快速城市化区域农村空心化测度与影响因素研究--以长株潭地区为例北大核心CSCDCSSCI

以长株潭地区23个县市区为研究区,从土地、人口、经济三方面构建农村空心化的测度框架及指标体系,综合运用熵值法、多指标综合评价法和多元回归分析等方法对农村空心化进行测度,揭示农村空心化的空间地域分异特征及形成机理。结果表明:(1)长株潭地区土地空心化呈现由中心城市向外围逐渐减小的特征;人口空心化呈现出中部核心区高,北部低的特征;经济空心化的高、低分布与人口空心化的低、高分布在空间上具有较大的相似性特征。(2)综合空心化空间分布呈现出不均衡发展的态势,以中、低等级为主,空间分布由中心城市向东西两侧的外围地域逐渐减缓的特征,与中心城市的距离远近对空心化等级的空间分布具有较显著影响。(3)农村空心化是区域多种因素综合作用的结果,农民收入提高及区域经济发展、农村人口数量及就业结构变化是农村空心化的主导与直接影响因素,土地利用方式及效率的变化在一定程度上抑制了农村空心化程度的加剧。     

快速城市化区域农村空心化测度与影响因素研究--以长株潭地区为例

以长株潭地区23个县市区为研究区,从土地、人口、经济三方面构建农村空心化的测度框架及指标体系,综合运用熵值法、多指标综合评价法和多元回归分析等方法对农村空心化进行测度,揭示农村空心化的空间地域分异特征及形成机理。结果表明:(1)长株潭地区土地空心化呈现由中心城市向外围逐渐减小的特征;人口空心化呈现出中部核心区高,北部低的特征;经济空心化的高、低分布与人口空心化的低、高分布在空间上具有较大的相似性特征。(2)综合空心化空间分布呈现出不均衡发展的态势,以中、低等级为主,空间分布由中心城市向东西两侧的外围地域逐渐减缓的特征,与中心城市的距离远近对空心化等级的空间分布具有较显著影响。(3)农村空心化是区域多种因素综合作用的结果,农民收入提高及区域经济发展、农村人口数量及就业结构变化是农村空心化的主导与直接影响因素,土地利用方式及效率的变化在一定程度上抑制了农村空心化程度的加剧。     

环渤海地区农村空心化程度与耕地利用集约度的时空变化及其耦合关系

利用环渤海地区分县社会经济数据和土地利用数据, 采用神经网络确定权重的方法, 对该区分县农村空心化程度和耕地利用集约度进行综合测评, 并以山东省为例, 进行两者耦合规律探索。结果表明:① 环渤海地区农村空心化区域差异明显。高度空心化且进入稳定期的地区主要集中在“C”型沿海地区;平原传统农区, 农村空心化正处空心化的成长、兴盛期;农村空心化低值区主要集中落后山区。② 耕地利用集约度时空差异明显。辽中平原粮食主产区、冀中南粮食主产区、鲁西鲁南粮食主产区集约度较高;低集约度主要集中在太行山区、长白山区、沂蒙山区、坝上高原等落后地区。③ 农村空心化与耕地利用集约度变化存在着耦合联动关系。空心化出现、成长期, 农村劳动力向城镇转移, 农村地区隐性失业问题得以解决, 耕地利用集约度不断提升;农村空心化发展至兴盛期, 农村地域发展面临主体弱化, 耕地利用集约度有所下降;至空心化稳定期, 健全的土地流转机制和农业现代化的持续推进, 耕地利用集约度将反弹上升, 最终趋于波动稳定。     

京津冀县域人口-土地-产业要素耦合测度及空间分异

人口、土地、产业是区域发展的核心要素,三要素的变化趋势及其耦合匹配程度,直接影响区域可持续发展能力。应用要素评价模型与耦合协调度模型,以京津冀147个县域为样本,分析了2000年、2008年和2015年人口、土地、产业要素发展格局及其耦合协调格局,揭示了京津冀县域人口-土地-产业要素耦合的空间分异规律。研究表明:京津冀县域人口、土地、产业要素发展格局空间差异显著,京津及其周边县域具有较强的人口集聚能力与较高的产业发展水平,土地资源禀赋较为丰富,土地投入产出能力较强,是人口、土地、产业指数的高值区;低值区主要分布在冀北坝上高原与太行山山脉地区,人口集聚能力较弱,土地投入产出能力较低;中值区与次低值区覆盖县域数量最多,主要分布在河北平原地区。随着人口要素的流动、产业的空间集聚与经济发展水平的提升,京津冀县域人口-土地-产业耦合协调格局表现出一定的交替演化特征,其中,京津及环京津地区部分县域为人口-土地-产业要素耦合协调度的高值区,次高值区以石家庄、邢台、邯郸等地为中心,呈现出多个团块状集聚分布格局,中值区主要分布在冀中南次高值区周围,冀北地区耦合协调程度最低。最后,应用聚类分析方法,将京津冀县域划分为五种耦合类型,并提出不同类型区未来的发展路径。     

基于主成分分析法的江苏省土地利用综合分区研究

在回顾国内外关于土地利用分区研究的基础上,以县市为研究单元,从土地资源利用的结构、投入、产出、生态、动态和潜力等6个方面,遴选出25个指标,组成区域土地利用分区的综合指标评价体系,借助SPSS软件,利用主成分分析法,对江苏省各县市的土地利用程度进行综合评价。结果表明:江苏省县市土地利用程度呈现明显的城乡差异和南北区域不平衡,经济发达的县市,土地利用的综合水平相对较高,并由南向北逐渐递减,梯度差异地域特征显著;参考综合自然条件、土地利用特点和区划单元空间位置的连续性,将江苏省划分为3个一级土地利用区域,即江南地区、江淮地区和淮北地区;并进一步划分为环太湖地区、宁镇山地丘陵地区、江淮沿江地区、江淮沿海地区、里下河平原地区、淮北沿海地区和沿黄河故道地区等7个二级土地利用区域。     

西藏土地利用综合分区

从西藏社会经济可持续发展的需要出发,开展西藏土地利用综合分区研究.依据2004年西藏土地利用数据,在全面分析西藏土地利用结构类型和社会经济发展的基础上,结合地域一致性,建立土地利用结构、经济指标体系,运用多元统计软件SPSS的系统聚类分析法,将西藏土地利用划分为藏中综合发展区、藏东农林牧区、藏南农牧区和藏北牧区,并综合分析评述了各分区土地利用现状、经济发展特征及土地利用功能与方向.     

中国县域城镇化水平的综合评价及类型区划分

以县为基本单元,从人口、经济和社会三方面构建中国县域城镇化水平的综合评价体系;利用熵值法对县级单元的综合城镇化水平及其子系统水平进行评价,构建城镇化类型区;基于偏相关系数测度各类型区的城镇化驱动力;结合空间自相关方法对综合城镇化水平进行分区。结果表明:人口和经济是反映中国县域城镇化水平的两大子类型;综合城镇化水平的空间分布呈明显的行政等级性;划分全国为人口城镇化滞后型、经济社会城镇化滞后型、人口—经济社会城镇化滞后型和综合城镇化非滞后型四大城镇化类型区;不同类型区的驱动力不同,市场力和行政力是全国层面的两大驱动因素;采用空间自相关方法对人文地理领域进行分区研究,中国人口城镇化分区模式为北高南低,经济城镇化分区模式为东高西低。     

中国县域乡村地域多功能格局及影响因素识别

论文以中国大陆县域为研究单元,构建乡村地域多功能评价指标体系,利用熵权法、半变异函数和地理探测器等模型,对2000—2015年中国乡村多功能指数进行综合测评,揭示中国县域乡村地域多功能的空间分异特征,定量识别乡村地域多功能空间分异的影响因素。研究结果表明：① 中国乡村地域多功能在空间上呈现出平原、东部沿海等地区高值集聚,高原、山地等地区低值集聚,各县域乡村地域多功能整体呈现出逐渐提升态势;② 经济发展功能和社会保障功能对乡村地域多功能的贡献率逐渐增大,农业生产功能和生态保育功能对乡村地域多功能的贡献率逐渐减小;③ 2000—2015年,中国大陆范围内县域乡村地域多功能空间自相关范围和强度总体呈现减小的趋势,随机性因子成为乡村地域多功能空间分异的主要驱动力;④ 县域经济整体发展水平和财政收入是影响乡村地域多功能空间分异的主导因素;各影响因素之间的两两交互作用会增强乡村地域多功能的空间分异;社会环境因素对乡村地域多功能空间分异的影响程度逐渐上升,自然环境因素的影响程度逐渐下降。     

苏鲁豫皖省际边界区经济发展空间特征与类型划分

边界区类型划分与经济发展水平密切相关,对省际边界区经济协调发展具有参考价值.该文以苏鲁豫皖省际边界区为研究对象,利用空间自相关分析、产业差异度等方法,分析该地区经济发展的时空特征,并从产业结构视角划分边界区类型和边界线类型.主要结论如下:1)苏鲁豫皖省际边界区经济集聚特征明显且不断增强,并出现地域分化现象,各省域内县域经济发展水平差异不断减小,而省域间经济差异在扩大;2)经济发展水平高值区和低值区集聚趋势明显,省际边界效应带来的经济差异呈现显著的地域特征;3)根据省际边界两侧相邻地区的产业结构差异,将边界区划分为"桥梁型"和"切变型",将省际边界线划分为"桥梁型""切变型"和"中间型".     

农村居民点用地整理的分区评价——以河北省为例

农村居民点用地整理是新农村建设的重要内容。深入开展区域范围内待整理农村居民点分区研究,对于指导农村居民点用地的有序整理具有重要现实意义。以河北省136个县(市)为研究单元,选取农村居民点用地自然条件、区域经济实力和整理迫切度等8个指标,构建了农村居民点用地整理分区评价指标体系,利用熵值法确定权重,计算农村居民点整理的综合评价值。进一步基于人均农村居民点用地和综合评价分值,运用层次筛选法将研究区划分为优先整理区、重点整理区、适度整理区、生态型整理区和优化调整区。农村居民点整理分区,可为制定农村土地整理规划以及确定、实施土地整理项目提供决策依据。     

中国农村人口外流的时空演化及其驱动机制

以农村户籍人口和常住人口及两者表征的农村人口外流率为研究对象,利用"五普"和"六普"数据探讨了中国农村人口外流的演化及其空间格局,在预选取影响因素的基础上,基于空间计量模型剖析了县域农村人口外流率的地域分异机制。结果显示:农村人口发展演化可划分为缓慢发展阶段、大量外流阶段、农业转移人口市民化发展阶段3个时期;全国县域农村人口外流率呈现出程度不断加深的态势,农业户籍人口和乡村常住人口的集中度下降明显,并呈现出明显的空间聚类和空间正相关性;平均海拔、人均GDP、城乡居民收入比、第一产业占比、城镇化率、道路密度、受教育水平、人均固定资产投资与农村人口外流率呈现出正相关关系,而人均耕地面积、农民人均纯收入、乡村从业人员占比与农村人口外流率呈现出负相关关系。     

县域尺度下中国人口老龄化的空间格局与区域差异

2000年以来,中国的老龄化进程加快,人口老龄化已经成为中国社会经济发展必须面对的新常态与核心问题之一。本文从县域尺度出发,基于2000和2010年的人口普查数据,应用标准差椭圆、地理探测器等方法,分析了10年间中国2283个县域单元人口老龄化的空间分布、区域差异及其影响因素。结果表明：①人口老龄化空间分布模式多样,胡焕庸线西北半壁以均质化、轴带特征为主;而胡焕庸线东南半壁则呈现出核心—外围的分布特征。②2000-2010年间,人口老龄化均值从6.7%增至8.7%,表明中国县域全面进入老年型社会,步入老年型的县域多集中于内陆、东北地区、丝绸之路经济带沿线区;10年间人口老龄化总体空间格局较为稳定,但人口老龄化的变动趋势差异显著。③人口老龄化在“胡焕庸线”两侧、不同地域类型间、城乡间、民族自治地区与非民族自治地区间、贫困与非贫困地区间存在差异,且差异变动的方向并不一致。④影响人口老龄化的核心因素为各区域往期人口年龄结构、步入老年序列人口比重、人口流出的比例等。     

The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of county-level economic development and primary drivers across the Loess Plateau,China

Unbalanced economic growth is a ubiquitous phenomenon while investigating the regional development at a large spatial scale.Therefore,it is of great significance to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of regional economic growth and the drivers to understand and facilitate the economic development of low development areas.Taking a county as a funda-mental study unit,we used the county-level per capita GDP data on the Loess Plateau from 2005 to 2017,and geographic variables such as slope,elevation,and population density to analyze the spatio-temporal differences and the driving factors of the county-level economic development in the Loess Plateau by employing both conventional and advanced quantitative methods including Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA)and the geographic detector model.Our results suggested that:(1)The selected indicators,including absolute difference,the fluctuation of relative difference and total difference of economic development on the Loess Plateau,all show steady increasing trends,respectively.(2)There are 64.5％of the counties with economic development being below the average level of the whole Loss Pla-teau region.The relatively high developed counties are distributed in the"A"-shaped regions in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Shaanxi,and Henan provinces,however,the low development counties are mainly located in the"V"-shaped regions in Gansu and Shanxi provinces.(3)GDP,investment in fixed assets and urbanization rate are the major driving factors influencing the regional economic development,and the combined effects are far greater than that of any individual factor.     

中国县域城镇化的空间特征与形成机理

本文综合运用样带、地统计、地理探测器等多种研究方法, 分析了1990 年以来中国县域城镇化的时空特征及形成机理。研究表明:①中国县域城镇化水平时空动态的差异特征显著, 北方边境县域高城镇化和东部沿海县域高城镇化形成的“人字形”空间形态逐渐凸显;以武汉都市圈为中心的两湖地区、成渝地区、关中—天水经济区的县域城镇化水平提升较快, 西南地区、青藏高原地区保持较低的城镇化水平;②2000 年以来中国县域城镇化水平及其变化速度的区域差异逐渐缩小, 陇海兰新线、长江沿线、北方边境、106 国道、东部沿海样带县域城镇化差异明显;县域经济发展阶段、固定资产投资、离中心城市距离、二三产业水平、农民人均纯收入、人口密度是影响县域城镇化空间分异的主要因素, 同时粮食生产主导定位、非农业人口统计口径、城镇设置标准等因素也影响县域城镇化水平及发展过程。未来城镇化发展应遵循地域差异, 凸显主导功能, 推进优化与重点发展区的集约型城镇化、耕地与粮食主产区的分流型城镇化、生态与水源保护区的迁移型城镇化, 以及园区与城镇近郊区的融入型城镇化, 实现城乡土地资源集约利用, 促进城镇化进程中人—地—业耦合与协调发展。     

中国县域尺度生态保护的地域分异及其适宜性

鉴于中国对生态保护的投入与奖惩皆以县域为基本单元,需要开展县域尺度生态保护效果的监测评估,以期为县域生态环境质量考核提供科学依据。本文定量分析了近15年县域尺度优良生态系统面积及植被覆盖度变化,及其与生态保护项目数量的关系,进而评估生态保护措施在县域生态变化中的效果,并评价工程措施的地域适宜性。结果表明：① 中国东北地区、南方亚热带区、青藏高原东南部的县域优良生态系统面积占比多高于50%,西北地区、西南喀斯特区、华北平原等县域优良生态系统占比多低于20%。② 近几十年,生态保护重点是生态脆弱区,青海三江源、藏东南、川西、祁连山、新疆南部等西部地区的县域生态保护项目数量多大于5个,东部沿海地区则少于或等于1个。③ 2000-2015年,中国53%县域的优良生态系统面积占比提高,黄土高原、黄淮海平原、京津冀、川黔渝、两广等地区的县域植被覆盖度明显上升,而新疆北部、西藏中部、内蒙古中东部等干旱半干旱区、长三角等区域植被覆盖度下降。④ 生态保护项目数量与优良生态系统、植被覆盖度变化等反映生态状况改善的指标并未呈现正相关关系,生态保护应遵循优良生态系统分布格局,气候变化背景下造林等工程措施应遵循自然规律与地带性差异。     

Regional differentiation of ecological conservation and its zonal suitability at the county level in China

China’s investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.     

中国县域尺度生态保护的地域分异及其适宜性（英文）

China's investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.     

快速城市化中的中国农村空心化(英文)

Rural hollowing is a recent geographic phenomenon that has received significant attention in China, which is experiencing rapid urbanization. It has led to the wasteful use of rural land resources, and imposed obstacles on the optimization of land use and coordinated urban-rural development. Rural hollowing has various forms of manifestation, which refers to the neglect and vacancy of rural dwellings, both of which can lead to damage and ultimate abandonment of rural dwellings. Damaged dwellings have different degrees of destruction, ranging from slight, moderate to severe. The evolutive process of rural hollowing in general has five stages, i.e., emergence, growth, flourishing, stability, and decline. Based on the combination of both regional economic development level and its physiographic features, the types of rural hollowing can be categorised as urban fringe, plain agricultural region, hilly agricultural region, and agro-pastoral region. Especially, the plain agricultural region is the most typical one in rural hollowing, which shows the spatial evolution of rural hollowing as a “poached egg” pattern with a layered hollow core and solid shape. Furthermore, the driving forces behind rural hollowing are identified as the pull of cities and push of rural areas. In particular, this paper identifies contributors to rural hollowing that include rural depopulation in relation to rapid urbanisation and economic change, land ownership and land use policy, and institutional barriers.     

The process and driving forces of rural hollowing in China under rapid urbanization

Rural hollowing is a recent geographic phenomenon that has received significant attention in China, which is experiencing rapid urbanization. It has led to the wasteful use of rural land resources, and imposed obstacles on the optimization of land use and coordinated urban-rural development. Rural hollowing has various forms of manifestation, which refers to the neglect and vacancy of rural dwellings, both of which can lead to damage and ultimate abandonment of rural dwellings. Damaged dwellings have different degrees of destruction, ranging from slight, moderate to severe. The evolutive process of rural hollowing in general has five stages, i.e., emergence, growth, flourishing, stability, and decline. Based on the combination of both regional economic development level and its physiographic features, the types of rural hollowing can be categorised as urban fringe, plain agricultural region, hilly agricultural region, and agro-pastoral region. Especially, the plain agricultural region is the most typical one in rural hollowing, which shows the spatial evolution of rural hollowing as a “poached egg” pattern with a layered hollow core and solid shape. Furthermore, the driving forces behind rural hollowing are identified as the pull of cities and push of rural areas. In particular, this paper identifies contributors to rural hollowing that include rural depopulation in relation to rapid urbanisation and economic change, land ownership and land use policy, and institutional barriers.