Fatigue Properties of Plain Concrete Under Triaxial Compressive Cyclic Loading

Experiments were made on plain concrete subjected to triaxial static loading and constant-amphtude compressive fatigue loading with a constant lateral pressure in two directions. The initial confining pressure was O, O. lfc, O. 25fc and O. 4fc, respectively, for the static test, and O. lfc and O. 25fc for the fatigue test. Based on the triaxial compressive constitutive behavior of concrete, the inflexion of confining pressure evolution was chosen to be the fatigue damage criterion during the test. The rule of evolution of longitudinal maximum and minimum strains, longitudinal cyclic modulus and damage were recorded and analyzed. According to the Fardis-Chen criterion model and the concept of equivalent fatigue life and equivalent stress level, a unified S-N curve for multi-axial compressive fatigue loading was proposed. Thus, the fatigue strength factors for different fatigue loading cases can be obtained. The present investigation provides information for the fatigue design of concrete structures.     

Research on the Fatigue Flexural Performance of RC Beams Attacked by Salt Spray

The fatigue flexural performance of RC beams attacked by salt spray was studied. A testing method involving electro osmosis, electrical accelerated corrosion and salt spray was proposed. This corrosion process method effectively simulates real-world salt spray and fatigue loading exerted by RC components on sea bridges. Four RC beams that have different stress amplitudes were tested. It is found that deterioration by corrosion and fatigue loading reduces the fatigue life of the RC and decreases the ability of deformation. The fatigue life and deflection ability could be reduced by increasing the stress amplitude and the corrosion duration time. The test result demonstrates that this experimental method can couple corrosion deterioration and fatigue loading reasonably. This procedure may be applied to evaluate the fatigue life and concrete durability of RC components located in a natural salt spray environment.     

Effects of frequency and cyclic stress ratio on creep behavior of clay under cyclic loading

The mechanical behavior of clay subjected to cyclic loading is important to consider in the design of the foundations of many types of structures that must resist cyclic loading, such as subgrades and offshore foundations, because clay undergoes greater settlement under cyclic loading than under static loading. The difference in settlement between these two loading patterns due to creep behavior is affected by the cyclic frequency and the cyclic stress ratio. This study investigated the effects of the frequency and cyclic stress ratio of cyclic loading on the creep behavior of a natural clay in China using stress-controlled triaxial tests. The assessed the following parameters: three frequencies, four cyclic stress ratios, and six vertical stresses. The test results indicate that the soft clay displays accelerated creep behavior under dynamic loads. A specific “limit frequency” (in this case, 0.2 Hz) and a “safe load” at which the strain of the soft clay increases very slowly were observed. The effect of the effective axial stress on the creep behavior increases with the increase in the cyclic stress ratio. Based on the tests, the critical cyclic stress ratio is 0.267 at a certain effective axial stress and frequency.     

Fatigue Crack Propagation in Steel A131 Under Ice Loading of Crushing,Bending and Buckling

Three types of ice loading, which are most commonly present when ice acts on structures, are chosen and simulated for use of fatigue crack propagation tests on offshore structural steel A131. The three types of ice categorized in accordance with the failure modes when acting on structures called crushing ice, bending ice, and buckling ice, respectively. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of widely used high strength steel A131 for offshore jackets in the loading environment of ice crushing, bending, and buckling. The test results of fatigue crack propagation in steel A131 under these simulated ice loading at temperature 292K. are presented and analyzed in detail in this paper. The amplitude root mean square stress intensity factor is optimized to be the fundamental parameter of fatigue crack propagation for all types of ice loading histories. The results are also compared with constant amplitude fatigue crack propagation conclusions as in wave loa     

Fatigue analysis of offshore well conductors: Part I – Study overview and evaluation of Series 1 centrifuge tests in normally consolidated to lightly over-consolidated kaolin clay

An important aspect of deepwater well integrity assurance is conductor fatigue analysis under environmental loads acting on the riser system during drilling operation. Fatigue damage arises from stress changes in a structure due to cyclic loading. In practice, the lateral cyclic soil response is typically modelled using Winkler p–y springs. An appropriate soil model for conductor–soil interaction analysis is the one based on which the absolute magnitudes of stresses and their changes can accurately be predicted for well integrity evaluation. The API recommendations for p–y curves, which are often used for conductor–soil interaction analysis, have originally been developed for piled foundation and are inappropriate for well fatigue analysis. To that end, an extensive study involving four series of centrifuge model tests and FE numerical analyses was conducted to fundamentally study conductor–soil interaction under a wide spectrum of loading conditions. The tests simulated conductor installations in normally to over consolidated clays, and medium-dense clean sands. Soil models were developed specifically for conductor fatigue analysis for each of the soil types. The test results and soil models are presented in two papers. The first paper, Part I, presents an overview of the study and first series tests in normally to lightly over-consolidated kaolin clay and discusses the observations made with regards to monotonic and cyclic soil resistances and their relationship to conductor fatigue modelling. The second paper, Part II, presents centrifuge test results in normally to lightly over-consolidated Golf of Mexico (GoM) clay, over-consolidated natural clay and medium-dense clean sands along with the respective soil models developed for conductor fatigue damage prediction. Overall, the accuracy of fatigue life predictions using these novel soil models is very high – generally within about a few percentage of the measured values.     

基于人工神经网络的混凝土疲劳寿命估算

把决定混凝土疲劳寿命的应力水平，应力比，加载频率和描述随机性的破坏概率作为神经网络的输入，以疲劳寿命作为网络的输出，用网络结构描述它们之间的非线性关系，利用实验数据样本完成了网络的训练，并对模拟样本进行了估算，实例计算了结果表明，利用已有疲劳试验数据训练好的人工神经网络进行混凝土疲劳寿命估算，可部分代替冗长，昂贵的疲劳实验。     

Ice Induced Low Temperature Fatigue Crack Propagation in Offshore Structural Steel A131

To investigate the low temperature fatigue crack propagation behavior of offshore structuralsteel A131 under random ice loading,three ice failure modes that are commonly present in the Bohai Gulfare simulated according to the vibration stress responses induced by real ice loading.The test data are pro-cessed by a universal software FCPUSL developed on the basis of the theory of fatigue crack propagationand statistics.The fundamental parameter controlling the fatigue crack propagation induced by randomice loading is determined to be the amplitude root mean square stress intensity factor K_(arm).The test resultsare presented on the crack propagation diagram where the crack growth rate da/dN is described as thefunction of K_(arm).It is evident that the ice failure modes have great influence on the fatigue crack propaga-tion behavior of the steel in ice-induced vibration.However,some of the experimental phenomena and testresults are hard to be physically explained at present.The work in this paper is an init     

Fatigue Behavior of Plain Concrete Under Biaxial Compression: Experiments and Theoretical Model

The effects of different lateral confinement stress on the fatigue behavior of and cumulative damage to plain concrete are investigated experimentally. Eighty 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm specimens of ordinary strength concrete are tested under constant- or variable-amplitude fatigue loading and lateral confinement pressure in two orthogonal directions. A fatigue equation is developed by modifying the classical Aas-Jakobsen S-N equation for taking into account the effect of the confined stress on fatigue strength of plain concrete. The results of variable-amplitude fatigue tests indicate that the linear damage theory proposed by Palmgren and Miner is unreasonable in the biaxial stress state. A nonlinear cumulative damage model that could model the effects of the magnitude and sequence of variable-amplitude fatigue loading and lateral confinement pressure is proposed on the basis of the evolution laws of the residual strains in the longitudinal direction during fatigue tests. The residual fatigue life predic     

Prediction of Load Carrying Capacity of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beam

A novel method for prediction of the load carrying capacity of a corroded reinforced concrete beam (CRCB) is presented in the paper. Nine reinforced concrete beams, which had been working in an aggressive environment for more than 10 years, were tested in the laboratory. Comprehensive tests, including flexural test, strength test for corroded concrete and rusty rebar, and pullout test for bond strength between concrete and rebar, were condueted. The flexural test results of CRCBs reveal that the distribution of surface cracks on the beams shows a fractal behavior. The relationship between the fractal dimensions and mechanical properties of CRCBs is then studied. A prediction model based on artificial neural network (ANN) is established by the use of the fractal dimension as the corrosion index, together with the basic intbrmation of the beam. The validity of the prediction model is demonstrated through the experimental data, and satisfactory resuits are achieved.     

基于压磁效应的锈胀开裂混凝土梁疲劳性能试验研究

开展了5根锈胀开裂钢筋混凝土梁疲劳试验并实时记录了梁表面的钢筋压磁信号,研究锈胀开裂混凝土梁的疲劳特性和压磁信号演化规律。结果表明梁疲劳寿命随钢筋锈蚀率增大而急剧减小,梁破坏时混凝土剥落,纵筋发生疲劳断裂;磁信号时变曲线随疲劳进程不断演化,在临近疲劳破坏时曲线形态发生明显畸变,能够反映梁疲劳损伤信息;磁感应强度变化幅值的发展符合三阶段特性,在疲劳初期和破坏前增长明显;磁感应强度变化幅值对钢筋锈蚀敏感,随锈蚀率增加而增大,因此建立了疲劳作用不同阶段磁信号幅值和梁内钢筋锈蚀率的相关关系。     

波浪作用下开孔沉箱疲劳与承载能力研究

开孔沉箱孔洞周围存在以三轴循环应力为特征的复杂承载区,其中混凝土损伤速度远大于单轴应力条件,局部疲劳损伤快速累积使结构整体承载能力迅速下降。考虑迎浪面入射波浪与消浪室内反射波浪的循环作用,针对开孔区域复杂应力状态下的疲劳损伤问题,基于不可逆损伤力学发展的数值计算方法模拟开孔板疲劳过程,得到循环荷载作用下不同类型开孔板的损伤演化历程,并计算损伤后整体结构极限承载力大小,通过综合对比孔洞损伤发展规律和结构极限承载能力,建立了疲劳作用下开孔沉箱极限承载能力判断依据。现有规范依据设计使用年限、波浪条件、作用效应组合等确定材料与结构强度,但并未充分体现开孔结构的优势与承载特点,在此基础上文中补充了开孔结构的优化设计以及实际寿命判断。     

黄河水下三角洲沉积物在循环荷载作用下土体中孔压变化实验研究

利用室内周期循环加载试验 ,对黄河水下三角洲土体中孔隙水压力的变化加以测定 ,通过对波浪水槽试验和动三轴试验 2种方案所获数据分析认为黄河水下三角洲土体 (粉土、粘质粉土、粉质粘土 )存在一破坏的循环极限荷载。在小于此极限循环荷载作用情况下 ,土体中孔隙水压力总体呈现下降趋势 ,没有积累升高的过程 ,不同于砂土在循环荷载作用下孔隙水压力升高导致液化的情况。这一现象对判别黄河水下三角洲土体破坏机制的研究有重要意义。     

Modification of Wirsching’s Model for Fatigue Reliability Analysis

First,Wirsching＇s model,which is widely employed in fatigue reliability anlysis of marine andoffshore structures,is analysed systematically.It is found that the very important random variable △ inWirsching＇s model can not be directly determined from fatigue experiment because of the irreversibility offatigue test,and in fact,what Wirsching studied from testing results is not △ but α of the statistical Miner＇srule.Second,by use of the statistical Miner＇s rule,a modified Wirsching＇s model is proposed.Thirdly andmore importantly,based on the two-dimensional probabilistic Miner＇s rule,a new model is established forfatigue reliability analysis of structural components subjected to specified cyclic loading of variableamplitude or stochastic time history.In the end,an example is presented,from which it will be seen thatthis new model is very convenient to use and feasible to engineering practice.     

Cyclic behavior of natural organic clay under variable confining pressure that match traffic loading conditions

ABSTRACT

One-way cyclic loading is more typical for traffic loading and cyclic triaxial test has been recognized as a useful method for solving many engineering problems. Under traffic loading, the influence of variable confining pressure on cyclic behavior of natural organic clay subjected to cyclic traffic loading is rarely reported in the literature. In this study, a laboratory investigation on undrained cyclic behavior of natural organic clay is presented and conducted by cyclic triaxial apparatus. Tests are conducted by both constant confining pressure and variable confining pressure, to simulate the loading conditions induced by passing vehicles in actual engineering. Different stress levels are also considered in this study. By comparing between the results of constant confining pressure tests and variable confining pressure tests, it shows that the one-way cyclic behavior of organic clay is influenced significantly by variation of confining pressure, in terms of pore water pressure, permanent axial strain and stress–strain hysteretic loops.     

Non-linear analysis of undrained cyclic strength of soft marine clay

Iwan models are used to simulate the non-linear and hysteretic behaviour of soils under cyclic loading conditions. However, the model in its original form cannot take into account the stiffness degradation which is observed during cyclic loading of soft clays. Studies show that the stiffness reduction (expressed as degradation index) can be represented as a function of the number of cycles and of a degradation parameter depending on the strain amplitude in the case of strain controlled cyclic loading tests. This degradation index has been incorporated into Iwan's series–parallel model as a single fatigue parameter to account for the degradation during cyclic loading. The comparisons made with the existing results of two marine clays tested under undrained cyclic triaxial and simple shear conditions provided an opportunity to understand the capability of the one dimensional model.     

Long-term dynamic behaviour of Coode Island Silt (CIS) containing different sand content

The foundations of nearshore and offshore structures are always subjected to long-term cyclic loading which is often a one-way, with low amplitude and a large number of cycles. Hence, the long-term dynamic behaviour of shoreline soils and sediments should be understood to avoid excessive deformation and liquefaction. As one of the most problematic soft soils in Melbourne, Coode Island Silt (CIS) at the northern shoreline of Port Phillip Bay contains a considerable but variable amount of sand. This paper explores the dynamic response of CIS containing different sand content subjected to a large number of cycles. To determine the liquefaction potential, and the effect of sand content on the resilient modulus and permanent strain of CIS, a series of long-term cyclic triaxial tests at a sinusoidal loading frequency of 1 Hz is performed. Based on the test results, it is found that CIS with varying sand content up to 30%, does not liquefy under the cyclic stress ratios and frequency applied in this study. Also, a sand content of 10% causes CIS to degrade more under cyclic loading. In the end, an empirical model to predict the permanent strain of CIS with a variable sand content is calibrated.     

Non-symmetric cyclic bending of helical wires in flexible pipes

Unbonded flexible pipes have superior fatigue performance as the internal armor layers are allowed to move relative to each other, leading to reduced structural loading. The main interactions between the internal layers are the contact forces and the frictional forces. Frictional interaction leads to a complex non-linear response of unbonded flexible pipes making prediction of cyclic bending fatigue a demanding task. Nevertheless, detailed understanding of local armor wire stresses and the related fatigue phenomena is of paramount importance as unbonded flexible risers are often operated close to their mechanical limits. This paper presents a method for calculating the tensile armor wire loading and the hysteresis effect on flexible pipes when subjected to tension, and non-symmetric cyclic bending. The effect of non-symmetric cyclic bending with different tensile armor lay angles, and frictional conditions are studied. The analysis uses an efficient repeated unit cell finite element model, allowing the analysis to be performed on a desktop computer. The study shows that the tensile armor wires gradually translate towards the compression side of the pipe bending plane, when the unbonded flexible pipe is subjected to combined tension and non-symmetric cyclic bending. In the analysis, cyclic bending is applied until steady-state in the bending response is achieved over a full bending cycle. The global bending response of the flexible pipe and the tensile armor wire loading conditions for fully stabilized non-symmetric cyclic bending become symmetric around the frictionless state for the mean cyclic bending curvature. An approximate analytic model for the tensile armor in the stabilized cycle, based on symmetric bending about the geodesic curve corresponding to the mean pipe curvature, is proposed.     

混凝土动态压缩试验及其本构模型

按照地震荷载作用的速率范围，利用最新研制和改造的大型混凝土静，动试验系统，进行了4种数量级加载速率下混凝土轴向压缩试验，测得了混凝土动态强度，弹性模量，泊松比及应力-应变关系，根据加载条件和混凝土静，动态试验结果间的关系，建立了混凝土的动态本构模型，为地震区的混凝土结构，海上混凝土采油平台和核防御壳等结构受动荷载作用的分析提供参考。     

海洋粉质粘土在波浪荷载作用后的不排水抗剪强度衰化特性

通过对南海重塑粉质粘土土样的大量动三轴试验结果分析,得到此种土在波浪荷载作用后不捧水抗剪强度衰化同动载作用引起的动应变幅及平均累积孔压之间的相互关系和预估公式;并通过与超固结土样的静三轴剪切试验结果的比较,发现动、静三轴两种试验结果具有很好的吻合关系。建议可用超固结土样的静三轴剪切试验同时结合部分动三轴试验来预估土样在波浪荷载作用后不排水抗剪强度衰化与平均累积孔压之间的关系。     

An elastoplastic damage constitutive model for concrete

An elastoplastic damage constitutive model to simulate nonlinear behavior of concrete is presented. Similar to traditional plastic theory, the irreversible deformation is modeled in effective stress space. In order to better describe different stiffness degradation mechanisms of concrete under tensile and compressive loading conditions, two damage variables, i.e., tension and compression are introduced, to quantitatively evaluate the degree of deterioration of concrete structure. The rate dependent behavior is taken into account, and this model is derived firmly in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics. Fully implicit backward-Euler algorithm is suggested to perform constitutive integration. Numerical results of the model accord well with the test results for specimens under uniaxial tension and compression, biaxial loading and triaxial loading. Failure processes of double-edge-notched (DEN) specimen are also simulated to further validate the proposed model.