有地形模式中气压梯度力误差和扣除法的模拟试验

在现有有地形的数值模式中，陡峭地形区气压梯度力的计算存在一个普遍问题，即计算精度较高的格式比较繁琐而费时，简单省时的格式又精确和不稳定，为解决这个问题，作者等在最近提出了一种方法，称为气压梯度力的误差扣除法，该方法假定：气压梯度力的计算误差主要来自地形而与气压形势关系较小，用理想场对该方法进行检验后表明，这一方法是成功的。     

有地形模式中气压梯度力误差扣除法

：在现有有地形的数值模式中，陡峭地形区气压梯度力的计算存在一个普遍问题，即计算精度较高的格式比较繁琐而费时，简单省时的格式又不精确和不稳定。为解决这个问题，作者等在最近提出了一种方法，称为气压梯度力的误差扣除法。该方法假定：气压梯度力的计算误差主要来自地形而与气压形势关系较小。用理想场对该方法进行检验后表明，这一方法是成功的。本文则用气候模式对作者提出的有地形数值模式中气压梯度力的误差扣除法进行了模拟检验。所用模式是作者等使用多年的Ｐ－混合坐标系５层模式，选用了四种气压梯度力的计算格式，即ＤＤＤ格式、Ｃｏｒｂｙ格式、平均温度格式和经典中央差格式。比较了这四种格式在有无误差扣除时的模拟结果，发现：对于计算精度较高的格式，如ＤＤＤ格式、Ｃｏｒｂｙ格式及平均温度格式，有无误差扣除的结果相差不大，但误差扣除法仍可在一定程度上改善模拟效果。对于计算精度差的格式，如经典中央差格式，在无误差扣除时计算不稳定，得不到模拟结果，进行误差扣除后，从根本上提高了其计算精度，因而也提高了计算的稳定性，达到了较满意的模拟效果。而且与其它格式的模拟结果相当接近。本文提出的误差扣除法可同时用于格点模式和谱模式。     

Characteristics of pressure gradient force errors in a terrain-following coordinate

"地形追随坐标系中气压梯度力误差的特征分析"一文通过几何分析和理想实验,对比了地形追随坐标系两种方案(经典方案和协变方案)中气压梯度力(PGF)误差的特征。结果表明:(1)经典方案的PGF误差受"垂直气压梯度","气压梯度的方向(α)","垂直层的坡度(φ)"三者影响,垂直气压梯度越大,气压梯度与水平方向的夹角越大,垂直层坡度越大,误差越大;(2)协变方案的PGF误差不受上述三因子影响。此外,通过定义参数TT(TT=tanφ·tanα)能定量分析经典方案的PGF误差。     

P-σ坐标系数值模式中气压梯度力的递推算法

在静力关系成立的条件下,推导出气压梯度力的递推算法,用以计算有地形P-σ坐标系模式中的气压梯度力.将递推算法与对应的6种直接计算方案相比后发现,在有气压梯度力的参考大气中,递推算法的计算精度相对于直接计算方案的精度有较大改进,特别是采用递推后的两种经典修正格式和Corby格式,能较大提高水平气压梯度力的计算精度,从而改善数值模式的预报效果和稳定性.     

逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标在高分辨率GRAPES模式中的应用研究

高分辨率GRAPES模式如3?km模式对地形的识别程度更高,模式中各高度坐标面可识别的地形坡度也更大,地形作用带来的气压梯度力计算误差和平流输送误差更突出.平缓地形追随坐标可以通过多种方式衰减坐标面上的地形影响进而减小这些计算误差.选择一种逐层平滑地形的平缓地形追随坐标,基于GRAPES-3km模式进行理想试验和批量模...     

不同垂直坐标系对垂直速度计算的影响

近年来,随着高精度中尺度数值预报模式和多尺度统一模式的发展,与之相关的一些非静力中尺度模式技术也随之提了出来,垂直坐标系的影响问题就是其中之一。本文借助于高精度美国新一代数值预报模式WRF(Weather Reseach and Forecast),模拟分析了两种不同的坐标系对模式大气中垂直速度计算的影响。试验结果表明,不同的坐标系对大气垂直速度大小计算存在着差异,特别是当分辨率提高时,不同垂直坐标系对大气垂直结构的刻画的差别更加明显。由于垂直速度与降雨过程密切相关,垂直速度的计算差异必然影响模式对降雨过程的描述。理想试验结果表明,在气压地形追随坐标中气压梯度力的计算对地表气压计算很敏感。     

误差扣除法在云南中尺度数值模式中对气压梯度力的计算试验

使用云南中尺度数值预报试验模式^[1]，引入实际地形，选用静力扣除格式、回插格式、局地等温格式、经典修正格式以及模式中原计算格式（Corby格式）等5种计算格式计算气压梯度力，对气压梯度力的误差和扣除法进行了模拟试验。比较了这5种格式在有、无误差扣除时的模拟结果之后，发现误差扣除法与上述格式结合使用时，均能够不同程度地提高预报效果，尤其是在与经典修正格式结合使用以后，预报效果进一步改善，得到了较满意的模拟效果。     

一种新的地面气压插值方案在计算低于模式地形的观测相当量中的研究

中国地形复杂,致使特定分辨率的模式地形与实际地形常存在一定差别。如何在复杂地形条件下设计数值预报模式中合理的地面气象要素的计算方案,对我国地面观测资料在中尺度数值模式中的充分应用有着非常重要的意义。利用GRAPES模式变量计算低于模式面的实际台站高度上的气压方案,采用基于静力平衡的气压外推方法计算地面气压,并与实际观测的地面气压进行比较,两者基本吻合。又利用新的计算方案讨论了地面气压观测的质量控制问题,新的质量控制方案大大扩充了目前地面资料在同化中的使用率。     

一种新型高度地形追随坐标在GRAPES区域模式中的实现:理想试验与比较研究

将一种新的高度地形追随坐标(Klemp坐标)引入了GRAPES区域模式,并与传统追随坐标(Gal-Chen坐标)和平缓地形追随坐标(SLEVE,Smooth Level Vertical coordinate)进行了比较。对不同坐标下气压梯度力的计算误差通过理想静止大气试验进行了评估,结果表明:与Gal-Chen坐标和SLEVE坐标相比,Klemp坐标有效地减小了气压梯度力的计算误差。理想重力波模拟试验表明,Klemp坐标下对重力波的模拟相比其他两种坐标也更接近于解析解。模式进一步采用了Mahrer气压梯度计算方案减少了计算误差,并提高了模式的精度和稳定性。实际个例试验与理想试验的结论相似。     

地形起伏对模式地表长波辐射计算的影响

初步探讨了数值模式中次网格区地形起伏(高度、坡度)对长波辐射计算的影响。结果表明,地形高度的次网格变化对辐射计算结果的影响较小,其相对误差一般<2%,但不同分辨率的地形高度场会产生不同的坡度计算误差,低分辨率地形资料所计算的坡度分布相差不大,但坡度的量级存在较大偏差。地形的分辨率越高,实际计算结果的偏差越小。而高分辨率地形资料计算实例表明,地形坡度引起的区域相对辐射误差可达到10%以上。因此,在数值模式中,网格区地表长波辐射计算结果对地形起伏的敏感性应给予足够的重视。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.