数据稀缺生态系统中多种类质量谱模型的构建

多种类生态模型已经被广泛应用于渔业活动影响应预测和管理措施效果评估。质量谱模型是一种基于生理过程构建的生态模型,该模型为描述鱼类群落在个体摄食变异和随个体发生的生态位迁移提供了一个可行的方法。尽管生态模型在增进生态系统认识上具有重要意义,其应用在数据稀缺的渔业中受到很大限制。作为实践基于生态系统渔业管理(EBFM)的第一步,本研究构建了海州湾鱼类群落的质量谱模型。本研究详述了数据收集和模型参数化的过程,以促进该模型在数据稀缺的生态系统中未来的应用。作为一个范例,研究展示了不同捕捞努力量对生态系统的影响,并采用一套生态指标监测其动态。群落生物量、多样性指数、W指数,大鱼指数(LFI),平均体重和群落质量谱斜率对捕捞压力的响应呈非线性,最大的捕捞强度并非总是对鱼类群落产生最强的影响。本文强调了构建谱模型在生态研究中的的价值和可行性,并讨论了模型的局限性和改进的可能。本研究旨在促进质量谱模型的广泛应用以更好地支持基于生态系统的渔业管理。     

基于生态通道模型的我国渔业资源生态容量研究进展

随着人类活动对于海洋资源的过度开发,渔业资源的衰退趋势愈发显著。因此,渔业资源亟待科学合理的理论指导来保护和利用有限的渔业资源。Ecopath生态通道模型是一种研究生态系统特征与变化的经典模型,除了可用于分析生态系统结构与功能以及评估生态系统的成熟稳定程度外,该模型还可以评估物种的生态容量,为增殖放流活动等渔业资源提供保护措施,因此被广泛应用于渔业资源生态容量研究。本文综述了生态容量的概念以及目前国内研究生态容量的常见方法,对Ecopath模型的发展历史做了简要概述,介绍了模型的原理、建立、调试方法以及使用Ecopath模型评估物种生态容量的操作方法,随后对模型中的各项参数指标做了详细的介绍。本文根据Ecopath模型在我国渔业资源研究中的应用方向进行了分类讨论,并对我国当前基于Ecopath的水域生态容量研究进展进行了汇总,对比了不同类型生态系统之间生态特征参数的异同,重点归纳了不同水域生态系统下的物种生态容量评估研究,最后提出了模型的限制性以及发展前景。     

海岸带自然资源价值评估的研究现状与趋势

海岸带生态系统服务和资源价值评估是海岸带国民经济核算体系的基础，是实现海岸带资源优化配置和海岸带综合管理的重要环节。本文从资源价值观、评估方法和应用研究等方面，评述了国内外近20年来对海岸带生态系统服务和资源价值评估研究现状，分析了目前研究存在的难点和不足以及主要研究趋向。指出海岸带生态系统服务和资源价值的发生机理研究、区域异质性研究、建立和完善价值估算的数据库体系、建立为海岸带综合管理服务的生态-经济-环境综合核算体系是今后相关研究中亟待解决的重点问题。     

基于CiteSpace分析的海洋生态系统服务研究热点变化与动向

海洋生态系统服务作为一个新兴的研究领域,目前仍未形成统一的分类和评估体系,厘清海洋生态系统服务演变趋势,对海洋可持续管理具有重要意义。本研究从分类、内涵、价值评估和管理应用4个方面揭示国内外海洋生态系统服务研究历程,分析其研究前沿与趋势。结果表明,海洋生态系统服务研究热点起初以中小尺度范围典型生态系统的海洋生物多样性保护为主,而后关注海洋生态过程与服务表现的动态变化、关联特征与定量关系,再逐步转向海洋生态系统服务综合评估模型的研究,现正朝着生态系统服务制图、海洋国土空间规划、生态系统管理决策制定的方向发展。海洋生态系统服务从早期参照陆域生态系统服务常规范式,发展至今已逐渐建立符合海洋特色的分类体系和评估方法,未来亟需加强的研究方向包括海洋生态系统服务流研究、海洋生态系统内供需关系研究和海洋生态系统间权衡与协同关系研究等。     

海滩养护对海滩生态系统的多尺度影响述评

海滩是常见且脆弱的滨海生态系统,具有极大的生态服务功能。受气候变化和人类活动的多重影响,海滩生态系统受损严重。海滩养护是利用人工补沙的方式对海滩地貌进行修复,是抵御海岸侵蚀和改善海滩环境的有效措施,以往的养护往往忽略了对海滩生态系统的影响,许多研究表明海滩养护对海滩生态系统会产生多方面、多尺度的复杂影响。本文在总结前人研究的基础上,梳理出海滩生态系统的构成、特点和功能,分析了海滩生态受损的基本特征,对海滩养护对海滩生态系统多尺度影响过程及影响机制进行了重点述评,并从降低负面生态影响角度给出了海滩养护技术优化方法,以支撑海滩生态系统适应性管理和可持续利用。     

基于生态系统的海洋空间规划:研究进展与启示

为满足新形势下我国海洋空间规划的需求,保障我国海洋生态安全,文章系统总结近年来国际上基于生态系统的海洋空间规划原则、方法和应用进展,并提出展望和启示。研究结果表明：由部门管理上升至空间管理是基于生态系统的海洋空间规划的基本特点,在规划过程中应遵循生态系统管理原则;目前主流的规划工具包括生态系统服务评估和情景分析、权衡取舍分析、博弈论决策以及空间制图和系统规划;将生态系统方法运用于海洋空间规划,可在维持生态系统服务和功能的前提下实现科学的海域空间分配,从而达成多目标的可持续管理,对我国现阶段的海洋空间规划具有重要的启示作用。     

江苏南部海域海洋生态系统退化原因分析及其修复模式探讨

全国沿海多个省份的"沿海地区发展规划"已陆续上升为国家层面的发展战略,掀起了大开发、谋发展的热潮,近海海域生态系统受到极大的冲击,工业与城镇建设和农渔业围填海、港口码头建设、海上风力发电场开发等较大项目相继落户开工,原有海洋生态的自然属性已大幅度改变,退化十分严重,成为今后海洋生态修复和恢复的一大难题。江苏南部海域围填与开发的力度更大,同样面临生态系统退化、修复的压力和考验,因此,研究和分析海洋生态系统退化的原因,寻求科学合理的修复模式,值得广大海洋管理和开发利用者的关注与重视。     

海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估框架:内涵、技术与准则

海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估是将生态系统服务的效用价值量化为货币价值的过程。通过将无形的生态系统效益转化为有形的经济价值,非市场价值评估有利于提高海洋生态系统管理决策的科学性和有效性。然而现有研究对于评估对象的界定以及评估技术的使用缺乏统一的标准,导致评估结果不具有可比性。本文从内涵、技术与准则三个层面构建了海洋生态系统服务非市场价值评估框架:首先,系统分析了生态系统功能、生态系统服务以及生态效益的区别和联系,明确了非市场价值从生态系统到社会经济系统的转化路径;其次,对比阐释了非市场价值评估技术的差异性与适用性,识别出不同评估方法的技术特征;最后,提出了非市场价值评估的应用准则,确保评估过程的有效性和评估结果的可靠性。     

海洋生态系统服务的分类与计量

通过界定海洋生态系统服务的概念和内涵以及分析其组成结构、生态过程及生物多样性等服务的来源,详细描述了海洋生态系统所提供的食品供给、原材料供给、基因资源、气候调节、空气质量调节、水质净化调节、有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制、干扰调节、精神文化服务、知识扩展服务、旅游娱乐服务、初级生产、物质循环、生物多样性和提供生境等15项服务。根据这些服务的相似作用与性质,参照千年生态系统评估的分类体系,进一步归纳为供给服务、调节服务、文化服务以及支持服务这4大基本服务类型。同时,也对各项服务的内容、表现特征和计量特征进行了描述。海洋生态系统服务不仅是海洋管理的核心内容,提高和维持海洋生态系统服务更是海洋管理的最终目标。     

基于生态系统的美国墨西哥湾海洋综合管理研究

基于生态系统的海洋综合管理是目前全球大型海洋生态系统管理的重要理念。墨西哥湾是美国大型海洋生态系统之一,也是美国实施基于生态系统的海洋综合管理的典型案例之一。基于生态系统的墨西哥湾海洋综合管理面临着国内外双重压力。国内：生态修复政策法规不够完善、联邦和州政府相互掣肘;国外：因美国、墨西哥和古巴三国的意识形态和经济水平差异巨大,很难协调三国以合作治理墨西哥湾海洋生态系统。虽面临国内外双重压力,但是基于生态系统的墨西哥湾海洋综合管理仍取得一定成效,如制定了相关政策法规体系、建立了生态评估体系、实施了海洋空间规划等。今后美国应继续推进海洋生态系统修复专门立法、健全部门协调机制、加强海湾三国合作,以促进基于生态系统的海洋综合管理的理论完善与实践发展。     

From low- to high-value fisheries: Is it possible to quantify the trade-off between management cost,risk and catch?

Fishery managers are faced with the challenge of maintaining sustainable fisheries at the lowest possible cost while conforming to international and national obligations. Given that fisheries range from low to high value, there is a real need to understand how to trade ecological and economic risks, and the various costs associated with their management, against the benefits from catch. Key to this is an understanding of (a) the costs corresponding to a given level of acceptable risk, or conversely, (b) the change in risk given a change in cost investment. This paper first defines biological, economic and ecosystem risk at a whole-of-fishery level, and then develops a simple model to quantify the trade-offs between risk, cost and catch. Using as case studies Australia's federally managed fisheries that range from data-rich to data-poor, risk was quantified for target species in terms of both their limit and target reference points (defined as “biological risk” and “economic risk”, respectively), and for ecosystems in terms of overall ecological impact (defined as “ecosystem risk”). A statistical linear model was used to quantify the risk–cost–catch frontier for each of the three forms of risk. The most parsimonious models were statistically significant for each. However, the management and research costs were mostly positively correlated with risk, indicating that these tended to be reactive to risk, as opposed to risk decreasing in response to increased costs. The only model where this was not the case was for the ecosystem risk, which is probably because these risks have only recently been assessed and the management response to these risks across all the fisheries has so far been limited. For target species risks, it was not possible to develop a model for proactive use. However, the method itself has merit and, if the costs were defined to a greater level of resolution, and/or a time-dynamic modelling approach considered, these issues could potentially be addressed.     

Unsuitability of TAC management within an ecosystem approach to fisheries: An ecological perspective

Fisheries management in European waters is gradually moving from a single-species perspective towards a more holistic ecosystem approach to management (EAM), acknowledging the need to take all ecosystem components into account. Prerequisite within an EAM is the need for management processes that directly influence the ecological effects of fishing, such as the mortality of target and non-target species. Up until recently, placing limits on the quantities of fish that can be landed, through the imposition of annual total allowable catches (TACs) for the target species, has been the principal management mechanism employed. However, pressure on non-target components of marine ecosystems is more closely linked to prevailing levels of fishing activity, so only if TACs are closely related to subsequent fishing effort will TAC management serve to control the broader ecosystem impacts of fishing. We show that in the mixed fisheries that characterise the North Sea, the linkage between variation in TAC and the resulting fishing effort is in fact generally weak. Reliance solely on TACs to regulate fishing activity is therefore unlikely to mitigate the impacts of fishing on non-target species. Consequently, we conclude that the relationship between TACs and effort is insufficient for TACs to be used as the principal management tool within an EAM. The implications, and some alternatives, for fisheries management are discussed.     

Agent-Based Marine-Ecosystems Modeling

We propose a new information technology aimed at modeling of biochemical processes in marine ecosystems and based on the use of logical operators of control (intelligent agents) in the dynamic equations of the models. We develop a conceptual model of an ecosystem reflecting the interaction of 17 biochemical processes and 5 external factors. The equations of the model are obtained by the method of adaptive balance of causes (ABC method), which enables one to simulate complex scenarios of the processes running in the investigated systems and guarantees the possibility of robust calculations. Some examples of the behavior of ecosystems under the conditions of deficiency of oxygen caused by the action of natural and anthropogenic factors are presented. As a result, it is possible to make a conclusion that the combined application of the ABC-equations and intelligent agents of control in models of marine ecosystems is quite promising.     

Ecosystem-based fisheries management in small-scale tropical marine fisheries: Emerging models of governance arrangements in the Philippines

There has been a gradual evolution in fisheries management over the past decades from a focus on sustainability of a single species or stock and resources to a focus on marine ecosystems. Among the issues to be addressed for effective implementation of ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) are the appropriate governance arrangements and scale for management. The purpose of this paper is to examine these issues of governance and scale as related to EBFM in tropical developing countries through an analysis of approaches being taken in the Philippines to manage fisheries on a multi-jurisdictional level. The management of fisheries and coastal resources in a number of bays and gulfs, which represent marine ecosystems, is presented. The opportunities and constraints to ecosystem based fisheries management in the Philippines are discussed and lessons for broader application of these governance structures in tropical developing country marine ecosystems are presented.     

From krill to convenience stores: Forecasting the economic and ecological effects of fisheries management on the US West Coast

There is a need to better understand the linkages between marine ecosystems and the human communities and economies that depend on these systems. Here those linkages are drawn for the California Current on the US West Coast, by combining a fishery ecosystem model (Atlantis) with an economic model (IO-PAC) that traces how changes in seafood landings impact the broader economy. The potential effects of broad fisheries management options are explored, including status quo management, switching effort from trawl to other gears, and spatial management scenarios. Relative to Status Quo, the other scenarios here involved short-term ex-vessel revenue losses, primarily to the bottom trawl fleet. Other fleets, particularly the fixed gear fleet that uses pots and demersal longlines, gained revenue in some scenarios, though spatial closures of Rockfish Conservation Areas reduced revenue to fixed gear fleets. Processor and wholesaler revenue tracked trends in the bottom trawl fleet, which accounted for 58% of total landings by value. Income impacts (employee compensation and earnings of business owners) on the broader economy mirrored the revenue trends. The long-term forecast (15 years) from the Atlantis ecosystem model predicted substantial stock rebuilding and increases in fleet catch. The 15 year projection of Status Quo suggested an additional ∼$27 million in revenue for the fisheries sectors, and an additional $23 million in income and 385 jobs in the broader economy, roughly a 25% increase. Linking the ecological and economic models here has allowed evaluation of fishery management policies using multiple criteria, and comparison of potential economic and conservation trade-offs that stem from management actions.     

Optimising fisheries management in relation to tuna catches in the western central Pacific Ocean: A review of research priorities and opportunities

Some of the most important development goals for the countries and territories of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) involve the sustainable management of their fisheries in light of environmental, economic and social uncertainties. The responses of fish populations to variability in the marine environment have implications for decision making processes associated with resource management. There is still considerable uncertainty in estimating the responses of tuna populations to short-to-medium-term variability and longer-term change in the oceanic environment. A workshop was organised to examine how advances in oceanography, fisheries science and fisheries economics could be applied to the tuna fisheries of the WCPO and in doing so identify research priorities to improve understanding relevant to progressing management. Research priorities identified included: (i) improved parameterisation of end to end ecosystem model components, processes and feedbacks through expanded biological observations and incorporation of higher resolution climate models; (ii) development of seasonal and inter-annual forecasting tools enabling management responses to short-term variability in tuna distributions and abundances; (iii) improved understanding of the population dynamics of and the energy transfer efficiencies between food web components; (iv) assessment of the optimal value of access rights and overall fishery value under multiple scenarios of tuna distribution and abundance and influences on decision making by fisheries managers and fleets and (v) development of management strategy evaluation frameworks for utilisation in the implementing and testing of fishery management procedures and to help prioritise research directions and investment. Issues discussed and research priorities identified during the workshop have synergies with other internationally managed fisheries and therefore are applicable to many other fisheries.     

Artificial marine habitats in the Arabian Gulf: Review of current use, benefits and management implications

The use of artificial reefs in the Arabian Gulf have a history extending back over a century, when date palm trunks, stones, pottery and other materials were sunk in coastal areas to enhance fish catch. Historically, such artificial reefs formed an important component of the socio-economic development of coastal fisheries. In comparison, modern artificial reefs have taken on a variety of forms. The most widely recognized are purpose-build modular artificial reefs designed for the enhancement of fisheries yield, diving, and various other benefits. However, far more common within the Gulf are the large-scale unplanned artificial reefs that have been formed as a result of human activities in the marine system, such as large-scale coastal breakwaters, seawalls, jetties, pipelines, and oil and gas infrastructure. Although there is limited information on the role of these constructions in structuring Gulf marine communities, increasing evidence suggests that abundant and diverse communities of reef fish, coral and other benthos can develop on these structures, with important ecological implications in urbanized coastal areas in the Gulf. However, due to a variety of unintended consequences of artificial reef development such structures may also pose challenges to coastal marine management. We review the current published literature on artificial reefs in the Gulf in order to improve our understanding of the role that these structures play in Gulf coastal ecosystems, and to further develop regional management of artificial reefs. We explore the various types of artificial reef that exist in the Gulf and examine the benefits and challenges that these structures represent for coastal ecology and economics. Such information is essential for our improved understanding and management of these increasingly important ecosystems in the Gulf.     

Review of indicators in fisheries management – a development perspective

A review of indicators for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management is presented, focusing on multispecies fisheries and limited resources for assessments and implementation, as often is the case in developing countries. Emphasizing the need to link indicators to management objectives, indicators from the literature are grouped into four categories, relating to the immediate fisheries resource base (single-species and multispecies indicators) and the wider ecosystem (habitat structure and ecosystem functioning). The usefulness of these indicators is assessed along three dimensions of acceptability among stakeholders, observability, and relation to fisheries management using a traffic light approach. The top ranking indicators are highlighted as a generally good start for any particular fishery management case. It is, however, argued that, even with similar management objectives, indicators need to be specific to both ecosystems and the institutional set-up if they are to be effective for management, and that indicators may consequently differ considerably between individual management applications.