我国冬季降水年际变化的主模态分析

利用我国160站的观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及英国气象局哈德莱中心的海表面温度（SST) 资料, 分析了我国冬季降水年际变化的主模态以及与其相联系的大气环流异常和海温异常。结果表明, 在年际变化的时间尺度上, 我国冬季降水主要表现为长江以南地区降水量的一致变化（EOF1) 和华南、西南地区与新疆北部、华北和长江中下游地区降水反位相振荡的变化（EOF2) 两个主模态, 它们分别可以解释年际变化总方差的49.6％和17.3％, 并具有显著的2～4年周期。此外, 这两个模态也有明显的年代际信号, EOF1表现为20世纪80年代中期以前南方地区冬季降水偏少, 1988年之后转为偏多, 而进入21世纪后逐渐接近历史平均值并有再次转为偏少的趋势, 而EOF2表现为1980年至2005年新疆北部和长江中下游地区的冬季降水出现年代际增多, 而华南地区的冬季降水出现年代际减少。进一步通过回归分析表明, 我国冬季降水年际变化的EOF1与ENSO循环以及东亚冬季风强度的变化有密切的关系, 当ENSO处于其暖（冷) 位相的冬季时, 东亚冬季风系统偏弱 （强), 来自孟加拉湾和南海的异常水汽输送在我国南方地区形成辐合（辐散), 从而有利于该地区降水异常偏多（少)。与我国冬季降水年际变化EOF2相联系的环流表现为欧亚大陆上空具有相当正压结构的一个波列, 该波列对应于东亚沿岸的异常北 （南) 风, 进而引起长江中下游地区水汽辐散（辐合) 和华南地区水汽辐合（辐散), 有利于南正（负) 北负（正) 的降水异常分布。赤道中东太平洋和北大西洋挪威海地区的SST异常分别与这两个模态具有紧密的联系, 并对这两个模态具有一定的潜在预报意义。     

Potential Connection between the Australian Summer Monsoon Circulation and Summer Precipitation over Central China

This study investigated the connection between the Australian summer monsoon(ASM) and summer precipitation over central China. It was found that,following a weaker-than-normal ASM, the East Asian summer monsoon and western North Pacific subtropical high tend to be stronger, yielding anomalous northward moisture to be transported from the western Pacific to central China. Besides, anomalous upwelling motion emerges over 30–37.5°N, along 110°E. Consequently,significant positive summer precipitation anomalies are located over central China. Further analysis indicated that the boreal winter sea surface temperature(SST) in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea shows positive anomalies in association with a weaker-than-normal ASM. The Indian Ocean warming in boreal winter could persist into the following summer because of its own long memory, emanating a baroclinic Kelvin wave into the Pacific that triggers suppressed convection and an anomalous anticyclone. Besides, the abnormal SST signal in the South China Sea develops eastward with time because of local air-sea interaction, causing summer SST warming in the western Pacific. The SST warming can further affect East Asian atmospheric circulation and precipitation through its impact on convection.     

对中国东部夏季降水有重要影响的一种东亚遥相关型

 利用重建的1880-1950年500 hPa高度场资料和1951-2004年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了年际尺度上东亚地区夏季大气环流变化特征。结果表明：夏季在东亚沿岸存在一个明显的自北向南的正-负-正环流模态,即鄂霍次克海阻塞高压与副热带高压存在一种同向变化、而它们之间区域的高度场为反向变化的遥相关关系;同时分析了这种大气环流模态与1880-2004年中国东部地区夏季降水的关系。在年际尺度上,正-负-正的环流模态与长江中下游地区和东北的降水有很好的正相关,当夏季的环流处在阻塞高压偏强,且副热带高压偏南偏强、日本及其以东地区上空高度场偏低时,中国长江中下游地区和东北降水偏多。     

南亚高压活动特征及其与我国东部夏季降水的关系

利用1979—2007年NCEP/DOE2再分析资料,结合国家气象信息中心提供的595个测站逐日降水资料,分析了近30年平均的南亚高压脊线的纬度位置和东脊点的经度位置的逐日变化特征及其变化与我国东部夏季降水异常的联系。结果表明,南亚高压脊线北进过程中在5月第3候存在突变,其发生时间平均提前于南海夏季风爆发1候;同时南亚高压脊线在向北推进过程中于4月下旬出现稍南撤现象;4月后期到6月初高压脊线中段比其东段的脊线位置要偏北,北进更早,8月中期以后高压脊线中段又比其东段位置偏南。6月中旬到7月初是南亚高压东进最明显的阶段,高压东脊点存在时间尺度为一周的周期振荡。相关分析结果显示,对华南地区和江淮流域的夏季降水,南亚高压东脊点东西位置更能作为高压特征参数表征南亚高压,而对黄河下游地区的夏季降水,高压脊线更具有代表性。由合成分析可以看到,南亚高压东脊点偏东(西)年,高压强度增强(减弱),江淮流域、东北部分地区偏涝(旱),华南地区偏旱(涝)。     

Cloud Properties and Its Relation to Precipitation over Northwest China

The temporal and spatial distribution of cloud properties over Northwest China has been analyzed using the ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) monthly mean D2 data from July 1983 to September 2001. The result shows that the regional average total cloud amount, optical thickness, and water path are 52.5%-58.3%, 2.6-6.6, and 44.9-77.6 g m-2, respectively. The major feature of spatial distribution is that higher value areas of cloud properties are all over Tianshan, Kunlun, and Qilian Mountains, while the lower values of cloud properties are over Tarim Basin, the western desert of Inner Mongolia, and the northwestern part of the Loess Plateau. The higher values of cloud amounts are generally associated with higher level of precipitation. For example, the amounts of stratiform clouds with large water path values are good consistent with precipitation. But the amounts of cumuliform and stratocumuliform clouds do not have de nite relation to precipitation.     

Relation of Summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation to Tropical Cyclone Activities over the Coastal Waters of China

Using the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) optimal typhoon tracks data and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis,an investigation is made on the summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) in relation to synchronous air circulation from the coastal waters of East Asia to western North Pacific (WNP),along with a further exploration on the relationship between the APO and the tropical cyclone (TC) activities over the coastal waters of China.The results show that there exists a strong correlation between the APO intensity an...     

Sensitivity of Precipitation over China to Different Cumulus Parameterization Schemes in RegCM4

The effect of different cumulus parameterization schemes(CPSs) on precipitation over China is investigated by using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics(ICTP) Regional Climate Model version 4.3(Reg CM-4.3) coupled with the land surface model BATS1e(Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme version1e). The ERA-interim data are utilized to drive a group of simulations over a 31-yr period from September1982 to December 2012. Two typically sensitive regions, i.e., the eastern Tibetan Plateau(TP; 29°–38°N,90°–100°E) and eastern China(EC; 26°–32°N, 110°–120°E), are focused on. The results show that all the CPSs have well reproduced the spatial distribution of annual precipitation in China. The simulation with the Emanuel scheme shows an overall overestimation of precipitation in China, different from the other three CPSs which only overestimate over northern and northwestern China but underestimate over southern China. Seasonally, the Tiedtke scheme shows the smallest overestimation in winter and summer, and the best simulation of the annual variance of precipitation. Interannual variations of precipitation among the four CPSs are generally simulated better in summer than in winter, and better for entire China than in the subregions of TP and EC. The precipitation trend is simulated better over EC than over TP, and better in summer than in winter. An overestimate(underestimate) of the East Asian summer monsoon index(EASMI) exists in the simulations with the Grell and the Emanuel(the Kuo and the Tiedtke) schemes.The smallest EASMI bias in the Tiedtke simulation could explain its small precipitation bias. A negative correlation between the EASMI and summer precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River is found in the Grell and the Emanuel simulations, but was missed by the simulations using the Kuo and the Tiedtke schemes.     

东亚季风区夏季风强度和降水的配置关系

1979～2000年东亚地区夏季风强度和夏季总降水之间的关系被分为四种类型:A:强季风、强降水;B:强季风、弱降水;C:弱季风、强降水;D:弱季风、弱降水.通过研究不同关系对应的大气环流特征和SST异常,并分析不同要素在季风和降水关系变化中的作用,发现在季尺度上东亚季风区夏季风强度和地区同期降雨总量的关系具有多面性特征,此关系取决于环流场的整体配置,其中西太平洋副高﹑南亚高压和中高纬阻塞形式为三个起主导作用的因素.另外,海温变化对东亚季风和总降水的关系有明显的影响,尤其是北太平洋﹑印度洋和南海区域海温.合成分析结果表明500 hPa东亚异常波列和东亚夏季风强度密切相关,但波形与东亚季风区夏季总降水强弱没有明显联系.     

Low- and Mid-High Latitude Components of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Their Reflecting Variations in Winter Climate over Eastern China

The present study defines a low-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 10 25°N, 105 135°E) and a mid-high-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 30 50°N, 110 125°E) of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which are denoted as EAWM-L and EAWM-M, respectively. The study examines the variation characteristics, reflecting variations in winter climate over eastern China, and associated atmospheric circulations corresponding to the two components. The main results are as follows: 1) the EAWM-L and EAWM-M have consistent variation in some years but opposite variations in other years; 2) the EAWM-M index mainly reflects the extensive temperature variability over eastern China, while the EAWM-L index better reflects the variation in winter precipitation over most parts of eastern China; and 3) corresponding to the variation in the EAWM-M index, anomalous winds over the mid-high latitudes of East Asia modulate the southward invasion of cold air from the high latitudes and accordingly affect temperatures over eastern China. In combination with the variation in the EAWM-L index, anomalous low-latitudinal winds regulate the water vapor transport from tropical oceans to eastern China, resulting in anomalous winter precipitation. These pronounced differences between the EAWM-L and the EAWM-M suggest that it is necessary to explore the monsoons' individual features and effects in the EAWM study.     

The Major Interannual Modes of Late-Summer Precipitation Over the Northern China Monsoon Region

ABSTRACT

Summer precipitation in the northern China monsoon region (NCMR; 35°–55°N, 108°–135°E) shows significant intraseasonal variability. The early-summer (June) and late-summer (July–August) precipitation patterns show clear differences in their formation mechanisms and the systems that affect them. We used empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to investigate the two leading modes of July–August precipitation over the NCMR and their associated atmospheric circulation anomalies using linear regression. The results show that the first (EOF1) and second (EOF2) modes correspond to a pan-NCMR precipitation variation pattern and a precipitation oscillation pattern between North China (NC) and Northeast China (NEC), respectively. These two modes account for 22.1% and 10.1% of the total variance, respectively. The associated principal components (PCs) both have significant interannual variability with a period of 2–4 years. In addition, PC1 has significant interdecadal variability with a period of 20–30 years. Further analysis suggests that EOF1 and EOF2 clearly have a different relationship with the summer monsoon circulation system. In the positive phase of PC1, the East Asian subtropical westerly jet stream (EAWJS) shows a northward trend with higher intensity than normal the blocking high at mid- to high latitudes is inactive; and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is located to the north of its normal position. The NCMR is controlled by stronger southerly winds, which cause the convergence of water vapour, favouring more precipitation in this region and vice versa. In the positive phase of PC2, the EAWJS swings to the south of Lake Baikal. Significant positive height anomalies exist from western NC to NEC. Significant negative height anomalies occur to the subtropical northwestern Pacific. This indicates that the cold vortex in Northeast China is inactive, the WPSH tends to be weaker and located to the south of its normal position, and NEC (NC) is dominated by anomalous northeasterly (southeasterly) winds. The convergence (divergence) of water vapour in NC (NEC) favours more (less) precipitation in NC (NEC) and vice versa. Therefore, EOF1 is related to the large-scale circulation anomalies over East Asia and the northwest Pacific in July and August, whereas EOF2 is more closely related to the anomalies in the regional circulation over the NCMR and the subtropical northwestern Pacific.     

夏季欧亚阻塞活动的年代际变化及其与我国降水的可能联系

利用1952--2004年6—8月NCEP／NCAR逐日500hPa高度资料及中国160站降水资料，对夏季欧亚地区阻塞活动的年代际变化特征及其与我国降水年代际变化的可能联系进行了分析。结果表明：夏季欧亚地区的阻塞活动存在明显的年代际变化特征，在年代际尺度上，夏季鄂霍茨克海地区阻塞活动偏多（少）与我国汉水和渭水流域夏季的旱（涝）密切相关，夏季贝加尔湖地区阻塞活动偏多（少）与我国黄淮、江淮地区夏季的涝（旱）密切相关，夏季乌拉尔山地区阻塞活动偏多（少）则与我国江南、华南大部分地区夏季的旱（涝）密切相关。     

我国冬季气温年代际变化及其与大气环流异常变化的关系

利用我国160个台站50年(1951~2000年)的月平均温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对我国从1951/1952~1999/2000共49个冬季(11月至次年3月平均)的气温进行经验正交函数(EOF)分解。第1模态表现为全国一致的增温或者降温,20世纪70年代中期以后,我国冬季气温增暖明显,发生了显著的年代际变化;第2模态则表现为南北温度的反相关系,20世纪80和90年代,我国北部地区,特别是东北和西北的温度增加,而我国南部则温度降低。采用频谱分析方法提取我国冬季气温的年代际变化信号更清楚地反映出这些变化。而且这两种模态从20世纪80年代开始的正位相叠加使得我国冬季持续偏暖,在降水场没有显著变化的情况下,加剧了华北地区的干旱程度。对气温的年代际变化与大气环流的回归分析表明,我国冬季气温年代际变化的第1模态与半球尺度上的北极涛动(AO)的变化有密切的关系,它在高度场上表现为一个准正压的南北环状模态;而第2模态则与中高纬大气环流中的一波结构联系密切,它在高度场上表现为一个准正压的太平洋和大西洋上反相的振荡模态。这就表明,我国冬季气温的年代际变化与大气环流中的基本气流及其扰动有密切的关联。作者还讨论了大气环流影响我国冬季气温年代际变化的可能机理,并指出进一步需要研究的问题。     

Sideswiping Tropical Cyclones and Their Associated Precipitation over China

Tropical cyclone(TC) precipitation(TCP) has attracted considerable attention in recent decades because of its adverse socioeconomic impacts. In particular, considerable effort has been devoted to quantifying TCP and investigating the precipitation of TCs that make landfall. However, precipitation over land induced by TCs that do not make landfall(i.e.,offshore), the so-called "sideswiping" TCs(STCs), is an important component of TCP but has attracted little attention from the research community ...     

东亚经圈环流年代际变化及对海河降水影响

基于NCEP/NCAR和ERA 40两套再分析资料及中国160个站月降水资料,分析了海河流域夏季降水的变化特征及受东亚夏季风的影响,并定义了东亚夏季经圈环流指数,研究了东亚夏季风的年际和年代际气候变化特征及与海河流域夏季降水的关系。结果表明：近30年来,夏季东亚地区对流层低层和高层的西风均呈现反位相的变化特征,同时东亚地区对流层低层南风分量异常减弱,中低纬度的经圈环流也呈现减弱趋势,夏季风的强度随之减弱,不利于夏季雨带向北推进。文中定义的东亚夏季经圈环流指数与海河流域夏季降水存在显著的正相关关系,说明经圈环流指数值越大,东亚经圈环流强度越强,利于夏季东亚季风向北推进,从而使海河流域夏季降水偏多。反之,当东亚夏季风偏弱时,东亚经圈环流也偏弱,不利于海河流域降水偏多。本文结果表明,东亚经圈环流的年代际减弱是海河流域近30年处于少雨期的一个直接原因。     

冬季风异常对中国春季北方沙尘日数的影响

基于1981~2010年台站沙尘观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了我国北方春季沙尘日数的时空分布。沙尘频发区主要位于新疆南部和内蒙古西部,这两个中心全季沙尘日数均在10日以上。研究时段内北方沙尘日数呈显著减少趋势。相关分析发现,春季北方沙尘日数与前冬冬季风环流系统关系密切。春季沙尘日数偏多时,前冬东亚大陆陆地-西太平洋气压差较常年偏大,东亚大槽偏深,低层我国北方地区-蒙古国北风分量偏强,高层的东亚副热带纬向急流偏强、高纬度急流偏弱。上述环流型对应于强冬季风特征,反之亦然。进一步分析指出,冬季风强(弱)年,我国北方大部分地区春季低层辐散(辐合),降水偏少(多),低层北风偏强(弱),促使(抑制)春季沙尘的发生。     

Relationship Between Soil Temperature in May over Northwest China and the East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation

This study investigates the relationship between the soil temperature in May and the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） precipitation in June and July using station observed soil temperature data over Northwest China from 1971 to 2000.It is found that the memory of the soil temperature at 80-cm depth can persist for at least 2 months,and the soil temperature in May is closely linked to the EASM precipitation in June and July.When the soil temperature is warmer in May over Northwest China,less rainfall occurs over the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley but more rainfall occurs over South China in June and July.It is proposed that positive anomalous soil temperature in May over Northwest China corresponds to higher geopotential heights over the most parts of the mainland of East Asia,which tend to weaken the ensuing EASM.Moreover,in June and July,a cyclonic circulation anomaly occurs over Southeast China and Northwest Pacific and an anticyclonic anomaly appears in the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley at 850 hPa.All the above tend to suppress the precipitation in the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley.The results also indicate that the soil temperature in May over Northwest China is closely related to the East Asia/Pacific （EAP） teleconnection pattern,and it may be employed as a useful predictor for the East Asian summer monsoon rainfall.     

青藏高原雨季的降水特征与东亚夏季风爆发

用小波分析方法研究了1993年和1994年青藏高原雨季降水的多时间尺度变化特征,结果表明,小波变换对高原上降水从活跃期到中断期之间突变的时间有很好的分辨能力,并发现强弱季风年高原降水的变化特征有很大的差异：即高原降水除了其季节变化外,强东亚季风年(1994年)还有明显的30～60天低频变化;弱东亚季风年(1993年)却是准双周的变化明显。另外,还将高原上降水从活跃期到中断期的变化与同期的NcEP资料作了一些对比分析,发现高原雨季的开始与东亚夏季风爆发可能有一定的联系,即高原东部夏季降水的第一次活跃期与东亚夏季风的爆发时间基本一致。     

东亚副热带冬季风南边缘的确定及其变化特征

利用国家气候中心整编的中国730个测站逐日气温资料,基于冬季的划分标准定义了副热带冬季风南边缘并分析其变化特征。结果表明,副热带冬季风南边缘存在明显的年际变化特征,年代际尺度上虽总体呈现出北移,但进入21世纪后有明显的向南扩展、入冬时间提前的趋势。东亚副热带冬季风南边缘异常偏北年的风场在大陆上有显著的偏南风分量,不利于冷空气南下。定义的东亚副热带冬季风南边缘指数与冬季气温呈一致的正相关,气候变暖可能是冬季风南边缘偏北的主要原因。     

Analysis on Anomalous Precipitation in Southern China During Winter Monsoons

The winters of 1997/1998 and 1998/1999,corresponding to El Ni(?)o and La Ni(?)a episodes,respectively, were two typical rain-abundant and-scarce seasons for the southern China.In order to understand the cause of the anomalous precipitation during the two winters,a comparative analysis technique has been employed to investigate the differences in general circulation and moisture transportation between the two seasons. The results show that the abundant rainfall during the winter of 1997/1998 was associated with the ENSO warm episode event,eastward shifted weak westerly trough/ridge,weakened East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM),strengthened subtropical high,and presented two anti-cyclonic circulations over Hokkaido and the Philippine Sea,respectively,as well as one cyclonic circulation over the Yangtze River Basin in the anomalous wind fields of the lower troposphere.During the rain-scarce winter,however,the patterns of equatorial sea surface temperature anomalies and the circulation systems both in upper and lower levels were nearly the opposite of those during the rain-abundant winter.It has also been discovered that the water vapor over southern China during the winters came mainly from the southwesterly flow ahead of troughs in the southern branch of westerlies and the turning flow over the South China Sea-Indo-China Peninsula area;and the moisture transportation channels varied significantly with regard to height.The intensified flow in the southern branch of westerlies and the anti-cyclonic circulation anomaly over the Philippine Sea during the winter of 1997/1998 were favorable for moisture transportation to mainland China,however the two moisture transportation streams were dramatically weakened during the winter of 1998/1999 due to weak westerly flow and the dominance of a cold high system in the lower level over the southeast coast of China.Such a significant inter-annual change of moisture transportation is a key factor resulting in the obvious difference in precipitation between the two winters.     

中国大范围持续性低温事件与中国南方降水异常

本文利用1951~2009年的数据资料,探讨了与冬季大范围持续性低温事件对应的中国南方降水多寡的原因以及不同降水类型事件的不同前兆信号。主要结果如下:(1)欧亚大陆中高纬大型斜脊斜槽是中国大范围持续性低温事件的关键环流特征。降水偏多型和偏少型低温事件的中高纬环流系统存在显著差异:当大型斜脊的纬向尺度较大且其正高度距平中心偏强时,斜槽的负距平中心靠近东亚大槽区,西伯利亚高压大范围加强,南侵冷空气活动偏强,使中国南方地区降水偏少。相反,当大型斜脊的纬向尺度相对小时,斜槽位置偏西,西伯利亚高压加强范围偏小,南侵冷空气活动也偏弱,有利于中国南方地区降水偏多。(2)在低温事件中我国南方地区的降水多寡,也取决于西太副高和孟加拉湾南支槽。当西太副高和孟加拉湾南支槽加强时,来自西太平洋、南海和孟加拉湾的三支暖湿气流到达我国南方地区,导致南方降水偏多,反之亦然。(3)不同降水类型低温事件的前兆环流信号(之前1~3侯)显著不同。降水偏多型低温事件前期,源自北大西洋地区的波列向东亚地区传播。降水偏少型事件前期,极涡在欧亚大陆一侧的次极区显著减弱,同时极涡呈两极型,一极伸向南欧及地中海地区,另一极伸向阿留申群岛。在中期—延伸期时间尺度上,这一结果可为持续性低温事件降水形势的预测提供依据。