Seismic stratigraphic interpretation plays an important role by identifying the more promising strata and structures for the presence of gas hydrates.The pre-drill S_h-seismic results are compared with saturations calculated from log data, S_h-log, of the wells drilled in the JIP Leg II campaign. Due to weaker seismic reflections, predictions may be less accurate for low concentrations, such as saturations less than 40%, and for thin intervals below the vertical resolution of the seismic data (about 15 m). However, the integrated geophysical workflow is very effective for identifying and quantifying significant hydrate concentrations, making the method a promising prospecting technique.     

Late Miocene–early Pliocene planktonic foraminifer event-stratigraphy of the Bajo Segura basin: A complete record of the western Mediterranean

The Bajo Segura basin (eastern Betic Cordillera) has one of the most complete late Miocene–early Pliocene marine records of the western Mediterranean. An updated planktonic foraminifer zonal scheme based on recent astronomically tuned biozones is presented for this interval, documenting a complete succession of biostratigraphic markers, from biozone MMi9 (earliest Tortonian) to MPl3 (latest early Pliocene), of likely significance for regional-scale correlation throughout the Mediterranean. The findings reveal a series of intrazonal events (some unreported until now in the Mediterranean Neogene basin), including the particularly interesting two influxes of the Globorotalia miotumida group during the Tortonian. These biostratigraphic findings are the basis for a framework of the major allostratigraphic units in the basin based on planktonic foraminifer event-stratigraphy: synthems Tortonian I, Tortonian II, Tortonian-Messinian I, Messinian II, and Pliocene. In addition, the timing of the main tectono-sedimentary and palaeogeographic events throughout the basin's evolution has been further constrained. Our results suggest that, at least in the Bajo Segura basin, the late-Messinian barren interval (non-distinctive zone) can be considered an ecobiostratigraphic zone (cenozone) characterized by dwarf fauna of planktonic foraminifera. Consequently, the Bajo Segura composite section can be regarded as a biostratigraphic reference section for Neogene basins in the Betic Cordillera and hence also in the Western Mediterranean.     

Relative sea-level change in western New Guinea recorded by regional biostratigraphic data

We present new biostratigraphic analyses of approximately 200 outcrop samples and review biostratigraphic data from 136 public domain exploration wells across western New Guinea. Biostratigraphic ages and palaeodepositional environments were interpreted from occurrences of planktonic and larger benthic foraminifera, together with other fossils and environmental indicators where possible. These data were compared with existing geological maps and exploration well data to reconstruct the palaeogeography of western New Guinea from the Carboniferous to present day. In addition, we used the known bathyal preferences of fossils to generate a regional sea-level curve and compared this with global records of sea-level change over the same period. Our analyses of the biostratigraphic data identified two major transgressive-regressive cycles in regional relative sea-level, with the highest sea levels recorded during the Late Cretaceous and Late Miocene and terrestrial deposition prevalent across much of western New Guinea during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. An increase in the abundance of carinate planktonic foraminifera indicates a subsequent phase of relative sea-level rise during a regional transgressive event between the Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. However, sea-levels dropped once more during a regressive event between the Late Cretaceous and the Paleogene. This resulted in widespread shallow water carbonate platform development in the Middle to Late Eocene. A minor transgressive event occurred during the Oligocene, but this ceased in the Early Miocene, likely due to the collision of the Australian continent with intra-Pacific island arcs. This Miocene collision event resulted in widespread uplift that is marked by a regional unconformity. Carbonate deposition continued in platforms that developed in shallow marine settings until these were drowned during another transgressive event in the Middle Miocene. This transgression reached its peak in the Late Miocene and was followed by a further regression culminating in the present day topographic expression of western New Guinea.     

Volcanic stratigraphy of DSDP/ODP Hole 395A: An interpretation using well-logging data

Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program Hole 395A was drilled approximately 500 m deep into young oceanic crust west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Core recovery is very poor in this hole and therefore continuous downhole measurements are important to understand the drilled lithology. Geophysical downhole measurements were carried out during several cruises. A new set of logs was recorded during Leg 174B in summer 1997. The new logging data show a significant improvement in data quality compared to older measurements from Leg 109. The lithostratigraphy established from cores gives only limited information because of the poor core recovery in this hole. The gaps in the core lithostratigraphy are filled by reconstructing a synthetic lithological profile using the standard well-logging data. Three types of lava morphologies, massive basalts, altered lava flows, and pillow basalts, may be distinguished using the logs because the lava morphologies show differences in their physical properties due to differences in fracturing and alteration. The synthetic lithological profile gives a more detailed and precise vertical definition of single layers than the core profile. The integration of further logging and core data enables a detailed reconstruction of the accretion history at the drill site. Cyclic, upward decreasing trends in the resistivity logs were already observed during earlier cruises and were referred to magmatic cycles. Similar trends occur in the density log and, inversely, in the total gamma ray log. The trends reflect gradual changes in fracturing, porosity, permeability, and alteration and cover depth intervals of several tens of meters. Boundaries between cycles are interpreted to correspond to periods of volcanic quiescence. Two types of boundaries may be identified. Boundaries correlating with reversals in the magnetic field and/or changes in the geochemical composition of the basalts are interpreted as long pauses. Basalts separated by these boundaries were probably fed by separate magma reservoirs. Boundaries identified only by changes in alteration but not in geochemistry are interpreted to represent shorter pauses. They separate basalts that were probably fed by the same magma chamber. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Facies,provenance and paleoclimate interpretation using spectral gamma logs: Application to the Lower Cretaceous of the Scotian Basin

Spectral gamma logging has been useful in some settings for correlation of wells, for identification of sediment facies, and for interpretation of hinterland paleoclimate. We have taken advantage of the hundreds of geochemical analyses of sandstones and shales from conventional core that are available from the Scotian Basin to test the relationship of the elements K, U and Th measured by spectral gamma to sedimentary facies. These elements are also known to be useful in characterising provenance of sediment to different parts of the basin. The geochemical and spectral gamma data both show that there are subtle differences in K, U and Th in different lithofacies, such as higher Th/U in low sedimentation rate facies, but they are not sufficiently distinctive to identify the lithofacies of any unknown interval. The main control on abundance of these elements is the effect of grain size, that is the proportion of sand to mud in sediment. Volcanic sources have a high K/Th ratio, and early Albian sediments with relatively high volcanic component have unusually high K/Th. In distal shale-prone successions, the grain size effect is sufficiently small that climate controlled variations in Th/K ratio are recognised in the Early Cretaceous, with the ratio being higher at times of humid weathering on land. The variations in Th/K ratio through time are broadly similar to those known from Western European sections, notably with topmost Hauterivian and topmost Aptian humid events. Overall, this study provides an assessment of the use and pitfalls of spectral gamma logs in a deltaic succession.     

多视图协同的海洋多要素环境数据关联关系分析方法

海洋事件离不开各要素环境数据的共同作用,获取要素之间的关联关系从而进行海洋事件的预报预测,是一个亟待解决的问题。为此,本文提出一种多视图协同的关联关系分析方法来度量海洋各要素数据间的关联关系。首先,在传统平行坐标技术的基础上增加刷技术、轴排序等功能对海洋多要素数据进行初步探索,同时引入散点矩阵图展示各要素的分布;其次,以平行坐标中数据线间的角度、面积以及散点图中要素分布的距离为差异度量方式,对计算得到的差异构建相似性矩阵;再次,采用多维标度法得到原始多要素数据在低维空间中的表达;最后,使用K-means算法对降维后的低维度数据进行聚类分析。本文提出的方法从视觉角度对数据进行分析和特征挖掘,并得到高维数据在低维空间上的可视化展示,实现了有效量化海洋数据不同要素间的相关关系。     

塔里木盆地志留系高分辨率层序地层格架研究

以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,对塔里木盆地志留系进行高分辨率层序地层学分析,总结出各层序地层单元及其界面在露头、岩心、测井和地震资料中的判识标志,识别出研究区短期、中期和长期3个级别的基准面旋回层序。在研究区内短期旋回层序可划分为向上“变深”非对称型和向上“变浅”非对称型2种基本结构类型。通过柯坪地区露头剖面与全区钻井剖面进行对比,结合塔中地区层序地层划分,将全盆地划分出了4个长期基准面旋回层序,建立了全区高分辨率层序地层格架,为塔里木盆地志留系进一步的等时追踪对比、砂体几何形态、沉积相研究和储层结构描述等精细地质研究奠定了基础。     

沙埝油田沙7块阜三段高分辨率层序地层分析

以高分辨率层序地层学与沉积学等理论方法为指导,综合利用岩心、录井和测井等资料,对沙埝油田沙7块阜三段进行了高分辨率层序地层划分与对比。根据基准面旋回和可容纳空间变化原理,识别出研究区短期和中期2个级次的基准面旋回层序,其中短期旋回层序以向上"变浅"的非对称型和对称型2种基本结构类型为主;在各级次基准面旋回层序识别的基础上,将阜三段划分为3个中期旋回层序和17个短期旋回层序,并应用旋回等时对比技术进行了精细地层对比,建立了沙7块阜三段高分辨率层序地层对比格架,为进一步的储层物性预测及储层结构描述等精细地质研究奠定了基础。     

Gas hydrate identified in sand-rich inferred sedimentary section using downhole logging and seismic data in Shenhu area,South China Sea

Downhole wireline log (DWL) data was acquired from eight drill sites during China's first gas hydrate drilling expedition (GMGS-1) in 2007. Initial analyses of the acquired well log data suggested that there were no significant gas hydrate occurrences at Site SH4. However, the re-examination of the DWL data from Site SH4 indicated that there are two intervals of high resistivity, which could be indicative of gas hydrate. One interval of high resistivity at depth of 171–175 m below seafloor (mbsf) is associated with a high compressional- wave (P-wave) velocities and low gamma ray log values, which suggests the presence of gas hydrate in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. The second high resistivity interval at depth of 175–180 mbsf is associated with low P-wave velocities and low gamma values, which suggests the presence of free gas in a potentially sand-rich (low clay content) sedimentary section. Because the occurrence of free gas is much shallower than the expected from the regional depth of the bottom simulating reflector (BSR), the free gas could be from the dissociation of gas hydrate during drilling or there may be a local anomaly in the depth to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. In order to determine whether the low P-wave velocity with high resistivity is caused by in-situ free gas or dissociated free gas from the gas hydrate, the surface seismic data were also used in this analysis. The log analysis incorporating the surface seismic data through the construction of synthetic seismograms using various models indicated the presence of free gas directly in contact with an overlying gas hydrate-bearing section. The occurrence of the anomalous base of gas hydrate stability at Site SH4 could be caused by a local heat flow conditions. This paper documents the first observation of gas hydrate in what is believed to be a sand-rich sediment in Shenhu area of the South China Sea.     

Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of the Kachchh Basin,India

The Kachchh sedimentary basin in the western continental margin of India is a peri-cratonic rift basin which preserves a nearly complete rock record from Middle Jurassic to Recent, punctuated by several stratigraphic breaks. The Cenozoic sediments exposed in the western part of the Kachchh mainland extend offshore into the present-day continental shelf. The unique feature of the outcropping area is a nearly complete, richly fossiliferous and easily accessible Cenozoic succession. Detailed field mapping and litho-biostratigraphic studies have made it possible to identify the chronostratigraphic units, map them in the field and extend the correlation into the offshore, aided by the development of continuously recognizable key biostratigraphic horizons and time boundaries. Detailed field mapping of key sections integrated with the litho-biostratigraphic information has helped in working out a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Cenozoic succession in the basin. The succession comprises a first-order passive margin sequence. Excellent biostratigraphic control has enabled identification of unconformities of various magnitudes which in turn have helped in mapping 5 second-order and four third-order sequences. Each sequence is discussed with respect to its extent, nature of sequence boundaries, sedimentary fill, key sequence stratigraphic surfaces and depositional setup, to understand the Cenozoic sequence stratigraphic architecture of the basin.     

低渗透油藏有效厚度下限标准研究

低渗透油藏储层物性较差,通常油层在酸化压裂等工艺技术措施下,才可产出工业油流,对低渗透油藏有效储层进行测井解释较为困难。从冷家堡油田冷46区块的油藏特征出发,建立了一套有效厚度下限标准研究方法。为检测油层有效厚度划分精度,在取心井中选取5口井进行岩心厚度与测井厚度对比,层划准率达100％。并据此标准划分39口单井有效厚度,有效地保证油层射孔,为注水开发提供可靠的依据。     

测井地震联合建模方法在地质导向前导模型中的应用

在地质导向钻前建模过程时,通常利用水平井附近的多口邻井确定钻遇地层的深度及方位,该层的井间横向构造起伏可以利用解释层位来控制趋势;当井眼处测井解释的深度与解释的地震层位深度有差异时,建立的前导模型将有很大的误差。此文采用测井地震联合建模的方法来控制误差范围。该方法首先利用测井解释结果对大套的地震解释层位进行校正,根据每口井解释的小层厚度,利用滑动平均算法构造小层等厚体数据,然后利用校正后的地震解释层位横向约束控制地层起伏,建立每一地质小层的构造图,以此提高地质导向水平井着陆精度。实际资料验证,该方法会大大减小误差,能把模型误差控制在2m的范围内。     

Comparison of the Clay Fraction of Ariake Clay Determined by Japanese and ASTM Standards

This study compares the clay fraction percentage determined by Japanese standard JIS A1204/JGS 0131 and ASTM standard D422-63 for the clay samples obtained from the surface of sea bottom sediments in Ariake Bay, Japan. These two standards differ in the amount of dispersant to be added for the dispersion of soil suspensions. The Japanese and ASTM standards suggest adding sodium hexametaphosphate solution as the dispersant so that the final concentration of the dispersant in soil suspension for hydrometer test becomes 2 and 5 g/L, respectively. The test results indicated that the treatment by the Japanese standard gave less dispersion in the soil suspension compared to the ASTM standard, and hence resulted in the underestimation of clay fraction percentage of all the samples.     

渤海海域锦州25-1油田地震勘探技术难点及对策

针对辽西低凸起古近系圈闭地震研究中存在的几个技术难点提出了相应的研究路线,实现了对该区构造和储层的精细描述。研究以先进的综合地震工作站为平台,以地震解释为中心,与地质、测井研究密切配合,应用多项地震勘探新技术对地震数据体进行分析研究。应用地震地质多信息综合标定技术,实现了地震层位的精确标定;基于地质模型约束的变层速度模型保证了时深转换的准确性;虚拟现实与三维可视化技术相结合的全三维地震解释贯穿地震研究的全过程;以运用基于自组织人工神经网络分析(SOM)和主成分分析(PCA)的地震相分析技术对地震属性及所反映的地质特征进行分析解释,得到与地震相相对应的沉积相,大大提高了储层研究的精确度和可信度。锦州25区实际钻探结果表明所提出的几种技术方法组合能够有效地解决该区地球物理研究中存在的主要问题。     

Late Neogene evolution of the Taza–Guercif Basin (Rifian Corridor,Morocco) and implications for the Messinian salinity crisis

Magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic results are presented from Neogene deposits in the Taza–Guercif Basin, located at the southern margin of the Rifian Corridor in Morocco. This corridor was the main marine passageway which connected the Mediterranean with the Atlantic during Messinian times. Correlation of the biostratigraphy and polarity sequence of the Taza–Guercif composite section to the astronomical time scale, allows an accurate dating of three subsequent events in the Rifian Corridor. (1) The oldest marine sediments marking the opening of the Rifian Corridor were deposited at 8 Ma. At this age, a deep (600 m) marine basin developed in the Taza–Guercif area, marked by deposition of precession-controlled turbidite–marl cycles. (2) Paleodepth reconstructions indicate that a rapid (5 m/ka) shallowing of the marine corridor took place at the Tortonian/Messinian boundary, at an age of 7.2 Ma. This shallowing phase is primarily related to active tectonics, although a small glacio-eustatic sea level lowering also took place. (3) The Taza–Guercif Basin was emergent at an age of 6.0 Ma and, subsequently, continental sedimentation continued well into the Early Pliocene. We suggest that shallowing and restricting the marine passageway through the Rifian Corridor actually initiated the Messinian salinity crisis, well before the deposition of the Messinian evaporites in the Mediterranean.     

Are Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet grounding events manifest in sedimentary cycles on the adjacent continental rise?

The direct record of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet expansions from a previously published seismostratigraphic study of the outer shelf at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1097 is compared to the glacial history we deduced from published proxy evidence within coeval sections on the adjacent continental rise. The proxies are sedimentary structures (laminated vs. massive/bioturbated facies) and clay minerals (predominantly smectite and chlorite contents) from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1095 located on the distal part of a large drift. The comparison shows that more sedimentary cycles are evident on the continental rise for three of the four diatom biozones we considered. This indicates that the continental-rise sedimentology may indeed be related to local or regional paleoenvironmental variability, including Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet grounding events on the adjacent outer continental shelf. If correct, this would be a promising result because unlike the outer continental shelf sequences drilled thus far, the continental rise record is relatively continuous and can be dated using paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic data. However, our study also shows that no objective criteria provide direct linkages between the glacial history we deduced from the two continental rise proxies and that previously derived from the continental-shelf seismic stratigraphy. Furthermore, the two sedimentologic proxies on the continental rise do not always provide a consistent picture of glacial history when compared against each other.     

Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Labrador margin, Atlantic Canada

The Labrador continental margin provides a rich source of data with which to study the relationships between stratigraphy, tectonics and paleoenvironment. We have completed a regional seismic interpretation and integrated this with new biostratigraphic data, based on analyses of palynomorphs from wells in the Hopedale and Saglek Basins which occur on this margin. Our results are summarized in a tectonostratigraphic chart, which displays new and consistent age control for the major lithostratigraphic units and provides more precise evaluation of their depositional and paleoenvironmental history. We have identified and dated six regional unconformities in the wells and we can recognize several others on the seismic data. The older unconformities (Cretaceous) are related to the tectonics of rifting and seafloor spreading, and may delineate the onset of different stages of the rift process. In the Paleocene-Early Eocene, unconformity development was influenced by episodic volcanism due to the passage of the proto-Iceland hotspot to the north and to a major change in spreading direction in the Labrador Sea. Many of these unconformities are also identified in offshore southwest Greenland and the Grand Banks, suggesting widespread controlling mechanisms. During the post-seafloor spreading stage the effects of mass wasting and slumping, and of paleoenvironmental controls on the stratigraphy, were more pronounced. We discuss the petroleum potential of the Hopedale Basin in terms of the structures we see on the seismic data, and highlight the Bjarni Formation, which likely contains the most prospective source and reservoir rocks in this Basin.     

Prediction of diagenetic facies using well logs – A case study from the upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China

Understanding diagenetic heterogeneity in tight sandstone reservoirs is vital for hydrocarbon exploration. As a typical tight sandstone reservoir, the seventh unit of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin (Chang 7 unit), central China, is an important oil-producing interval. Results of helium porosity and permeability and petrographic assessment from thin sections, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence analysis demonstrate that the sandstones have encountered various diagenetic processes encompassing mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation by carbonate, quartz, clay minerals, and dissolution of feldspar and lithic fragments. The sandstones comprise silt-to medium-grained lithic arkoses to feldspathic litharenites and litharenites, which have low porosity (0.5%–13.6%, with an average of 6.8%) and low permeability (0.009 × 10⁻³ μm² to 1.818 × 10⁻³ μm², with an average of 0.106 × 10⁻³ μm²).This study suggests that diagenetic facies identified from petrographic observations can be up-scaled by correlation with wire-line log responses, which can facilitate prediction of reservoir quality at a field-scale. Four diagenetic facies are determined based on petrographic features including intensity of compaction, cement types and amounts, and degree of dissolution. Unstable and labile components of sandstones can be identified by low bulk density and low gamma ray log values, and those sandstones show the highest reservoir quality. Tightly compacted sandstones/siltstones, which tend to have high gamma ray readings and relatively high bulk density values, show the poorest reservoir quality. A model based on principal component analysis (PCA) is built and show better prediction of diagenetic facies than biplots of well logs. The model is validated by blind testing log-predicted diagenetic facies against petrographic features from core samples of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, which indicates it is a helpful predictive model.     

Extending NMR data for permeability estimation in fine-grained sediments

We combine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transverse relaxation time data and gamma ray data to estimate lithology-dependent permeability in silt- and clay-rich sediments. This approach extends the utility of the Schlumberger-Doll Research (SDR) permeability equation from reservoirs to aquicludes and seals, and thus improves the value and robustness of NMR data. Data from Keathley Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico show that NMR data can be used to define permeability from 10⁻¹⁸ to 10⁻¹⁴ m² (0.001–10 millidarcies) as calibrated and tested by direct measurements on core samples. We performed uniaxial, constant rate-of-strain consolidation experiments on sediments from Keathley Canyon to determine core-scale permeability. Permeabilities from these experiments were compared to permeabilities calculated from logging-while-drilling data. A better fit between log-derived permeability and laboratory-measured permeability was obtained using the SDR equation with a variable coefficient A, rather than a constant A as is typically used. We show how A is a function of lithology and can be modeled from gamma ray data. The relationship between A and gamma ray values suggests that variations in A are caused by platy clay minerals and the effect they have on the pore system. Our results provide improved means for permeability estimation for application in basin flow modeling, hydrocarbon migration modeling, and well completion design.