滩涂机载LiDAR点云数据滤波方法研究

机载LiDAR点云数据滤波是制作高精度数字地形产品的重要环节。通过分析常用滤波算法基本原理、滩涂机载LiDAR点云数据的特点,提出了一种基于潮汐水位高程约束,移动窗口滤波与三角网渐进加密滤波组合的滤波方法。试验表明:该滤波方法获取的滩涂地形有效点云数据质量与人工滤波结果相当,在一定程度上提高了滩涂区域机载LiDAR点云数据滤波的效率,为快速获取滩涂区域数字高程模型提供了有效途径。     

机载LiDAR在海岸带地形测量中的应用

介绍了机载LiDAR的工作原理、数据处理流程和在海岸带地形测量中的主要应用.其中近红外机载LiDAR在滩涂、孤立海岛以及其他恶劣环境地区可快速、准确地获取地表信息;而双波段机载LiDAR则可解决海岸带5 m水深线以浅的测量难题.     

浅海水下地形的SAR遥感仿真研究

结合连续性方程和布拉格后向散射模型,在准一维简化浅海水下地形情况下,建立了浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度仿真模型,将浅海水下地形区域的SAR海面后向散射强度的相对变化与大尺度背景流场、海面风场和雷达系统参数等联系起来.海上实验和研究结果表明,浅海水下地形的SAR成像主要由通过受水下地形影响的海表层流场对海表面风引起的微尺度波的水动力调制而获取浅海水下地形信息,其中潮流与水下地形的相互作用过程改变海表层流场,变化的海表层流与海表面微尺度波之间的相互作用改变海表面波的空间分布,雷达波与海表面波之间的相互作用决定雷达海面后向散射强度.因此SAR图像中浅海水下地形或水深信息量的多少不仅与海表层流场和海面风速有关,而且与雷达工作波段、雷达波束入射角和极化方式也密切相关.认为由水下地形变化引起的缓慢变化的表层流场中海表面定常微尺度波谱能量密度的变化满足波作用量谱平衡方程;而在波数空间中,海表面微尺度波谱的成长过程也可以用波数谱平衡方程描述,在此基础上,得出了海表面波高频谱(毛细-重力波)形式的解析表达式.众所周知,浅海水下地形信息是由于水下地形影响下SAR海面后向散射强度与背景海面后向散射强度的相对差异而在SAR图像上的呈现,从而在建立浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度仿真模型的基础上,仿真计算了浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度相对于海表层流场、海面风场等海况参数和SAR工作波段、SAR波束入射角、极化方式等雷达系统参数的数值仿真结果,分析得到了有关浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度的特征和SAR浅海水下地形遥感的最佳海况参数与最佳雷达系统参数,为研究和开展SAR浅海水下地形遥感研究提供了有价值的参考.     

星载SAR浅海水下地形和水深测量模拟仿真──水下地形高度、坡度和方向与可测水深分析

根据星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)浅海水下地形和水深成像机理,建立了浅海水下地形和水深雷达后向散射截面仿真模型.利用该模型模拟并分析了不同地形条件下,浅海水下地形的雷达后向散射截面.分析结果表明,水下地形高度越高,SAR可测量的水深越深;水下地形坡度越大,越易被SAR所观测.水下地形的星载SAR测量还与水下地形的方向有关,与卫星飞行方向平行的水下地形最易被SAR观测,与卫星飞行方向垂直的水下地形最不易被SAR观测.     

基于重叠正射影像的浅水水深测量方法

在立体影像双介质测量水深和多光谱影像反演水深的研究基础上,提出将两者集成的途径。在重叠正射影像的有纹理水域采用折射法获取水深值,将折射法获取的水深值作为多光谱反演模型的参考值,获取反演模型参数,将反演模型应用到无纹理水域,集成折射法和反演法的水深值,从而获取浅水区域的水下地形。以某浅海地区航空影像生成的左右正射影像为实验数据,采用折射法与反演法集成途径获取水深值,并与真值(激光水深点)进行回归分析,回归的决定系数(R~2)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.9 m和0.45 m,验证了该集成途径的有效性和可行性。     

基于三维声纳点云的水下沉井地形探测技术

为了解决水下沉井地形监测难题,给出了一种基于三维扫描声纳的地形监测方法以及地形点云的高精度快速处理方法。首先,结合沉井特点,给出了一种悬挂式三维扫描声纳扫描沉井水下地形方法;然后,结合沉井形状及点云特点,给出由降采样点云抽稀法、基于欧式距离的区域自生长算法的点云去噪方法和基于K-means++聚类算法的沉井水下地形分割方法等组成的水下地形点云处理方法,实现了基于声纳点云的地形点云快速获取及水下地形恢复。实验结果表明,该方法可有效用于沉井水下地形探测。     

低空旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统在海岛测绘中的应用

低空旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统通过无人机平台集成三维激光扫描仪、定位定姿系统(Positioning and Orientation System,POS)为快速获取海岛、海岸带等测区地理信息提供了一种新的解决方案。首先比较了旋翼无人机LiDAR系统与传统机载LiDAR系统的不同之处,然后在海岛测绘实例中分别使用中海达ARS-100机载LiDAR系统和华测AS-300H机载LiDAR系统进行了同一海岛地形测绘,期间使用GNSS RTK技术采集地面特征点三维坐标作为校核点,检验了两种国产旋翼无人机载LiDAR测量系统在海岛测绘中的定位精度,实验结果表明两种国产设备绝对精度均达到±10 cm以内,验证了旋翼无人机载LiDAR技术在海岛礁测绘中的可行性。     

ICESat-2激光卫星与光学遥感影像融合水深测量

针对浅海测深的数据特点和应用需求,以我国南海甘泉岛为例,研究了利用ICESat-2(Ice,Cloud,and Land Elevation Satellite-2)激光卫星数据和光学遥感影像开展主被动融合水深测量的方法。首先通过信号点提取、水面/水底识别、水下点折射改正等步骤处理ICESat-2数据,获得水深值,随后以激光点作为控制,计算光学水深反演模型参数,最后由点及面地获取大范围高精度水深。实验表明,甘泉岛区域主被动融合测深中误差优于1.30m,基于激光卫星数据的主被动融合测深方法能够为浅水水深测量提供新手段。     

基于单景高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像的浅海水下地形提取

本文基于海浪波折射现象和浅水波理论,提出了一种基于单景高分辨率光学遥感影像的浅海地形提取方法。首先,基于浅水波理论推导出适用于浅海区域的水深与海浪波长、频率的定量关系,针对近岸光学遥感图像复杂的海浪特征,讨论了两种海浪波长提取方法,即FFT方法和剖面线法。然后提出了基于长距离波长波动分析的海浪频率计算方法,解决了单景遥感影像的波浪频率计算难题。最后,利用单景QuickBird高分辨率光学遥感影像,以海南岛三亚湾为研究区域进行了应用实验,结果表明,对12m以浅的浅海区域,在不需要任何辅助参数的情况下,反演获得了浅海地形(DEM),经与1:25000比例尺海图的水深对比验证,地形趋势吻合良好,反演水深的均方根误差为1.07m,相对水深误差为16.2%,表明该方法适合于浅海水下地形的提取,且具有无需实测水深数据和环境参数的支持的优点。     

机载激光雷达在水下地貌识别与断裂构造精细解译中的应用

机载激光雷达水深测量是高效获取高精度近岸海底地形的一种新型技术,具有测量精度高、效率高、作业区域广的特点.通过分析CZMIL?Nova?Ⅱ机载激光雷达测深系统获取的南海某岛高分辨率海底地形数据,发现除地貌类型的识别以外,该数据还可用于海底断裂构造的高精度解译.通过对激光雷达测深渲染图像的解译,发现工作区海底地貌由沙嘴、...     

机载LiDAR测深在海洋测绘中应用的可行性分析

针对海洋测绘中遇到的环境恶劣、任务繁重等情况,分析了机载Li DAR测深应用到海洋测绘中的可行性。介绍机载Li DAR测深原理、优势、典型设备,针对系统最大穿透深度、最浅探测深度、测点密度及测深精度等关键技术指标进行分析。最终得出结论,机载Li DAR测深符合海洋测绘的需求,应用到海洋测绘中是切实可行的。     

基于Landsat-8遥感影像和LiDAR测深数据的水深主被动遥

主被动遥感结合反演远海岛礁周边水深信息,不仅可以有效弥补传统测深方法覆盖范围小且费时费力的不足,也可为航运安全、海洋减灾、生态环境保护等领域提供基础资料。以夏威夷瓦胡岛周边水深反演为例,应用Landsat-8多光谱遥感数据和机载Li DAR测深数据,开展了不同密度Li DAR测深数据对水深多光谱遥感反演精度的影响分析、不同水深网格化处理方法对水深遥感反演结果的影响分析和基于少量Li DAR控制区块的大区域水深反演能力分析三方面的研究工作。结果表明:(1)Li DAR测深数据密度的改变对水深反演结果的影响不大,变化后的水深反演结果与原始的水深反演结果相比,平均相对误差变化在0.3%以内,平均绝对误差变化在0.03m以内;(2)采用均值格网处理方法的多光谱遥感水深反演精度要略高于采用中值格网处理方法的水深反演精度,具体体现在均值的平均绝对误差要比中值的低0.04~0.05 m,平均相对误差低1%~10%,反演结果的残差分布显示在0~2 m和20~25 m的水深段内均值统计法的残差分布更集中且其平均值接近于0 m,而在其它水深段二者的残差分布基本相同;(3)基于少量Li DAR控制区块的大区域遥感水深反演结果较为理想,两个检查区块的水深反演结果 R2、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差分别为:0.877,1.66 m,3.5%和0.941,1.62 m,28.4%。反演结果分段分析表明各水深段内反演的精度都比较理想,平均绝对误差除20~25 m水深段外,均低于2.5 m,平均相对误差除0~2 m,2~5 m外,均低于25%。     

Mapping bathymetry based on waterlines observed from low altitude Helikite remote sensing platform

Mapping shoreline changes along coastal regions is critically important in monitoring continuously rising sea surface heights due to climate change and frequent severe storms. Thus, it is especially important if the region has very high tidal ranges over very gentle tidal flats, which is a very vulnerable region. Although the various remote sensing platforms can be used to map shoreline changes, the spatial and temporal resolutions are not enough to obtain it for a short time. Accordingly, in this study we introduce the newly developed low altitude Helikite remote sensing platform to achieve much better resolutions of shorelines and a bathymetry. The Helikite stands for Helium balloon and Kite, which is a kind of aerial platform that uses the advantages of both a Helium balloon and a kite. Field experiments were conducted in the Jaebu Island, off the coast of the west Korean Peninsula in January 29, 2011. In order to extract shorelines from the consecutive images taken by the low altitude Helikite remote sensing platform, active contours without edges (ACWE) is used. Edges or boundaries exist primarily on places between one type of objective and the other. Since the hydrodynamic pressure has an effect everywhere, the locations of the waterlines can be the isobath lines. We could map several waterlines, which would enable us to complete a local bathymetry map ranges from 35 to 60 cm depth. The error resulting from applying ACWE algorithm to the imagery to determine the waterline is approximately less than 1 m. Therefore, it is very unique way to obtain such high resolutions of bathymetry with high accuracy for the regions of extremely high tidal ranges for a short time.     

一种机载激光雷达海洋测深波形数据处理算法

双色机载激光雷达测深技术在海岸带水下地形测量方面具有明显的优势,测深数据的波形分解是其波形处理环节中的关键步骤。采用一种基于全局收敛LM(Levenberg Marquardt)算法的波形分解方法,通过综合分析近红外、浅水、深水通道的波形数据特点,设计了一种分层筛选策略并确定了合理的阈值,实现了水底和水面回波脉冲的准确检测。实测数据实验结果表明,该方法对实验区域获取的回波脉冲能够达到98%的有效检测率和87%的成功检测率。     

Numerical study of tide-induced mixing over rough bathymetry in the abyssal ocean

Locally enhanced turbulent mixing over rough bottom bathymetry is one of the candidates that might make up for the lack of diapycnal diffusivity in maintaining the global overturning circulation. In the present study, using a two-dimensional vertical numerical model for the Brazil Basin, we numerically examine the intensity and vertical structure of tide-induced mixing over multi-beam bottom bathymetry via the comparison with those over somewhat smoothed bottom bathymetry. Note that even this smoothed bottom bathymetry is finer than in commonly used datasets. In comparison to the response over the smoothed bottom bathymetry, energy dissipation rates are enhanced within a few hundred meters over the multi-beam bottom bathymetry. In spite of several limitations of the two-dimensional vertical numerical model, the magnitude and vertical distribution of the calculated dissipation rates agree well with those from microstructure measurements. We find that tidal interaction with fine-scale (≤2 km) bottom bathymetry efficiently generates high wavenumber internal waves, which are subject to local energy dissipation and hence strongly control the abyssal mixing; the most important finding is that the intensity and vertical decay scale of abyssal mixing are in a trade-off relationship with each other, which is not taken into account in the existing parameterizations.     

基于光谱分层的浅海水深遥感反演方法

卫星水深反演是水深测量的一种重要手段,其中Stumpf比值算法和Lyzenga多项式算法应用广泛并诞生了大量改进算法,但这些算法没有顾及不同光谱的测深极限与适用范围,为此本文提出一种基于光谱分层的水深反演方法。首先,根据红、绿、蓝光谱对水体的穿透能力差异,提出一种基于影像本身的无参数光谱分层策略,提取红光层、绿光层、蓝光层;然后,根据不同光谱层的波段测深性能,分光谱层构建水深反演优化模型,获取浅海水深反演结果。以我国南沙海域长线礁和美属维尔京群岛巴克岛为实验区,本文方法对经典Stumpf比值算法和Lyzenga多项式算法进行改进后,水深均方根误差、平均绝对误差、平均相对误差分别降低了0.41～0.89 m、0.35～0.65 m、4%～19%,尤其在红光层,即水深较浅区域,平均相对误差降低了58%～149%,精度提升明显。因此,改进算法在提高卫星水深反演效果方面具有可行性和有效性。     

Searching for seafloor massive sulfides: a quantitative review of high-resolution methods in deep sea sonar bathymetry for mining applications

Seafloor massive sulphides are deep sea mineral deposits currently being examined as a potential mining resource. Conventional sonar bathymetry products gathered by sea surface platforms do not achieve adequate spatial resolution to detect these resources. High-resolution beamforming methods (such as multiple signal classification and estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) improve the resolution of sonar bathymetry. We perform a quantitative review of these high-resolution methods using a novel simulator, showing results in the absence of platform motion for a single ping cycle. It was found that high-resolution methods achieved greater bathymetric accuracy and higher resolution than conventional beamforming and that these methods may be adequate for this style of marine exploration. These methods were also robust in the presence of unwanted persistent signals and low signal to noise ratios.     

基于Kriging 算法的海底地形插值设计与实现

针对目前海底地形构建方面存在的问题与不足,基于普通Kriging的计算公式,以渤海海域采集的离散高程点数据为例,对构建海底地形高程模型的空间插值方法——Kriging方法进行了研究。针对海底地形建模的具体实现,重点对Kriging算法的数据分布检验、数据分组、球形模型拟合、网格化插值以及结果显示等模块进行研究。最后,基于Visual C++6.0平台对海底地形高程的插值过程进行了编程实现和可视化表达,从而成功构建出渤海局部海域的海底地形特征,为海洋科学研究和工程建设提供了参考和依据。     

随机森林模型在遥感水深反演中的应用

随着我国浅海测绘需求的日益增长,文中利用四波段的WorldView-2高分辨率遥感影像,选取我国南海西沙群岛中的甘泉岛和台湾南湾地区作为典型试验区,开展水深反演研究。引入随机森林算法构建了随机森林水深反演模型,并同常用的3种水深反演模型进行精度对比。结果表明,在甘泉岛和南湾地区随机森林模型反演的水深值和真实水深值的RMSE分别为0.85 m和1.59 m,MRE分别为8%和12%,均优于其他3种模型。     

Mosaicing of airborne LiDAR bathymetry strips based on Monte Carlo matching

This study proposes a new methodology for mosaicing airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) bathymetry (ALB) data based on Monte Carlo matching. Various errors occur in ALB data due to imperfect system integration and other interference factors. To account for these errors, a Monte Carlo matching algorithm based on a nonlinear least-squares adjustment model is proposed. First, the raw data of strip overlap areas were filtered according to their relative drift of depths. Second, a Monte Carlo model and nonlinear least-squares adjustment model were combined to obtain seven transformation parameters. Then, the multibeam bathymetric data were used to correct the initial strip during strip mosaicing. Finally, to evaluate the proposed method, the experimental results were compared with the results of the Iterative Closest Points (ICP) and three-dimensional Normal Distributions Transform (3D-NDT) algorithms. The results demonstrate that the algorithm proposed in this study is more robust and effective. When the quality of the raw data is poor, the Monte Carlo matching algorithm can still achieve centimeter-level accuracy for overlapping areas, which meets the accuracy of bathymetry required by IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys Special Publication No.44.