基于多源遥感的聚落与多级人口统计 数据的关系分析

在四川省市州、区县和典型村等三级尺度上,探讨了基于多源遥感的聚落面积与多级人口统计数据的关系。首先,从LANSAT TM影像中提取农村和城镇聚落信息,从Quickbird 影像上提取农村聚落及其房屋地基信息。其次,通过叠加统计得到各级统计单元内的聚落面积;再次,在四川省市州和区县尺度上,分别对城乡聚落面积和总人口数、城镇聚落面积和非农业人口数、农村聚落面积和农业人口数等进行相关性分析, 城镇聚落和非农业人口数的相关系数最高,分别为0.962和0.791,并建立了基于城镇聚落面积的非农业人口数估算模型,其模型的判定系数分别为0.926和0.625;最后,在村级尺度上,对农村聚落及其房屋地基面积与农村人口数之间的相关性进行分析,其相关系数分别为0.806和0.825,分别建立基于农村聚落及其房屋地基面积的农村人口数估算模型,其模型的判定系数分别为0.65和0.68。研究表明,LANDSAT TM适用于大尺度的非农业人口估算,估算效果随尺度的降低而有所降低;Quickbird适合于精细尺度的农业人口估算。     

环嵩山地区9000 aB.P.-3000 aB.P.聚落规模等级

选取遗址面积、文化层厚度、重要遗物、重要遗迹4 个变量, 利用SOFM网络对环嵩山地区9000 aB.P.-3000 aB.P.聚落按照裴李岗、仰韶、龙山、夏商4 个阶段分别进行聚类分析, 以此对区域不同时期早期聚落的规模等级进行划分, 其中裴李岗时期聚落划分为2 个级别, 仰韶、龙山时期聚落均划分为3 个级别, 夏商时期聚落划分为4 个级别。结果表明, 裴李岗时期区域聚落等级规模之间的差异不明显, 大致在距今5000 年左右的仰韶文化中晚期, 区域聚落规模等级出现分异, 这种分异在龙山时期得以延续, 并于夏商时期最终形成。此外, 规模等级划分结果还对于特定时期文化面貌的区域差异有所反映, 具体表现在裴李岗时期3 个区域所属的不同文化系统与夏、商文化不同的空间分布特征。通过环嵩山地区9000 aB.P.-3000 aB.P.聚落规模等级研究发现, SOFM网络具有的邻近单元相互竞争、相互学习特征可以降低遗址面积不准确性对于分类结果的影响, 非常适合于早期聚落规模等级的划分。     

洞庭湖区史前聚落规模及聚落群时空演变

以洞庭湖区史前聚落遗址为研究对象,运用ArcGIS空间分析、位序-规模法则和聚类分析方法对洞庭湖区史前聚落遗址规模及聚落群时空演变进行研究。结果表明：(1)各时期以中小型和大型规模聚落为主,不同规模类型聚落随时间推移不断增长,特大型聚落多具有城址的性质,且逐步演变为区域中心,各规模类型聚落向南迁移趋势明显;(2)随着人口总量不断增加,平均生存面积减少,生存压力增大,新石器中晚期聚落之间分布的均衡性逐渐下降;(3)古人倾向于生活在澧水区域和洞庭湖区域,大型城址主要分布在主体聚落群内,聚落群总体由西向东再向南迁移,演变方向呈倒“L”型,澧水区域的聚落群在各时期得到了继承和演变,而其他区域的聚落群在大溪至石家河文化时期得到了继承和发展。     

基于聚落演变的岩溶山地聚落体系空间结构整合——以后寨河地区为例

基于高精度遥感影像和实地调查数据,选择黔中高原的典型岩溶山地普定县后寨河流域,探讨了1963~2010年岩溶山地的聚落和人口变迁,建立了基于聚落规模等级发展变迁和人口密度空间分布的乡村聚落发展适宜性和聚落整治类型评价方法。研究区大聚落和较大聚落主要分布在耕地条件和交通条件较好的中部峰丛洼地区东、西两侧,人口密度高值中心对应的往往是大聚落等级。研究区聚落可划分为重点村镇型、优先发展型、有条件扩展型、限制扩展型和迁弃型5类。     

近20年屯堡聚落聚集区乡村聚落规模演变——以安顺市西秀区为例

以西秀区2000、2010和2020年乡村聚落斑块为基础数据,运用乡村位序-规模法则、聚落规模等级模型等方法,分析西秀区乡村聚落等级规模分布特征及演变规律,并分析屯堡聚落在该过程的发展变化。结果显示：1）乡村聚落总规模、聚落数量总体上呈增长趋势,3个时段屯堡聚落面积占乡村聚落总面积的比例超过20%;2）西秀区乡村聚落规模分布符合乡村位序-规模法则,拟合优度在0.90以上,负指数分布特征突出,并表现出“首位聚落”和“垂尾”分布特征,2000—2010年乡村聚落规模趋于集中分布,2010—2020年趋于均衡;3）不同等级乡村聚落空间分布位置相对稳定,数量上呈低等级向高等级演变;4）屯堡聚落规模稳定增长,是高位序、高规模等级聚落的重要组成部分,但少部分屯堡聚落位序出现倒退现象。未来应科学规划乡村聚落用地布局,形成合理的乡村聚落等级规模结构,保护屯堡文化,打造区域特色聚落。     

县域聚落分布格局演变分析——基于1929-2013年河南巩义的实证研究

基于河南省巩义市1929-2013年的村庄数据,从位序—规模角度着手,使用齐夫指数、分形维数以及基尼系数,分别测度了近百年来县域聚落分布格局的演变。相对于城市,巩义市聚落等级规模具有如下特征：① 齐夫指数偏小但增长较快。大聚落发育不突出,具有农村聚落特征;但聚落规模越大,规模增加的速度越快,且二次项模型优于线性模型。② 分形维数偏大但降速加快。聚落体系等级差异增加,规模分布趋于集中。县域聚落规模只有增加到一定程度才能与城市表现出同样的规律。③ 聚落规模大小的基尼系数相对较小但增加显著,且增长率在1990s后加速,这与当地的城镇化发展过程具有密切关联。在空间上表现如下特征：① 沿河线状格局变化。核心聚落由“沿河平原线状”格局主导逐渐向“平原—丘陵片状”格局转变。② 网络等级结构形成。高等级聚落数量增加且规模增大,聚落等级增加,最终形成市场原则的5级等级结构。③ 核心聚落转移替代。县城迁移、工业化与城镇化带来聚落位序—规模变化,使核心聚落出现空间改变。     

蒙东地区乡村聚落空间演变特征及其影响因素

中国乡村发展进入转型发展的关键时期,呈现更加复杂和多元化的发展态势。乡村聚落的用地类型与空间布局是推进乡村振兴急需解决的关键科学问题。蒙东农牧交错区自然地理格局复杂、经济地理区位特殊,但该区域乡村聚落的空间演变规律及其驱动机理研究不足。本文基于1990年、2000年、2010年和2020年4期蒙东地区土地利用数据,借助GIS空间分析和地理加权回归等方法分析乡村聚落空间演变及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)蒙东地区乡村聚落规模差异显著,微、小型聚落居多。(2)乡村聚落核密度的空间分布非常相似,具有“南密北疏”的分布特征。(3)乡村聚落的规模和密度分布具有负相关的局部特征,聚落具有高密度-小规模集聚和低密度-大规模集聚的特征;(4)乡村聚落空间分异受自然和人文综合影响,空间差异显著。其中,人口密度和人均耕地面积呈正相关;距河流距离和乡村人口比重呈负相关;人均大家畜数量正负作用均存在,区域差异显著。研究结果可为内蒙古农牧交错区乡村聚落空间格局的优化及乡村振兴战略的实施提供科学依据。     

基于集聚与生态价值组合特征的乡村聚落重构——-以福州山区为例

明确乡村聚落重构模式与方向是统筹城乡协调发展、促进区域乡村振兴的重要环节。本文基于福州山区2015年遥感影像解译数据,划分“三生空间”用地类型,提取乡村聚落斑块,运用核密度估计、生态系统服务价值评价等方法分析其乡村聚落空间分布特征,构建基于集聚与生态价值组合特征的乡村聚落重构方向识别方法和差异化重构思路。结果表明:(1)福州山区乡村聚落空间分布以高生态中密度组合特征区为主,面积216.39 km2,占研究区总面积的29.53%,多集中于乡镇中心、道路和河流沿线,整体集聚与生态价值适中,但西南部乡村聚落生态建设有待加强;(2)运用成本加权距离测算中心区乡村聚落可达性等级,以此作为边界参考,结合集聚与生态价值组合特征,将研究区划分为A^J共10个不同特征的重构范围区;(3)依据各重构范围区表征出不同的集聚与生态价值组合特征,提出了城镇集聚型、中心村建设型、内部协调型和生态保护型等4种乡村聚落重构模式与空间重构方向,并探讨了差异化重构思路。研究结果为福州山区乡村聚落转型发展及城乡融合提供了科学依据和理论基础。     

河南裴李岗文化聚落空间集聚分析

聚落空间分布是聚落考古和环境考古研究的重要内容之一,利用空间模型分析区域聚落分布,可以揭示区域内聚落空间分布形式和聚落之间的空间关系,为重新认识和理解聚落文化提供参考。利用GIS技术的空间模型分析功能对河南裴李岗文化聚落的空间分布特征进行分析,认为河南裴李岗文化时期聚落在空间上具有集聚型分布特征,并且具有双中心集聚结构,即具有两个空间分布中心聚落,分别为登封市唐庄乡的向阳遗址与舞阳县马村乡的阿岗寺遗址。最后从区域聚落规模对比角度对该两处遗址成为空间中心聚落的可能性进行了分析,从模型分析和区域聚落规模对比分析结果,可以认为向阳遗址与阿岗寺遗址是河南裴李岗文化时期聚落分布中心。     

黄山市乡村聚落空间格局特征及其影响因素

以黄山市2014年卫星影像为数据源,综合运用景观格局指数定量分析方法和GIS空间分析方法深入分析了黄山市乡村聚落的空间格局特征。结果显示:黄山市聚落密度整体分布较为稀疏,但存在"中心城区"集聚分布的特征;黄山市乡村聚落规模分布表现出较强的空间自相关性;黄山市乡村聚落形态镇(乡)域分异明显,整体上看东北部较西南部复杂。海拔、坡度、交通、中心城镇、人口、经济、规划、政策等因子对乡村聚落的空间分布都具有重要影响,主要表现为:1)黄山市乡村聚落规模随着区域海拔和坡度的上升而减小;2)乡村聚落规模随着距交通线和中心城镇距离的增加呈现出下降的趋势;3)人口规模、经济实力与乡村聚落规模在空间分布上都具有正的相关性,人口规模大、经济实力强的乡镇,其聚落规模也较大;4)规划、政策等也是影响乡村聚落空间分布的重要因素,其对乡村聚落的空间分布具有调控和引导作用。虽然不同因素对乡村聚落空间分布的影响具有不同的特质,但是乡村聚落空间格局的最终形成是地形、区位、社会经济等多种因素相互交织在一起共同作用的结果。     

Women,Politics, Elections,and Citizenship

Abstract

Significantly more women than men are registered voters in the United States, and a higher proportion of women voters actually cast ballots on election day. Yet the 106th Congress (1999-2001) includes only 56 women members, 12% of the total membership of the House and Senate. Likewise, women hold only 22% of the total seats in state legislatures. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox. It first examines the history of the women's movement in the United States. It then turns to an evaluation of women's progress in gaining elected office. Finally it considers three primary obstacles to women gaining equitable representation: solidarity among women, political culture, and the single-member district system now employed in the United States.     

FANTASY,GEOGRAPHY, WAGNER,AND OPERA*

ABSTRACT. Wilhelm Richard Wagner fused fantasy based on epic and lore with seamless scores, using landscapes and urban images to forge spatial order on stage. As a footloose composer-conductor, Wagner was considered a globetrotter for his time, and from trans-European tours he drew inspiration for numerous stagings. Nine of his operas have rustic pastoral settings, with actors silhouetted against geological formations, forests, vistas of undulating terrain for pilgrimages, or raging seas, all visually believable scenery. Rienzi and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg are urban in setting, whereas Die Feen and Das Liebesverbot are set in a castle-like format.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.     

Elevation, Age, Soil Development, and Chemical Weathering at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway

Chemical weathering and associated soil development trends on glacial forelands are commonly assumed to exhibit increases with time elapsed since glaciation. However, this gross trend is complicated by several other factors including elevation, aspect, and microtopography. This paper demonstrates that on the glacial foreland at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway, chemical weathering and associated soil development trends show significant elevational influences. We sampled soils at shallow depths (0–1, 1–5, and 15–20 cm) at two sites on a moraine dated to 1750 at its elevational extremes of 1155 m (site L) and 1385 m (site H). The two moraine sites also differed developmentally from an adjacent 9000-year-old surface (site T) at an intermediate elevation, 1205 m. Analyses were conducted on the fine-earth fractions. Extractable elemental composition exhibited detectable differences between the same-age soils at different elevations with the lower site L tending to have measured parameters intermediate between the high site H and the older site T. Weathering, as indicated by mineralogy, was more pronounced at the 9000-year-old site T and least evident at the high elevation site H. In addition, elevation under the conditions of the field research may inhibit pedogenesis as indicated by the chemical data. Site H, for example, showed little variation with depth and had in general, less organic matter accumulation, smaller C:N ratio, greater pH, and lesser amounts of the measured extractable elements than the soil at site L. Site T generally had smaller pH and larger levels of the measured elements than the other sites. It was concluded that elevation has a significant control on weathering and pedogenesis that may mask the effects of age in this cold and wet environment.     

Time,Action, Space

Postmetropolis deepens Edward Soja's engagement with the sociospatial dialectic, one of his major contributions to urban theory. It also represents an uncharacteristic foray into history. The objectives of my contribution are to probe his treatment of time and to extend his sociospatial dialectic into the realm of actor-network theory, thereby further situating the materiality of the city at the theoretical center of social thought.     

Race,Gender, and Constrained Work Trips in Buffalo,NY, 1990

This study investigates whether women's short commutes should be interpreted as constrained or convenient work trips by examining how race, gender, travel mode, occupation, residential location, workplace location, and Inc.ome affect commuting time. The analysis is restricted to a sample of European American and African American male and female workers residing in Buffalo, New York, and the surrounding county using data drawn from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 U.S. census. Given the pervasive gender wage gap, women unsurprisingly have more compromised (short commutes to low-Inc.ome jobs) work trips than do men. Multivariate analysis reveals that among those who reverse commute to suburban locations, African American women have the longest work trips.