含双裂隙岩石裂纹演化机理的离散元数值分析

采用离散单元法探讨了预制双裂隙岩石的裂纹演化机理。用近期从试验资料提取的无胶结厚度含抗转动能力的岩石微观力学模型和相应的离散单元法商业软件,模拟了含不同预制倾角的双裂隙岩石试样在单轴压缩作用下裂纹的扩展与贯通规律,揭示了裂纹演化的宏微观机理。同时,将离散元法DEM岩石试样的裂纹的扩展和贯通规律以及强度特性与室内试验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,预制裂隙之间以及端点处的拉应力集中是导致裂隙岩石破坏的主要原因,且DEM数值试验得到裂纹的演化规律与室内试验结果较为一致。含30°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最容易起裂,含75°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最困难起裂,造成此种现象的原因可能是裂纹在垂直于主应力方向上的长度不同导致试样受拉区域大小不同。     

A numerical study of the influence from pre‐existing cracks on granite rock fragmentation at percussive drilling

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pre‐existing, or structural, cracks on dynamic fragmentation of granite. Because of the complex behavior of rock materials, a continuum approach is employed relying upon a plasticity model with yield surface locus as a quadratic function of the mean pressure in the principal stress space coupled with an anisotropic damage model. In particular, Bohus granite rock is investigated, and the material parameters are chosen based on previous experiments. The equation of motion is discretized using a finite element approach, and the explicit time integration method is employed. The pre‐existing cracks are introduced in the model by considering sets of elements with negligible tensile strength that leads to their immediate failure when loaded in tension even though they still carry compressive loads as crack closure occurs because of compressive stresses. Previously performed edge‐on impact tests are reconsidered here to validate the numerical model. Percussive drilling is simulated, and the influence of the presence of pre‐existing cracks is studied. The results from the analysis with different crack lengths and orientations are compared in terms of penetration stiffness and fracture pattern. It is shown that pre‐existing cracks in all investigated cases facilitate the drilling process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Near-surface foundation level assessment from seismic measurements: a case study of north Jeddah City,Saudi Arabia

In this study, a comprehensive assessment on the generation mechanism, distribution characteristics, and extension rules of structure cracks was conducted by in situ monitoring and field investigation in the Chengchao Iron Mine. Structure cracks are affected by many factors, e.g., surface deformation, structure strength, occurrence position, and machine vibration. They initially occur in a structure when the strength of the structure is not enough to resist the inner strain as surface deformation increases. In contrast, increases in width and length of structure crack exert stress release in the structure and thus decrease structure deformation surrounding the crack. A great ground crack may adversely aggravate structure cracking and release the stress of surrounding rock masses. In addition, micro cracks in rock masses provide favorable conditions for the generation and extension of cracks, resulting that cracks occur in shaft walls more easily and extend towards the deeper. The initial distribution of cracks is generally consistent with such micro cracks. Subsequently, cracks in deep rock masses will extend along the strike of the mined-out area as surface deformation increases. Sensibilities to cracking of structures are changed by their different strain resistances and become stronger from bolt-shotcrete shaft, bolt-shotcrete tunnel, and brick-concrete building to brick wall. Based on distribution characteristics of cracks and wave velocity in rock masses, the overlaying strata affected by underground mining can be divided into four zones: broken zone, broken transition zone, crack generation zone, and micro deformation zone.     

一种测量岩石压缩裂纹扩展过程声波波速的连续测量方法

中低围压或单轴压缩荷载条件下,可以将脆性岩石材料的裂纹扩展过程划分为原生裂纹压密、新生裂纹起裂并稳定扩展、不稳定裂纹扩展和交互贯通以及峰后5个主要发展阶段。含预制裂纹试样的直接观测法、应变监测、声发射（AE）监测、声波波速测试、CT（computerized tomography）扫描、微电镜观察等间接监测方法被用来研究裂纹起裂和扩展过程。本文基于在中、低围压以及单轴压缩荷载条件下,脆性岩石材料首先产生张拉裂纹,并优先沿加载方向发育的规律,提出采用声波波速连续测量方法进行岩石加载过程波速的连续观测,有助于分析裂纹扩展过程中声波波速的变化,为研究裂纹扩展过程提供一种间接测量手段。     

锥形聚晶金刚石复合片齿破岩特征与机制研究

锥形聚晶金刚石复合片(polycrystalline diamond compact,PDC)齿是一种具有较强抗冲击性和耐磨性的新型PDC齿,在坚硬、强研磨性和软硬交错地层中取得了非常好的钻井提速效果。为了揭示锥形齿破碎硬岩机制,开展锥形齿破碎花岗岩试验与数值模拟研究,分析了切削深度和前倾角对锥形齿切削力和破岩比能的影响规律,采用高速摄像机和透明K9玻璃观测了锥形齿作用下岩屑形成过程及微裂纹萌生与扩展过程,通过数值模拟分析了破岩过程中岩石应力响应与损伤演化特性,结合对切削槽和大尺寸块体岩屑表面形貌及断口微观特征分析,建立了锥形齿破碎花岗岩机制模型。结果表明,锥形齿破碎花岗岩的过程可以分为挤压成核和块体崩裂两个阶段,前倾角对岩石破碎过程影响较小,切削深度的影响显著;锥形齿周围的裂纹主要由压实核、纵向裂纹和横向裂纹组成,纵向裂纹和横向裂纹扩展的最大深度分别为切削深度的6.69倍和4.53倍;齿尖周围压应力集中,岩石发生压剪破坏,压应力区外围形成弧形条带状拉应力区,并在齿尖及压应力区边界处诱导出拉伸微裂纹;微裂纹向齿前扩展形成弧形拉伸主裂纹,发生块体岩屑崩裂,提高破岩效率,向岩石内部扩展劣化...     

Influence of inclination angles and confining pressures on mechanical behavior of rock materials containing a preexisting crack

To deeply understand the cracking mechanical behavior of brittle rock materials, numerical simulations of a rock specimen containing a single preexisting crack were carried out by the expanded distinct element method (EDEM). Based on the analysis of crack tips and a comparison between stress- and strain-based methods, the strain strength criterion was adopted in the numerical models to simulate the crack initiation and propagation processes under uniaxial and biaxial compression. The simulation results indicated that the crack inclination angle and confining pressure had a great influence on the tensile and shear properties, peak strength, and failure behaviors, which also showed a good agreement with the experimental results. If the specimen was under uniaxial compression, it was found that the initiation stress and peak strength first decreased and then increased with an increasing inclination angle α. Regardless of the size of α, tensile cracks initiated prior to shear cracks. If α was small (such as α ≤ 30°), the tensile cracks dominated the specimen failure, the wing cracks propagated towards the direction of uniaxial compression, and the propagation of shear cracks was inhibited by the high concentration of tensile stress. In contrast, if α was large (such as α ≥ 45°), mixed cracks dominated the specimen failure, and the external loading favored the further propagation of shear cracks. Analyzing the numerical results of the specimen with a 45° inclination angle under biaxial compression, it was revealed that lateral confinement had a significant influence on the initiation sequence and the mechanical properties of new cracks.     

Micromechanical analysis of the failure process of brittle rock

The failure process of brittle rock submitted to a compression state of stress with different confining pressures is investigated in this paper based on discrete element method (DEM) simulations. In the DEM model, the rock sample is represented by bonding rigid particles at their contact points. The numerical model is first calibrated by comparing the macroscopic response with the macroscopic response of Beishan granite obtained from laboratory tests. After the validation of numerical model in terms of macroscopic responses, the failure process of the DEM model under unconfined and confined compression is studied in micro‐scale in detail. The contact force network and its relation to the development of micro‐cracks and evolution of major fractures are studied. Confining pressure will prohibit the development of tensile cracks and hence alter the failure patterns. An in‐depth analysis of micro‐scale response is carried out, including the orientation distribution and probability density of stress acting on parallel bonds, the effect of particle size heterogeneity on bond breakage and the evolution of fabric tensor and coordination number of parallel bond. The proposed micromechanical analysis will allow us to extract innovative features emerged from the stresses and crack evolution in brittle rock failure process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水压影响岩石渐进破裂过程的试验研究

岩石的压缩过程伴随着裂纹扩展,在低、中围压条件下扩展的裂纹主要受到张拉作用而产生,张拉破坏是首要的作用机制。研究发现,岩石的渐进破裂过程受岩石的结构和构造影响,比如矿物成分、颗粒大小以及胶结情况等,另外,围压以及开挖扰动等外界因素对岩石的渐进破裂过程也有重要影响。基于试验方法探讨水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响,首先,阐述岩石渐进破裂过程各个阶段的特征;然后,对岩石渐进破裂指标--岩石的启裂强度 和损伤强度 的确定方法进行总结;最后,选取细粒的石英砂岩为研究对象,通过试验研究水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响。试验结果表明,相同围压条件下,随着岩样两端水压的增大,岩石的 有逐渐增大的趋势,而岩石的 和峰值强度 逐渐变小;随着围压逐渐增大,岩石的启裂强度 、损伤强度 及峰值强度 均逐渐增大。     

基于3D-DIC的砂岩裂纹扩展及损伤监测试验研究

裂纹监测对岩石损伤演化的认识至关重要。为研究岩石裂纹扩展及损伤变形特性,开展了含不同倾角（0°～90°）预制裂隙的标准细黄砂岩样的单轴压缩试验。利用三维数字图像相关技术（3D-DIC）获取岩样三维空间坐标下的应变分布,并结合声发射从光学与声学的角度监测了裂纹的扩展演化。由此提出了一种裂纹主应变的计算方法,定量表征岩石劣化的损伤变量D值。最后,探讨了由声发射与损伤变量D值确定岩样特征强度的影响因素。结论如下：（1）裂纹主应变反映了岩样受荷过程中同源裂纹在时间上的变化速率与空间上的扩展趋势,能较好地表征岩石的开裂行为;（2）声发射适用于确定岩样的起裂应力,不适用于损伤应力的确定,损伤变量D值所确定的起裂应力滞后于声发射,但适用于损伤应力特征值的确定;（3）结合声发射与DIC技术确定的归一化起裂应力范围为0.63～0.94、归一化损伤应力的范围为0.83～0.99;（4）预有裂隙会影响岩石的材料力学性能。随着倾角的增加,岩石的起裂应力、损伤应力及峰值应力呈增长的趋势,由于难以形成局部应变场聚集,裂纹的萌生与起裂更加困难。结果表明,3D-DIC技术的利用可以提高对岩石开裂行为的理解,对岩石的损伤监测与判识更有重要的意义。     

爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动机制

岩体裂纹的水力劈裂是岩体开裂渗漏甚至施工涌水的重要影响因素之一,也是岩土工程界的研究热点。从断裂力学角度分析了爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动作用,结果表明,爆破开挖扰动下,岩体含水裂纹的扩展,与爆炸应力波强度及其入射角、地应力的大小与方向、孔隙水压大小、裂纹的倾角及断裂韧度等因素相关;爆炸应力波的作用,相当于增大了岩体裂纹中的孔隙水压力,每1 cm/s的峰值振动速度相当于增大100 kPa的孔隙水压力,爆破振动速度越大,所产生的爆破扰动荷载越大;岩体开挖引起的岩体裂纹近区地应力及其孔隙水压力的变化,对裂纹的失稳与扩展具有较复杂的影响,可改变裂纹的失稳扩展模式。     

岩石材料裂纹扩展的改进近场动力学方法模拟

在传统键基近场动力学模型的基础上,提出可以反映岩石类材料应力-应变变化特点的改进型模型,弥补了传统近场动力学模型在模拟岩石类材料时无法反映岩石内应力随应变先增加再减小最后破坏这一特性的不足。运用改进型模型,对含有单裂纹试件在不同预制裂纹角度及拉伸荷载条件下的裂纹扩展过程进行了数值模拟,分析了开裂角度在不同预制裂纹角度及拉伸荷载条件下的变化。结果表明：预制角度及拉伸荷载对开裂角度都有影响,在试件周围拉荷载接近的情况下会获得较小的开裂角,并且在拉荷载一定的条件下开裂角会有先增加后减少的规律。同时模拟了含裂纹岩石在单轴压缩条件下的裂纹扩展情况,将数值模拟的结果与室内试验的结果对比,验证了所提出新模型的有效性。所提出的新模型可以较好地模拟岩石类材料在拉荷载条件下的力学特性,在岩石数值模拟方面有着较为广泛的应用前景。     

基于DIC技术的3D打印节理试件破裂机制研究

为了准确表征不同角度预制节理岩石在单轴压缩下的变形破坏模式,基于3D打印技术制作了节理模型用于模拟岩体中的结构面,通过水泥砂浆的浇筑得到含不同角度预制节理的岩石试件并进行单轴压缩试验,同时采用数字图像相关技术（DIC）观测、分析试验过程中试件裂纹产生、扩展以及贯通过程。结果表明：随着预制节理从0°增加到90°,试件强度与峰值应变均呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,0°和45°试件弹性模量相对于完整试件有所降低。基于DIC检测结果,0°、30°、45°及60°试件裂纹皆从预制节理尖端部位起裂,各角度试件的起裂应力与试件强度变化规律一致。各角度试样起裂时在剪应力控制下以剪切翼型裂纹形式起裂,0°与45°试件裂纹在扩展过程由剪切发展为张拉型裂纹,30°和60°试件以剪切裂纹形式贯穿始终,90°试件从底部起裂并最终表现为张拉破坏。研究还发现,下翼起裂角θ2和上翼起裂角θ1之间存在明显的线性正相关关系,关系式为θ2 =0.828 6θ1 +12.185,且起裂应力大小变化与峰值应力变化一致,皆随节理角度的增加先减小后增大。     

Cracking Processes in Rock-Like Material Containing a Single Flaw Under Uniaxial Compression: A Numerical Study Based on Parallel Bonded-Particle Model Approach

Cracking processes have been extensively studied in brittle rock and rock-like materials. Due to the experimental limitations and the complexity of rock texture, details of the cracking processes could not always be observed and assessed comprehensively. To contribute to this field of research, a numerical approach based on the particle element model was used in present study. It would give us insights into what is happening to crack initiation, propagation and coalescence. Parallel bond model, a type of bonded-particle model, was used to numerically simulate the cracking process in rock-like material containing a single flaw under uniaxial vertical compression. The single flaw’s inclinations varied from 0° to 75° measured from the horizontal. As the uniaxial compression load was increased, multiple new microcracks initiated in the rock, which later propagated and eventually coalesced into longer macrocracks. The inclination of the pre-existing flaw was found to have a strong influence on the crack initiation and propagation patterns. The simulations replicated most of the phenomena observed in the physical experiments, such as the type, the initiation location and the initiate angle of the first cracks, as well as the development of hair-line cracks, which later evolved to macrocracks. Analyses of the parallel bond forces and displacement fields revealed some important mechanisms of the cracking processes. The first cracks typically initiated from the tensile stress concentration regions, in which the tensile stress was partially released after their initiation. The tensile stress concentration regions subsequently shifted outwards close to the propagating tips of the first cracks. The initiation and propagation of the first cracks would not significantly influence the compressive stress singularity at the flaw tips, which was the driving force of the initiation of secondary cracks. The initiation of microcracking zone consisting almost exclusively of micro-tensile cracks, and that of microcracking zone consisting of micro-tensile cracks and mixed micro-tensile and shear cracks, were found to be correlated with two distinct types of displacement fields, namely type I (DF_I) and type II (DF_II), respectively.     

基于CT-CA的天然裂隙岩石受拉破坏特性研究

岩石内部存在的裂隙、孔洞等天然损伤对岩石的力学性能和破坏过程有重要影响,依据细胞自动机理论结合CT无损识别技术实现了含天然裂隙岩石在劈裂条件下裂纹扩展和贯通全过程及其力学性能变化规律的研究。从裂隙砂岩的真实细观结构出发,构建了天然裂隙岩石的数值计算模型,运用CASRock数值计算软件完成了含不同裂隙倾角的砂岩劈裂破坏的数值试验,分析了裂隙倾角对砂岩的力学特性、裂纹扩展过程及能量演化的影响规律。研究表明：(1)天然裂隙砂岩的抗拉强度与裂隙倾角密切相关,随着裂隙倾角的增加,其抗拉强度呈现先减小后增加的趋势;(2)裂隙起裂于天然裂隙尖端,当裂隙倾角0°≤θ<48°时,岩样的破坏是由错开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近垂直方向扩展;当裂隙倾角48°≤θ<94°时,岩样的破坏是由张开型裂纹引起,裂纹沿着与天然裂隙近平行方向扩展;(3)劈裂过程中裂纹尖端应力场存在拉应力区和压应力区,拉应力造成翼裂纹由天然裂隙尖端沿加载端方向萌生扩展,而压应力则引发次生裂纹沿天然裂隙方向扩展;(4)含天然裂隙砂岩劈裂破坏过程能量演化可划分为4个阶段,随裂隙倾角的增大,峰值点处的总能量密度、弹性能密度先缓...     

岩石剪切细观开裂演化与贯通机制分析

利用自主研发的煤岩剪切细观试验装置,以砂岩为研究对象,开展了不同饱和度数条件下的岩石剪切细观开裂演化与贯通机制试验研究,分析了砂岩剪切细观开裂演化过程和贯通机制,探讨了饱水系数对细观开裂和裂纹形态特征的影响。研究结果表明：剪切过程中,伴随着应力降,裂纹一般首先出现在剪切面中部,几条裂纹间断分布,距离较近的裂纹相互连通形成大裂纹,在应力继续下降的一瞬间,各裂纹连通形成贯通面;水的弱化作用影响了岩石的强度,使得试件底部出现较大的次级裂纹;饱水系数越大,分叉裂纹越多,使得试件的表面裂纹形态更加复杂,断裂面弯折段的数目越多,下端部次级裂纹越发育,整体损伤范围越大;细观上,局部独立裂纹贯通过程伴随着胶结颗粒岩桥的梁式旋转和弯曲折断,水的弱化作用,使得岩桥内部和外部微裂纹增多;随着饱水系数的增加,岩石剪切过程中出现的独立和次级裂纹的数目均呈增加趋势。     

Characterization of clastic rock using a biconcave bond model of DEM

This paper presents a biconcave bond model to investigate the effect of the cementation between grains on the mechanical behavior of rock. The proposed model considers the shape of the bonds among particles that have a biconcave cement form, based on observations of microscopic rock images. The general equations of the proposed model are based on Dvorkin theory. The accuracy and efficiency of the bond model is improved in three ways. After the biconcave bond model is implemented in the discrete element method software Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions, a series of numerical uniaxial compression tests were performed to investigate the relationships between the micro‐ to macro‐parameters. The simulations revealed that the biconcave bond model reflects the effect of micro‐parameters, such as the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the cement, on the macroscopic deformation of cemented granular material. Variations in the bond geometry caused extremely diverse macro‐mechanical behaviors. Experimental results concerning rock demonstrate that the biconcave bond model accurately captures the mechanical behavior of intact rock and supports an innovative method for investigating the relationships between the micro‐ and macro‐parameters of cemented granular material. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双向压缩条件下闭合裂隙岩体断裂破坏机制及渗透压环境判定准则

在研究双向压缩条件下压剪复合型裂纹应力分布特征及断裂破坏机制基础上,考虑渗透压对初始裂隙面上有效正应力的影响,提出高低渗透压环境的判定准则,并基于滑动裂纹模型理论及最大周向拉应力破坏准则,得到不同渗透压环境下初始裂隙尖端微裂纹起裂特征与规律。研究结果表明：压剪复合应力条件下,初始裂隙尖端发育微裂纹的最优倾角与裂隙面摩擦系数直接相关,随裂隙面摩擦系数的增大,最优初始裂隙倾角由45°起逐渐增大;低渗透压条件下,渗流场的存在使裂纹面摩擦系数发生弱化,进而使得最优初始裂隙倾角向45°靠近,而渗透压直接降低裂隙面上有效正应力且与裂隙倾角无关,其仅仅影响裂隙体材料的初裂强度;高渗透压条件下,初始裂隙面由压剪复合应力状态转化为拉剪复合应力状态,并在拉剪复合应力场作用下,尖端微裂纹起裂角随KI/KII的不断增大,由70.5°逐渐趋近于0°。     

Simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete by an augmented virtual internal bond method

This paper develops a practical approach to simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete based on an augmented virtual internal bond (VIB) method in which the cohesion of solid is modeled as material particles interconnected by a network of randomized virtual micro bonds described by the Xu–Needleman potential. The micro bond potential is used to derive macroscale constitutive relations via the Cauchy–Born rule. By incorporating different energy contributions due to stretch and shearing, as well as different energy levels under tension and compression of each micro bond, the derived macro constitutive laws are particularly useful for modeling quasi‐brittle materials such as rock and concrete which usually have different Poisson ratios and much higher compressive strength than tensile strength. The mesh‐size sensitivity associated with strain‐softening in the present constitutive model is addressed by adjusting material constants near the crack tip so that the biJ‐integral is kept equal to the intrinsic fracture energy of the material. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed VIB method is capable of simulating mixed mode fracture propagation in rock and concrete with results in consistency with relevant experimental observations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

膨胀土收缩开裂特性研究

在干燥环境中,由于蒸发失水,膨胀土发生收缩,表面容易产生纵横交错的裂隙网络(龟裂)。龟裂的产生会极大弱化土体的工程性质,并导致各种工程问题。随着极端干旱气候的频发,膨胀土龟裂问题将会越来越多,越来越显著。开展龟裂研究对揭示龟裂现象的本质规律和指导膨胀土地区的工程实践有重要意义。龟裂的形成和发展是一个动态的过程,与土中水分的蒸发速率、应力状态、收缩特性等直接相关:龟裂形成时水分蒸发处于常速率阶段; 吸力和抗拉强度是制约龟裂形成的两个关键力学参数,当土体中的吸力引起的张拉应力超过土体的抗拉强度时,龟裂便会产生; 龟裂是孔隙发生收缩的直观表现。总体上,力的作用和收缩空间是土体龟裂形成的两个必要条件。此外,膨胀土龟裂具有非常复杂的发生发展过程,受土质学、土力学、土结构、试验条件和方法等许多因素的影响。龟裂定量分析是龟裂研究的重要内容之一,能为龟裂机理研究及相关理论模型的建立提供必要参数。计算机图形处理技术具有效率高、操作性强、精度高等优点,为龟裂定量分析提供了强有力的工具。目前关于土体龟裂研究还存在许多不足之处,在今后的工作中,应该重视龟裂形成和发展过程的动态特征,围绕与土体龟裂相关的水-土作用关系、力学机制、收缩变形机制、大尺度现场试验和三维观测分析技术等方面开展更多的针对性研究,综合考虑龟裂形成过程中的土质学、土力学和土结构因素,结合宏观现象与微观分析,建立土体龟裂的理论体系。     

不同围压时含孔洞模型裂缝扩展的 连续—非连续数值模拟

为了有效地模拟连续介质向非连续介质的转化,发展了一种拉格朗日元方法、变形体离散元方法及虚拟裂纹模型耦合且考虑四边形单元沿对角线开裂的连续—非连续方法。利用该方法,模拟了不同围压时含孔洞模型的变形—开裂过程,统计了拉裂缝及剪裂缝区段数目,监测了一些单元的最大主应力。研究结果表明:当围压较小时,初始拉裂缝首先出现在孔洞的顶、底部,然后向模型的上、下端扩展,在初始拉裂缝的左、右两侧的拉应力集中区中产生远场拉裂缝,随后在孔洞的左、右两侧出现剪裂缝,最后,剪裂缝贯穿模型;当围压较大时,远场拉裂缝数量较少,未充分发展,远场拉裂缝与剪裂缝的发展阶段的界限不分明。含孔洞模型的最大承载力的下降是由于孔洞左、右两侧的剪裂缝向外扩展造成的。随着围压的增加,开始出现初始拉裂缝的时步数目增大,初始拉裂缝两侧的远场拉裂缝数目变少、出现变晚。