藻红蛋白研究进展

高等植物的主要光合色素是叶绿素a和叶绿素b,而红藻、蓝藻和隐藻的光合色素是叶绿素a和藻胆蛋白。藻胆蛋白包括藻红蛋白(Phycoerythrin,PE)、藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin,PC)、异藻蓝蛋白(Allophy-cocyanin,APC)和藻红蓝蛋白(Phycoerythrocyanin,PEC)等,氨基酸序列和免疫交叉反应结果显示PEC归于PC之中。它们各有自己独特的吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱。PE,PC,APC在藻体类囊体膜上顺序排列,加上连接蛋白构成藻胆体,其结构如图1所示。藻胆蛋白能高效率地捕获光能并传递给光系统,光能传递的方向为PE→PC→APC→chla。对藻胆蛋白结构与功能…     

藻胆蛋白的研究概况(Ⅰ)——藻胆蛋白的种类与组成

藻胆蛋白主要存在于蓝藻、红藻、隐藻和少数一些甲藻中 ,其主要功能是作为光合作用的捕光色素复合体 ,在一些藻类中藻胆蛋白也可以作为储藏蛋白 ,以使藻类在氮源缺乏的季节得以生存。目前 ,对藻胆蛋白的基础研究方兴未艾 ,取得了一些重要的结果。同时由于发现藻胆蛋白有广泛的应用前景 ,因而备受人们的关注。本文就藻胆蛋白的种类及组成方面的研究概况作一综述。１藻胆蛋白的种类已知的藻胆蛋白主要可以分为４大类 ,即藻红蛋白（Ｐｈｙｃｏｅｒｙｔｈｒｉｎ）、藻蓝蛋白（Ｐｈｙｃｏｃｙａｎｉｎ）、藻红蓝蛋白（Ｐｈｃｏｅｒｙｃｙａｎｉｎ…     

藻胆蛋白的研究概况Ⅲ.蓝藻藻胆蛋白合成的分子机制及调控

近２０年来 ,尤其是蓝藻中的集胞藻ＰＣＣ６８０３的基因组全序列测定的完成 ,使得藻胆蛋白分子生物学的研究日渐深入 ,研究人员已经先后从一些蓝藻 (包括蓝藻细胞内的蓝色小体 )和红藻细胞中克隆了一些与合成藻胆蛋白相关的基因 ,并对这些基因的数量、位置以及表达调控进行了深入的研究。这些研究加深了我们对藻胆蛋白结构及其基因进化的认识 ,同时也有利于我们理解藻胆蛋白合成的不同水平的调控方式。本文就近年来蓝藻藻胆蛋白分子生物学的研究作一综述。１藻胆蛋白脱辅基蛋白基因的表达与调控１．１藻胆蛋白脱辅基蛋白基因的转录单元的结…     

藻胆体的结构与能量传递功能

藻胆体是红、蓝藻特有的捕光色素蛋白复合体,由水溶性的藻胆蛋白和连接多肽组成,在光合作用中能够吸收和传递能量。藻胆体作为水溶性蛋白复合物,位于类囊体膜基质侧,平均分子质量可达到10 Mu。藻胆体可以吸收不同波长的光能,并且能将能量以95%以上的效率传递到光反应中心。由于具有吸收波长范围宽和环境友好等特点,藻胆体在光合作用理论和实际应用等方面都有较大研究意义。本文主要对藻胆体的结构与能量传递研究进展进行了综述。     

红藻藻胆蛋白的分离与鉴定

植物的光合器官通常含有叶绿素、类胡罗卜素和藻胆蛋白三类色素。藻胆蛋白主要包括藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和变藻蓝蛋白。藻胆蛋白是水溶性的,这些蛋白质以共价键与发色团相连。R代表红藻纲,C代表蓝藻纲。 藻胆蛋白主要分布在蓝藻、红藻和隐藻中,是光合作用的辅助色素,当藻红蛋白吸收了光能后,将能量传递给藻蓝蛋白,然后经过变藻蓝蛋白传递给叶绿素a以进行光合作用。因而,藻胆蛋白是进行光合作用的主要光接受器。     

条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的制备

藻红蛋白存在于红藻、蓝藻与隐藻中。自Kützing(1843)首先从红藻中提出藻红蛋白以来,通过长期的研究,对这类色蛋白的种类、分布、结构和功能都有了更深入的了解。 红藻和蓝藻的藻红蛋白有三种:C-藻红蛋白,B-藻红蛋白和R-藻红蛋白。此外,在隐藻中另有三种隐藻藻红蛋白。条斑紫菜(Porphyrayezoensis)的藻红蛋白属于R-藻红蛋白。 藻红蛋白是光合作用的集光色素,它能高效率地吸收光能并将激发能传递给叶绿素a。     

湛江隐藻培养基的优化及其N、P和K含量与隐藻细胞颜色相关性的研究

报道从广东湛江沿海采集、分离的隐藻———湛江隐藻 (CryptomonaszhanjiangensisH .J.HuetL .P .Wu)的室内培养 ,从 5种培养基中筛选得到较适合于其生长的 85 - 1培养基。在此基础上 ,对培养基中的N、P、K含量在生长过程中的变化以及细胞中叶绿素和隐藻藻红蛋白的消长情况进行了研究。结果表明 ,湛江隐藻在培养过程中出现的由红褐色—黄褐色—橄榄绿色的细胞颜色变化主要是由细胞内隐藻藻红蛋白与叶绿素的比值决定的 ,并与培养基中N素水平的变化成正相关。此外 ,在色素的提取过程中 ,对同一材料的不同色素进行分步提取 ,方法简便 ,效果也较好     

高纯度藻胆蛋白的分离纯化研究进展

藻胆蛋白在食品、化妆品等领域中具有广泛的应用前景,同时也可以作为医学研究中的荧光标记物和氧化应激疾病的潜在治疗药物。高纯度藻胆蛋白的分离纯化一直是国内外的研究热点。目前,蓝藻中的螺旋藻和红藻中的微藻紫球藻是研究较多的材料,龙须菜近年来的广泛种植,扩大了原材料的来源。藻胆蛋白的粗提主要是由物理破碎和化学沉淀组成,破碎的方法因原料的不同而具有一定的差异。高纯度的藻胆蛋白获取主要是通过离子交换,疏水层析等方法,这些方法耗时长,回收率低;双水相萃取,利凡诺沉淀,壳聚糖和活性碳吸附沉淀为人们分离纯化藻胆蛋白提供了新的思路。     

重组藻胆蛋白与高等植物类囊体膜之间能量传递的研究

为了探究藻胆蛋白与高等植物类囊体膜之间的光能传递规律,验证重组藻胆蛋白是否可以与高等植物类囊体膜之间的光能传递,本研究分别提取了重组藻红蛋白、重组藻蓝蛋白以及菠菜和韭菜的类囊体进行混合孵育,然后进行了全波长吸收光谱以及荧光光谱检测。结果显示:混合孵育时间为10~20 min有利于重组藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白与类囊体膜结合并进行光能传递,最适混合孵育时间随重组藻胆蛋白和类囊体的种类不同而稍有不同;重组藻红蛋白不能与菠菜或韭菜的类囊体膜直接发生光能传递,但是当体系中添加重组藻蓝蛋白的时候就可以;重组藻蓝蛋白可以与类囊体中的叶绿素a直接进行光能传递,使得叶绿素a的荧光发射峰值显著提升,当藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白的比例是1∶2时,光能传递效率较高。本研究为藻胆蛋白在构建新型光合系统中的应用提供实验依据。     

坛紫菜藻红蛋白α,β亚基基因的克隆和序列分析

藻胆蛋白(Phycobiliprotein,PBP)是原核藻类和真核藻类进行光合作用的捕光色素蛋白,占藻体干重的2%左右,主要分为3类:藻红蛋白(phycoer-ythrin,PE)、藻蓝蛋白(phycocyanin,PC)和别藻蓝蛋白(allophycocyanin,APC)[1].藻胆蛋白一般由α亚基和β亚基组成,部分藻胆蛋白中还存在γ亚基.一般由α和β亚基形成稳定的单体(αβ),再由单体聚合为多聚体(αβ)_n.从蓝藻和红藻中分离的藻胆蛋白为三聚体(αβ)₃或六聚体(αβ)₆[2].     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.