甘肃黄土高原帕尔默旱度模式的修订

干旱是甘肃黄土高原雨养农业区最主要的气象灾害,干旱的发生包含许多复杂过程和条件,因而研究一个考虑因子较为全面的干旱指标较为困难。本文在美国帕尔默旱度模式和中国修正的帕尔默旱度模式的基础上,根据本区特点,从建模资料站点、可能蒸散计算、土壤田间持水量和径流计算等几个方面进行了修正,并利用甘肃黄土高原12个站点的资料,建立了适用于本区的旱度模式,以期为本区的干旱研究提供一种有效的工具。     

气候干旱评价模式的研究及其应用

本文以修正的帕尔默(Palmer)气象干旱度模式为基础,建立了气候干旱评价模式,并通过对实际资料的验算,证实了该模式的可靠性。为进行干旱的形成和演变的动态研究进行及干旱及其影响的数值模拟奠定了基础。     

渭北旱塬地区旱度指数模式及应用结果分析

针对渭北旱塬地工区干旱特点,运用修正的帕尔默干旱指数方法,建立了渭北旱塬度指数模式,并利用该模式对咸阳市的淳化、永寿县进行了干旱分析和评价预测,取得了满意结果,为干旱研究提供了一个科学可行的方法。     

基于作物旱度指标的农业干旱评价指标与模型研究

在广泛研究国内外农业干旱指标的基础上,首次提出"作物旱度指标I"t、"作物相对旱度指标Ir"t、"作物干旱强度指标Di"建立了广元市农业干旱评价指标和模式。当作物相对旱度指标Ir20≧0.6持续15天时发布农业干旱预警,为防旱治旱提供决策依据。     

贵州省夏旱特征及分区研究

干旱是贵州省的主要气象灾害之一。应用夏旱强度指数和修正的帕尔默指数及降雨量等其它指标，对贵族夏旱的类型、发生频率、持续时间、地区分布、易发生时段和垂直变化等特征作了系统的研究，总结出贵州夏旱的主要特征并进行了夏旱分区。     

帕默尔旱度模式的修正

本文阐述了帕默尔干旱指标的原理、优点及其计算方法。根据其思路，我们用济南和郑州两站的资料对帕默尔模式进行了修正，建立了我国的气象旱度模式，并利用此模式计算了我国140个站点（1951年1月～1980年12月）的帕默尔指数值。我们发现计算的帕默尔指数值与一些文献记载的旱情和实际调查的旱情是较一致的。这表明，修正的帕默尔气象旱度模式能够用于我国。     

中文出版物（2007）

安顺清等（第2）．帕尔默旱度指数方法在全国实时旱情监测中的应用水科学进展，2007，18（1）．     

基于改进失水模式和增加建模站点的Palmer旱度模式

根据1965年Palmer旱度模式的思路,在1986年修正版及2003年修正版的基础上,为了使Palmer旱度模式更适用于我国北方干旱、半干旱地区,通过改进2003年修正的Palmer旱度模式在建模时表层失水模式的假设以及增加建模站点个数两个方面对Palmer旱度模式进行进一步修正。将计算的Palmer指数值与2003年计算的Palmer指数值及一些文献记载的实际旱涝灾情相对照进行验证,结果表明:新修正的Palmer旱度模式能更好地评估旱涝情况,扩大其在我国干旱地区的适用性。     

帕默尔旱度模式在绵阳干旱研究中的应用

本文引用帕默尔旱度模式建模思路和建模方法,对其中可能蒸散量计算方法进行修正,采用国际通用的彭曼-蒙蒂斯公式,利用绵阳1954~2007年的气象资料和部分年份的土壤湿度观测资料,建立绵阳的帕默尔旱度模式,并将实际旱情与计算的帕默尔干旱指数进行了对比验证,帕默尔旱度模式能较好地反映实际旱情。      

基于PDSI的长江中下游地区干旱分布特征

利用1961-2012年长江中下游地区90个测站逐日降水、气温等观测资料,建立长江中下游地区的帕默尔旱度模式,并利用此模式计算出52年90个测站逐月PDSI指数,与资料记载的实际旱涝灾情对比并分析了长江中下游地区的旱涝特征。结果表明,修正的帕默尔旱度模式能准确反映长江中下游地区的干旱过程,与实际旱涝发生时间、持续时段、旱涝严重程度及旱涝发生范围对应比较吻合,对旱涝的反应比较灵敏;长江中下游地区旱涝年际变化显著,夏、秋季旱涝具有连续性,干旱具有3个月的持续期;冬季存在较弱的年代际变化,而夏季年代际变化较为明显;长江中下游地区夏秋季干旱多发,极端干旱在秋季较多,安徽西部及北部、浙江北部、湖南西南部是干旱较容易发生的区域,而极端干旱多发生于安徽阜阳和宁国、湖南衡阳和郴州、浙江慈溪和定海以及湖北巴东等地。     

Analysis of drought condition and risk in Peninsular Malaysia using Standardised Precipitation Index

Contrary to the belief that Peninsular Malaysia experiences wet condition throughout the year, prolonged dry condition has lately become a recurrent phenomenon in this region. As a result, country's agricultural sector and water resources have been under severe constraints from this situation. To get a clearer picture of the dry condition in Peninsular Malaysia, the Standardised Precipitation Index, based on the data of monthly rainfall from 50 stations, is derived. Spatial analysis is used to illustrate the percentage of occurrences of dry and very dry events. To evaluate the potential risk due to the dry conditions, we modelled the joint distribution of severity and duration of dry condition by means of bivariate copula. Several copula models were tested, and the model, which best represents the relationship between severity and duration, is determined using Akaike information criterion. Based on the results, the return period for the drought severity, based on the longest duration of drought at each station, can be estimated. This enables the drought risk to be calculated, thus planning on the measures to minimise the impact of a prolonged drought to the societies, which can be done by the relevant authorities.     

Calibration of weather radar using region probability matching method (RPMM)

In this paper, spatiotemporal variability of drought in Xilingol grassland during pasture growing season (from April to September) was investigated, using 52 years (1961–2012) of precipitation data recorded at 14 rain gauge stations in the study area. The Standardized Precipitation Index was used to compute the severity of drought. The Mann-Kendall test, the linear trend, and the sequential Mann-Kendall test were applied to standardized precipitation index (SPI) time series. The results indicate that drought has become increasingly serious on the region scale during pasture growing season, and the rate of SPI decreases ranged from ?0.112 to ?0.013 per decade. As for the MK test, most of the stations, the Z value range is from ?1.081 to ?0.005 and Kendall’s τ varies from ?0.104 to ?0.024. Meanwhile, drought is increased obviously from the northwest to the southeast region. Meanwhile, the occurrence probability of each severity class, times for reaching different drought class from any drought severity state, and residence times in each drought class have been obtained with Markov chain. Furthermore, the drought severities during pasture growing season in 2013–2016 are predicted depending on the weighted Markov chain. The results may provide a scientific basis for preventing and mitigating drought disaster.     

Short-term droughts forecast using Markov chain model in Victoria,Australia

A comprehensive risk management strategy for dealing with drought should include both short-term and long-term planning. The objective of this paper is to present an early warning method to forecast drought using the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and a non-homogeneous Markov chain model. A model such as this is useful for short-term planning. The developed method has been used to forecast droughts at a number of meteorological monitoring stations that have been regionalised into six (6) homogenous clusters with similar drought characteristics based on SPI. The non-homogeneous Markov chain model was used to estimate drought probabilities and drought predictions up to 3 months ahead. The drought severity classes defined using the SPI were computed at a 12-month time scale. The drought probabilities and the predictions were computed for six clusters that depict similar drought characteristics in Victoria, Australia. Overall, the drought severity class predicted was quite similar for all the clusters, with the non-drought class probabilities ranging from 49 to 57 %. For all clusters, the near normal class had a probability of occurrence varying from 27 to 38 %. For the more moderate and severe classes, the probabilities ranged from 2 to 13 % and 3 to 1 %, respectively. The developed model predicted drought situations 1 month ahead reasonably well. However, 2 and 3 months ahead predictions should be used with caution until the models are developed further.

     

陕西渭北东部干旱遥感监测模型研究

利用研究区域2001年NOAA-16卫星遥感资料和有关气象资料，根据作物生长发育季节，使用逐步回归的统计方法进行因子筛选，用选出的因子建立研究区域不同季节干旱遥感监测模型。用建立的模型对2002年该区春季干旱进行监测，结果表明：模型土壤湿度监测结果与地面观测结果较为一致，模型对该区干旱具有较好的监测能力。     

A Simulation of the Climatic Conditions Associated with the Collapse of the Maya Civilization

It has been speculated that the collapse of the Maya civilization in the Yucatan region of Mexico around 900 AD was caused by drought. A 10,000-year simulation with the CSIRO Mark 2 coupled global climatic model has been used to investigate such a possibility. The model replicates sporadic, severe drought over the Yucatan consistent with the above speculation. It was found that these droughts were specifically constrained to the Central American area, with no obvious linkages to other regions. An investigation of the mechanisms associated with rainfall fluctuations over the Yucatan indicates that these were not caused by sea surface temperature variations. Fluctuations in the intensity of the topographically constrained meridional wind systems located on both the western and eastern coasts of the Americas were found to be the dominant influence. The sensitivity of the Yucatan to drought episodes arises from its location at the convergence zone of these wind systems. It is concluded that the severe drought episodes in this region are a consequence of stochastic fluctuations of these wind systems and that external influences are not necessary.     

陇东伏旱的气候变化及预报

利用陇东伏期降水量和蒸发量两要素,定义了伏旱指数来定量表达伏旱,通过对陇东15县(区)伏期降水和伏旱指数的分析,探讨了陇东伏旱的气候特征。对陇东伏期的500hPa平均形势,早年及多雨年环流特征进行分析,找出早年、多雨年的主要差异。通过500hPa高度场、太平洋海温与伏旱的相关性,探讨影响陇东伏旱的成因。最后建立了伏旱的预测模型,并进行了预报,经评定效果良好。     

An Abrupt Rainfall Decrease over the Asian Inland Plateau Region around 1999 and the Possible Underlying Mechanism

A decadal change in summer rainfall in the Asian inland plateau(AIP) region is identified around 1999. This decadal change is characterized by an abrupt decrease in summer rainfall of about 15.7% of the climatological average amount,leading to prolonged drought in the Asian inland plateau region. Both the surface air temperature and potential evapotranspiration in the AIP show a significant increase, while the soil moisture exhibits a decrease, after the late 1990s. Furthermore,the normalized difference vegetation index shows an apparent decreasing trend during 1999–2007. Three different drought indices—the standardized precipitation index, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, and the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index—present pronounced climate anomalies during 1999–2007, indicating dramatic drought exacerbation in the region after the late 1990s. This decadal change in the summer rainfall may be attributable to a wave-like teleconnection pattern from Western Europe to Asia. A set of model sensitivity experiments suggests that the summer warming sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic could induce this teleconnection pattern over Eurasia, resulting in recent drought in the AIP region.     

2001年张掖市异常干旱分析及防御对策

分析了张掖市2001年干旱气候特征,并就2001年旱情、早段长度与历年进行了比较,同时从大气环流特征、水文、生态等方面对2001年严重干旱状况进行了综合分析,结果表明2001年是继1962年后的又一重早之年,且干旱程度为50a来罕见;2001年天气气候异常是500hPa环流异常引起的;通过水文干旱、生态干旱分析进一步反映了张掖市干旱现状。以上结论对河西中部干旱监测、预估及防御措施的实施意义重大。