高寒草甸土壤水分的影响因子及其空间变异研究

以黄河源区典型高寒草甸草地类型为对象,运用旋转主成分分析法对影响高寒草甸土壤水分的植被盖度、群落高度、土层根系深度、草地类型等9个环境因子进行了分析,将这些环境因子分为4个主成分因子依次为:立地与草地类型因子、植被因子、坡向风速因子和地形因子.同时,采用统计方法对于不同深度土壤水分进行了统计分析,揭示了土壤水分在整个土壤剖面上的空间变异可划分为:速变层(0~30 cm)、活跃层(40 cm)、次活跃层(50 cm)和相对稳定层(60 cm).     

降水空间不均匀性对径流过程模拟的影响

应用数字高程流域水系模型，通过子流域和网格2种空间离散方式，采用传统的子流域法、雨量插值子流域法、逐个网格法3种雨量数据输入处理方法，分别作日流量模拟与洪水过程模拟，模拟过程与实测水文过程相比较表明：日模中3种雨量处理方法计算精度相当，次模中逐个网格法优于传统子流域法和雨量插值子流域法；降雨空间分布不均匀性考虑得越充分，水文过程模拟精度越高。     

坡度作用下土壤水分时空异质性研究

国内外对于坡度作用下土壤水分空间异质性尚无定论,且国内时间异质性研究尚很缺乏,以野外水文山实验流域为研究对象,选取偏干和偏湿年份分析了土壤水分的时空异质性。空间异质性的研究表明,土壤水分的主要趋势是60cm大于30cm,但在有的时间段30cm含水量也会超过60cm;总体而言从坡顶到坡脚土壤含水量依次增加,但是在某种特殊情况下也会发生变化。即土壤水分在空间上的分布结构在时间上具有一定的稳定性,并且降水量越多坡度的作用表现得越明显。时间异质性的分析表明,土壤水分的时间变异表现出明显的季节性差异,并且坡面不同位置的变异性不同,偏干年份的年内变化类似于正弦曲线。     

The Impact of Heterogeneity on the Anisotropic Strength of an Outcrop Shale

Properly accounting for the mechanical anisotropy of shales can be critical for successful drilling of high inclination wells, because shales are known to be weak along bedding planes. To optimize the drilling parameters in such cases, a sufficiently representative, anisotropic rock mechanical model is therefore required. This paper presents such a model developed to better match results from a dedicated, extensive set of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests performed on plugs of Mancos outcrop shale with different orientations relative to the bedding plane. Post failure inspection of the plugs shows that the failure planes are to some extent affected by the orientation of the applied stress relative to the bedding planes, indicating that the bedding planes may represent weak planes which tend to fail before intrinsic failure occurs, whenever the orientation of these planes is suitable. The simple “plane of weakness” model is commonly used to predict strength as function of orientation for such a rock. A comparison of this model to the experimental data shows, however, that the weak planes seem to have an impact on strength even outside the range of orientations where the model predicts such impact. An extension of this model allowing the weak planes to be heterogeneous in terms of patchy weakness was therefore developed. In this model, local shear sliding may occur prior to macroscopic failure, leading to enhanced local stresses and corresponding reduction in strength. The model is found to give better match with strength data at intermediate orientations. The model is also able to partly predict the qualitatively different variation of Young’s modulus with orientation for this data set.     

Impact of the Globalization of Capital on Human Rights

The globalization of capital has had both positive and negative impacts on human rights. On the positive side are improved health and physical well-being for massive numbers of people. On the negative side are: the oppression of millions as a consequence of the leverage international capital has over government policies and the right of workers; and the growing gap between the haves and have nots, both within and between countries. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Human behaviour and disease hazards: Spatial perspectives on rural health

Human behaviour in a given society and environment can result in behaviour-associated increases or decreases in local disease hazard. Following the concepts of health researchers Jacques May, E.N. Pavlovsky, J. Ralph Audy, and Frederick Dunn and the geographer Torsten Hägerstrand, the identity and spatial distribution of infectious disease hazards generated by normative behaviour of rural-dwelling Ethiopians are delineated. Graphic illustrations represent an Ethiopian highland village environment by a cross section of contact habitat cells. For Ethiopia, the probable disease hazards brought about by human behaviour associate with specific cells of this spatial cross section. The conclusion portrays the utility of identification by geographers of the spatial aspects of these human-generated hazards for improved programs of rural development in Third World areas.

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An Uncertainty Quantification Framework for Studying the Effect of Spatial Heterogeneity in Reservoir Permeability on CO2 Sequestration

A new uncertainty quantification framework is adopted for carbon sequestration to evaluate the effect of spatial heterogeneity of reservoir permeability on CO₂ migration. Sequential Gaussian simulation is used to generate multiple realizations of permeability fields with various spatial statistical attributes. In order to deal with the computational difficulties, the following ideas/approaches are integrated. First, different efficient sampling approaches (probabilistic collocation, quasi-Monte Carlo, and adaptive sampling) are used to reduce the number of forward calculations, explore effectively the parameter space, and quantify the input uncertainty. Second, a scalable numerical simulator, extreme-scale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases, is adopted as the forward modeling simulator for CO₂ migration. The framework has the capability to quantify input uncertainty, generate exploratory samples effectively, perform scalable numerical simulations, visualize output uncertainty, and evaluate input-output relationships. The framework is demonstrated with a given CO₂ injection scenario in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs. Results show that geostatistical parameters for permeability have different impacts on CO₂ plume radius: the mean parameter has positive effects at the top layers, but affects the bottom layers negatively. The variance generally has a positive effect on the plume radius at all layers, particularly at middle layers, where the transport of CO₂ is highly influenced by the subsurface heterogeneity structure. The anisotropy ratio has weak impacts on the plume radius, but affects the shape of the CO₂ plume.     

DEM空间分辨率对流域水文特征信息提取及径流模拟影响研究

DEM是构建分布式水文模型的重要输入。以岷江上游为研究区,基于8种不同空间分辨率DEM构建SWAT模型,研究分析DEM空间分辨率对流域水文特征提取及径流模拟影响。研究表明,DEM空间分辨率越低,洪峰模拟精度越低,模拟流量与实测流量间的误差越大,曲线吻合度越低;DEM空间分辨率由25m降低到200m时,径流模拟误差变化不明显,而DEM空间分辨率由200m降低到3 200m时模拟误差显著增大;另外,DEM空间分辨率与径流总量的模拟精度间未表现出显著相关性。     

黑河下游生态调水对水资源时空变化的影响分析

分析了黑河流域地表水、地下水资源在调水前后的时空分布变化,评价了黑河生态调水引起水资源的时空变化规律。黑河在调水前进入下游的水量明显受中游用水影响,20世纪90年代后,进入黑河下游地区的水量逐年减少,导致地下水位下降,出现草场大面积沙化和沙漠化、林地面积减少等生态环境问题。自2000年开始至2003年,按照分步实施、逐步到位的原则,国家对黑河水资源实行统一管理和调度,实现国务院批准的分水方案,自2004年开始转入正常调度,下游来水量比调水前有明显增加,2000～2004年、2005～2008年正义峡断面增加下泄量分别为1.62×108m3、2.35×108m3,哨马营断面来水增加1.34×108m3、1.18×108m3,狼心山断面来水增加1.64×108m3、1.41×108m3。调水后黑河下游区域地下水位逐年回升,整个额济纳绿洲地下水位回升了0.56m,东西河上游、赛汉桃来、吉日格朗图区域地下水位分别回升了0.26m、0.05m、0.78m。使东居延海得到恢复,最大水面面积达35.7km2,西居延海得到一定的水量补给,环湖地区生态环境逐步得到恢复。     

考虑自相关影响的设计年径流适线法估计的统计试验研究

当前设计年径流的计算,一般都采用适线法做参数估计.考虑到适线法是以水文序列独立性为前提.而实际的年径流序列存在一定的相关关系,对此,应用适线法估计到底精度如何?本文采用AR(1)模型生成符合P-Ⅲ分布的非独立样本,以参数、设计值的无偏性和有效性为评价标准,通过大量蒙特卡罗试验,对以上问题进行了研究.结果表明,在总体参数值Cv、Cs较小的地区,自相关系数即使达到0.5,对估计效果的影响也很小,但对于Cv、Cs较大的地区,自相关系数的增大会使估计效果趋于负偏.本文同时也对Cv、Cs、点据比例、序列长以及保证率等的变化对设计值无偏性、有效性存在的综合影响趋势进行了分析.希望对实际生产实践有一定的指导意义.     

气候变化和人类活动对滦河流域内蒙段河川径流的影响分析

河川径流不仅受气候因素的直接影响,受人类活动的影响也非常显著。滦河流域内蒙段地处我国干旱半干旱地区,水土流失严重,生态环境恶劣。经分析可知,近50年研究区径流呈明显下降趋势。本文运用SWAT模型研究分析了气候变化和人类活动对河川径流的影响,结果表明流域河川径流受人类活动影响要大于气候变化的影响,其中人类活动的间接影响要大于直接影响。同时验证了SWAT模型在干旱半干旱地区是适用的。     

中国大型水库蓄水对近海相对海平面空间变化的影响

通过对我国大型水库蓄水的时空特征进行深入分析, 统计得到近60年来大型水库蓄水累积的库容量已达到697km3, 占全国所有水库库容量的83.3%及全球库容量的6.5%;而2000年以来的大型水库数量及蓄水量的变化有明显的加速, 库容量的变化率为16.7km3/a, 远高于1950年到2000年的4.9km3/a的增长率; 同时借助卫星重力(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE)观测手段, 对2000年以后主要分布在长江流域以南地区的水库进行水储量估算, 结果显示GRACE仅能估算得到63%的水库变化量, 两者之间的差异可能反映了该地区地下水的长期变化. 结合大型水库的分布位置与库容量, 基于海平面变化方程计算得到了中国近海相对海平面的空间变化. 水库蓄水导致的渤海与东南沿海海域的相对海平面上升明显, 最大上升高度约为8mm; 而2000年以后的水库对海平面的影响主要集中在东南沿海, 其中南海海域较为突出, 上升高度约为2~3mm, 在此期间蓄水造成的近海不同验潮站位置的海平面增长速度在0.02~0.11mm/a之间变化.      

近55年来降水及人类活动对资水流域径流的影响

为估算气候变化和人类活动对湖南资水流域径流量变化的相对影响程度,采用累计距平法以及滑动t检验法对资水流域近55年的降水量、径流量序列进行趋势分析和突变检验;采用累积量斜率变化率比较法和双累积曲线法分别计算降水及人类活动的贡献率。结果表明:资水上游的罗家庙站受人类活动影响较明显;在资水中下游,变异期Ⅰ(1987～2001年),降水对流域径流的影响量大于人类活动的贡献率;在变异期Ⅱ(2002～2014年),人类活动的贡献率大幅增加并逐步成为径流变化的主要驱动因素。     

人类活动对哈尔滨市高铁地下水时空分布的影响

哈尔滨市区的第四系砂砾石含水层中，原生的高铁水广泛分布。在研究地下水质的演变规律时发现，近20年内，高铁地下水在各种人为活动影响下发生了很大变化。依据市区80个地下水动态监测井点近20年的水位及水质监测资料，研究了地下水中铁浓度的变化与地下水开采强度、雨水水质变化、农业施肥、污水排放等人类活动的关系。结果表明：地下水中的铁浓度与上述人类活动均存在较大的相关性，铁浓度动态呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。     

气候变化与人类活动对石家庄市藁城区地下水位埋深的影响分析

为了探寻石家庄市藁城区地下水埋深动态变化规律,以藁城区2001—2018年的年降水量、地下水人工开采量等数据为基础,对藁城区地下水位埋深进行研究。首先采用P-Ⅲ型曲线法确定降水序列的丰、平、枯年份,分析不同降水量情况下地下水位埋深变化规律;其次,利用地下水开采潜力系数法和灰色关联度法对人工开采量和地下水位埋深的关系进行研究。结果表明：1）藁城区地下水位埋深在2001—2016年逐渐增大,在2016—2018年趋于减小,2016年为转折点;在空间上藁城区地下水位埋深呈现出北部埋深小、南部埋深大的特征,北部水位埋深较同期南部水位埋深要浅5~10 m。2）降水是驱动藁城区地下水位埋深变化的重要因素,枯水年水位埋深变幅在0.8~1.5 m之间,平水年水位埋深变幅在0.3~1.2 m之间,丰水年水位埋深变幅在0.3~1.1 m之间。主灌期（3—6月）的地下水位埋深增加速率均为cm/d级,非主灌期（7—10月）的地下水位埋深减少速率均为mm/d级。3）人工开采是驱动藁城区地下水位埋深变化的主导因素,其中农业开采量占人工开采量的80%。综上认为,藁城区一直处于严重超采状态,地下水累计超采量每增加1亿m³,地下水位埋深增加0.45 m。     

安徽皖南山区人类活动及生态变化影响的水文效应初探

流域出口断面的水文要素是流域系统对降水的响应结果,流域下垫面的变化自然引发系统响应的变化,本文以安徽皖南山区代表流域为例,分析研究区域产流、汇流以及产沙的变化规律.研究表明,流域地貌的水文效应整体比较稳定,90年代后期的流域产流、产沙存在减少趋势.     

浅析煤炭开采的地下水环境影响与评价

分析煤炭开采对地下水水质、水量和水平衡等方面的影响。结合《环境影响评价技术导则地下水环境》(HJ610-2011),讨论煤炭开采的地下水环境影响评价相关内容。提出煤炭开采的地下水环境影响评价按Ⅱ类项目执行,评价级别为二级及以上,必要时,可依据项目特征、影响程度等因素,对井区(Ⅱ类)和排矸石场等(Ⅰ类)进行分区评价;监测、评价因子选择应综合考虑常规指标、国家和地方控制污染物指标以及煤炭行业特征污染因子等建议。     

基于遥感分析的近20 a来人类活动对石羊河流域地表径流的影响研究

用归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据提取的农业绿洲NDVI累积作为人类活动因素综合,结合石羊河流域主要河流出山口水文站和下游控制站蔡旗水文站1981年10月至2003年9月平均径流资料,分析近20 a来人类活动,主要是中下游人工绿洲农业活动对石羊河流域地表径流的影响.结果表明: 近20 a来在出山口径流变化不大的情况下,下游蔡旗水文站的来水量明显减少;中游人工绿洲NDVI累积与蔡旗水文站径流量呈明显负相关,而与上下游径流差呈正相关,这表明可用NDVI累积数据代表人类活动因素分析其对径流变化影响的研究.1992年以后中游人工绿洲NDVI累积与上下游径流差相关关系明显好于1992年以前的关系,由此可见1992年以后人类活动对径流的影响要强于1992年以前.中游人工绿洲NDVI累积与上下游径流差呈正相关表明,中游人类活动直接导致下游径流量的减少,而下游绿洲NDVI累积的变化与下游河流来水量没有直接的关系,这可能与下游绿洲的发展依靠地下水的过渡开采实现,这种方式的绿洲发展可能难以长期维持.农业绿洲NDVI累积趋势分析表明,中游农业绿洲有向外扩张趋势,而下游民勤农业绿洲有东退西进之势.     

Global Perspectives on Loss of Human Life Caused by Floods

Every year floods cause enormous damage all over the world. This study investigates loss of human life statistics for different types of floods and different regions on a global scale. The OFDA/CRED Database contains data on international disasters and is maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels (CRED) in cooperation with United States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). Information from this source on a large number of flood events, which occurred between January 1975 and June 2002, is evaluated with respect to flood location and flood type. Due to the limited availability of information on coastal flood events, the scope of this study is limited to three types of freshwater flooding: river floods, flash floods and drainage problems. First, the development of loss of life statistics over time is discussed. Second, the dataset is analysed by region, by flood type and by the combination of type and region. The study shows that flash floods result in the highest average mortality per event (the number of fatalities divided by the number of affected persons). A cross analysis by flood type and location shows that average mortality is relatively constant for the different types over various continents, while the magnitude of the impacts (numbers of killed) and affected for a certain type varies between the different continents. On a worldwide scale Asian river floods are most significant in terms of number of persons killed and affected. Finally, a comparison with figures for other types of natural disasters shows that floods are the most significant disaster type in terms of the number of persons affected.