不同氮磷比及铁浓度对球形棕囊藻二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐生产的影响

本文通过实验室培养研究了不同氮磷比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)以及铁浓度(10、100、1 000nmol·L-1)对球形棕囊藻二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)产生的影响。富磷浓度(36.12μmol·L-1)条件下的球形棕囊藻DMS和DMSP的产量明显高于贫磷浓度条件下(0.361 2μmol·L-1)的DMS和DMSP的产量,N/P比为50∶1时球形棕囊藻的DMS和DMSP产量明显高于其他N/P比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1)的DMS和DMSP产量,但N/P比为50∶1时单位Chl-aDMS/DMSP产量在4个N/P比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)中却最低。贫磷培养液的DMSPd在N/P比为0∶1时峰值显著高于其它N/P比(5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)条件下的DMSPd,并且N/P比为50∶1时DMS的释放量最大。低Fe3+浓度有助于球形棕囊藻藻液中DMSPd的形成,Fe3+浓度为1 000nmol·L-1时单位Chl-a的DMSPp产量最小,而单位Chl-a的DMS生产能力在Fe3+浓度为100nmol·L-1时得到加强。     

海洋中β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐降解过程的研究进展

二甲基硫(DMS)是海水中一种最重要的、含量最丰富的还原态挥发性生源有机硫化物,前体β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的降解过程受各种因素影响。其中主要包括温度、DMSP的浓度、氧气、盐度、酸度、颗粒粒度、藻类生长期、季节变化、氧化压力、抑制剂等。它们均与DMSP降解速率呈一定的函数关系,并对DMSP的降解产物产生影响。藻类是DMSP的主要来源,因此着重讨论了温度、盐度、酸度等对不同浮游植物细胞内DMSP与DMS生物生产和转化过程的影响。结合海洋硫循环的研究现状和海洋化学发展的趋势,探究了用颗粒态DMSP与Chla的比率来量化碳和硫通量的方法及DMSP裂解酶活性的检验技术。大气中CO2压力持续增加导致的海洋酸化对藻类中DMSP降解过程的影响也是进一步研究的重点。     

旋链角毛藻和小普林藻对二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸的释放研究

通过实验室培养研究了旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve)和小普林藻(Prymnesium parvum Carter)生长周期内培养液中二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)的含量。结果表明,2种微藻均能释放DMS,但小普林藻单细胞释放的DMS浓度约是旋链角毛藻的500倍。在藻类生长的不同阶段,它们释放DMS和DMSP的能力存在较大差异,但2种藻类DMS大量释放均出现在衰亡期。同时研究了盐度对2种微藻DMS释放的影响,结果表明高盐度会促进小普林藻DMS和DMSP的释放,而对旋链角毛藻DMSP的释放未有显著影响。     

春秋季南黄海二甲基硫(DMS)与二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)的浓度分布研究

Temporal distributions of dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) were studied in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) during April and September 2010. The mean concentrations(range) of DMS, dissolved and particulate DMSP(DMSPd and DMSPp) in the surface waters in spring are 1.69(0.48–4.92), 3.18(0.68–6.75)and 15.81(2.82–52.33) nmol/L, respectively, and those in autumn are 2.80(1.33–5.10), 5.45(2.19–11.30) and 30.63(6.24–137.87) nmol/L. On the whole, the distributions of DMS and DMSP in spring are completely different from those in autumn. In the central part of the SYS, the concentrations of DMS and DMSP in spring are obviously higher than those in autumn, but the opposite situation is found on the south of 34°N, which can be attributed to the differences in nutrients and phytoplankton biomass and composition between spring and autumn. Besides,the seasonal variations of water column stability and the Changjiang diluted water also have significant impact on the distributions of DMS and DMSP in spring and autumn on the south of 34°N. DMS and DMSPp concentrations coincide well with chlorophyll a(Chl a) levels in the spring cruise, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass may play an important role in controlling the distributions of DMS and DMSPp in the study area. Annual DMS emission rates range from 0.015 to 0.033 Tg/a(calculated by S), respectively, using the equations of Liss and Merlivat(1986) and Wanninkhof(1992). This result implies a significant relative contribution of the SYS to the global oceanic DMS fluxes.     

二甲基硫的海洋化学研究

二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ） 是海洋排放到大气中的最主要的生源硫化物。作者综述了ＤＭＳ在海洋中的分布特征、影响ＤＭＳ转化的因素、ＤＭＳ的海空扩散及其对环境的影响等。ＤＭＳ在海洋中存在很大程度的时空变化,这一变化不仅与海洋初级生产力水平有关,而且还与浮游植物的种类组成密切相关。微生物的降解、光化学的氧化以及海空扩散是ＤＭＳ在海洋中迁移变化的三个最重要的途径。ＤＭＳ的海－ 空扩散也存在较大的时空变化。ＤＭＳ的释放会对全球的气候变化和酸雨的形成产生重要的影响。本文同时就国内外的研究现状和今后的研究方向进行了分析和总结。     

不同氮磷比对球形棕囊藻释放含硫化合物及DMSP降解途径的影响

本文探讨了球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)在不同氮磷比条件下各生长时期内释放到培养液中二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)、二甲基硫(DMS)和丙烯酸(AA)等含硫化合物浓度及DMSP降解途径的影响,所设置氮磷比为4:1、16:1、40:1和80:1.结果表明,球形棕囊藻的DIC吸收速率在80:1组出现最大...     

海洋浮游生态系统中D MS P的来源及在食物链中的传递和转化研究进展

β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)是一种在海洋中普遍存在的重要生源有机硫化物,其降解产物二甲基硫(DMS)挥发到大气中会形成云凝结核,进而对大气温度产生负反馈效应.DMSP主要由浮游植物和部分细菌生物合成,在浮游食物链和微食物环中进行传递和转化,并进一步通过食物网进入更高营养级.浮游生物是驱动全球碳、硫循环的关键环节,...     

白令海东陆架区 生源硫化合物的时空特征变化

基于2012年和2014年中国北极科学考察航次白令海现场调查数据,分析白令海东陆架区二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质β-二甲基硫巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的空间分布特征和年际变化。结果显示,白令海东部陆架区DMS浓度呈自西向东递减的趋势,浓度平均值由2012年0.80 nmol·L~(-1)(范围为0.11～2.27 nmol·L~(-1))增加至2014年1.33 nmol·L~(-1)(范围为0.07～4.49 nmol·L~(-1))。DMSP浓度的空间变化与DMS不一致,高值区位于断面东部,主要受近岸阿拉斯加沿岸流以及育空河淡水输入的影响。2012—2014年,溶解态DMSP(DMSPd)和颗粒态DMSP(DMSPp)浓度平均值分别从4.21 nmol·L~(-1)、16.83 nmol·L~(-1)提高至14.94 nmol·L~(-1)、49.77 nmol·L~(-1),应是冷水团范围缩减以及浮游植物群落变化所引起的。DMS浓度同温度、c_(PO~(3-)_4)、c_(SiO~(2-)_3)显著相关,而DMS和DMSP浓度同无机氮浓度、盐度均存在显著相关性。表层海水DMS和DMSPd的生物生产速率均高于消费速率,且呈现出东高西低的趋势,原因是温度影响了微生物代谢活动。2014年的生产和消费速率均高于2012年的,主要由于表层海水DMS和DMSPd浓度升高和水团的年际变化。2012年和2014年表层海水中DMS微生物消耗速率平均值分别为13.66 nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1)和33.87 nmol·L~(-1)·d~(-1),海-气通量平均值分别为3.66μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和5.33μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),表层海水DMS通过海气扩散去除的周转时间分别是微生物消费的7.4和5.7倍。白令海东部陆架区表层水体中微生物消费是比海气释放更重要的DMS去除途径。     

胶州湾及青岛近海微表层与次表层中二甲基硫(DMS)与二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)的浓度分布

以胶州湾及青岛近海为研究区域,利用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法研究了二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)在微表层与次表层中的浓度以及它们在微表层中的富集行为。结果表明,DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp在微表层中的浓度高于次表层,它们在微表层中的富集因子分别为1.17、1.84和1.51。研究发现,DMS及DMSPp浓度与叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度有很好的相关性,但它们的周日变化与Chl-a并不完全同步。DMS/Chl-a和DMSPp/Chl-a的比值在次表层和微表层分别为4.35、13.47mmol/g和3.99、15.88mmol/g。胶州湾及青岛近海生态环境受人为活动干扰严重,使本海域DMS含量较高,从而贡献出较大的DMS海-气通量。     

挪威海和格陵兰海海水DMS分布特征及影响因素研究

于2012年7—9月现场测定了北极挪威海和格陵兰海区域海水二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP,分溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究了其空间分布格局及其影响因素,探讨了表层海水DMS的生物周转和去除途径。结果表明,表层海水DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的平均浓度分别为5.36nmol/L、15.63nmol/L和96.73nmol/L,受挪威海流和北极深层水影响,表层海水二甲基硫化物浓度呈现出由低纬度向高纬度海域递减的趋势。DMSPd和DMSPp浓度与Chl a浓度均有显著的相关性,说明浮游植物生物量是影响挪威海和格陵兰海二甲基硫化物生产的重要因素。表层海水DMS生物生产和消费速率平均值分别为18.19nmol/(L·d)、15.67nmol/(L·d)。DMS微生物周转时间变化范围为0.03~1.80d,平均值为0.49d,DMS海-气周转时间是微生物消费时间的90倍,说明夏季挪威海和格陵兰海表层海水中DMS微生物消费过程是比海-气扩散更具优势的去除机制。     

北黄海二甲基硫(DMS)的海-气释放及其对气溶胶中非海盐硫酸盐的贡献

根据2006年7～8月和2007年1月对北黄海进行的大面调查,分析研究了夏冬季表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)的浓度分布和海-气交换通量.研究表明:表层海水以及大气中DMS浓度季节变化明显,夏季平均值分别是冬季的3.2和3.7倍.相关性分析显示,海水中DMS和Chl a浓度存在明显的相关性,说明浮游植物生物量是影响DMS浓度分布的1个重要因素.利用Liss和Merlivat公式(LM86)估算了北黄海夏冬季DMS的海-气交换通量,其平均值分别为7.31和4.98 μmol·m-2·d-1.另外,根据测定的大气中甲基磺酸盐(MSA)和非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO2-4)的浓度及比例,估算出夏冬季北黄海生源硫释放对气溶胶中Nss-SO2-4的贡献比例分别为10.1%和2.8%.此结果表明北黄海大气中Nss-SO2-4主要来源于人为排放.     

海洋生物对二甲基硫生产的控制作用研究

二甲基硫(DMS)是参与全球硫循环的最主要的海洋生源硫化物,对全球气候变化和环境酸化产生重要影响.海洋中DMS的产生是一个极为复杂的生物学和生态学过程,主要涉及的生物过程包括浮游植物病毒感染、浮游动物摄食和DMSP裂解酶的活动.根据海洋生物活动在二甲基硫的全球生物地球化学循环中所起着的重要作用,作者综述了国际海洋科学工作者十几年来在DMS生物生产过程研究方面的进展.     

南黄海和中国东海中挥发性卤代烃的分布与海气通量

Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of five kinds of volatile halocarbons(VHCs) were studied in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) and the East China Sea(ECS) in November 2007. The results showed that the concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane(C2H3Cl3), 1,1-dichloroethene(C2H2Cl2), 1,1,2-trichloroethene(C2HCl3), trichloromethane(CHCl3) and tetrachloromethane(CCl4) in the surface water were 0.31–4.81, 2.75–21.3, 1.21–17.1, 5.02–233 and 0.045–4.47 pmol/L, respectively, with the average values of 1.89, 12.20, 6.93, 60.90 and 0.33 pmol/L. On the whole, the horizontal distributions of C2H3Cl3, C2H2Cl2 and CCl4 were affected mainly by anthropogenic activities, while C2HCl3 and CHCl3 were influenced by biological factors as well as anthropogenic activities. In the study area, the concentrations of VHCs(except C2HCl3) exhibited a decreasing trend from inshore to offshore sites, with the higher values occurring in the coastal waters. The sea-to-air fluxes of C2H3Cl3, C2HCl3, CHCl3 and CCl4 were calculated to be-56.00–(-5.68),-7.31–123.42, 148.00–1 309.31 and-83.32–(-1.53) nmol/(m2·d), respectively, with the average values of-6.77, 17.14, 183.38 and-21.27 nmol/(m2·d). Our data showed that the SYS and ECS in autumn was a sink for C2H3Cl3 and CCl4, while it was a source for C2HCl3 and CHCl3 in the atmosphere.     

Experimental studies on dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) production by four marine microalgae

The production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by marine microalgae was investigated to elucidate more on the role of marine phytoplankton in ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle.Axenic laboratory cultures of four marine microalgae–Isochrysis galbana 8701,Pavlova viridis,Platymonas sp.and Chlorella were tested for DMSP production and conversion into DMS.Among these four microalgae,Isochrysis galbana 8701 and Pavlova viridis are two species of Haptophyta,while Chlorella and Platymonas sp.belong to Chlorophyta.The results demonstrate that the four algae can produce various amounts of DMS(P),and their DMS(P) production was species specific.With similar cell size,more DMS was released by Haptophyta than that by Chlorophyta.DMS and dissolved DMSP (DMSPd) concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly during their life cycles.The highest release of DMS appeared in the senescent period for all the four algae.Variations in DMSP concentrations were in strong compliance with variations in algal cell densities during the growing period.A highly significant correlation was observed between the DMS and DMSPd concentrations in algal cultures,and there was a time lag for the variation trend of the DMS concentrations as compared with that of the DMSPd.The consistency of variation patterns of DMS and DMSPd implies that the DMSPd produced by phytoplankton cells has a marked effect on the production of DMS.In the present study,the authors’ results specify the significant contribution of the marine phytoplankton to DMS(P) production and the importance of biological control of DMS concentrations in oceanic water.     

海洋中二甲基硫的生物生产与消费过程

DMS是海洋中最主要的挥发性有机硫化物,对全球气候变化和环境酸化产生重要影响。DMS的生物生产与消耗主要发生在海洋真光层。生物的生产与消耗被认为是海洋中DMS的主要来源和去除途径。海洋中DMS的生物生产和消耗是密切相关的,两者的速率基本保持平衡。目前,有关DMS生物生产与消费速率的测定方法有放射性同位素示踪和加抑制剂2种,后者颇受青睐,不过有关抑制机理还需进一步的研究。     

Seasonal variations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay and its adjacent area

The distributions of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate, in both dissolved (DMSP_d) and particulate fractions (DMSP_p) were determined in the seasurface microlayer and corresponding subsurface water of the Jiaozhou Bay, China and its adjacent area in May and August 2006. The concentrations of all these components showed a clear seasonal variation, with higher concentrations occurring in summer. This can be mainly attributed to the higher phytoplankton biomass observed in summer. Simultaneously, the enrichment extents of DMSP_d and DMSP_p in the microlayer also exhibited seasonal changes, with higher values in spring and lower ones in summer. Higher water temperature and stronger radiant intensity in summer can enhance their solubility and photochemical reaction in the microlayer water, reducing their enrichment factors (the ratio of concentration in the microlayer to that in the corresponding subsurface water). A statistically significant relationship was found between the microlayer and subsurface water concentrations of DMS, DMSP and chlorophyll a, demonstrating that the biogenic materials in the microlayer come primarily from the underlying water. Moreover, our data show that the concentrations of DMSP_p and DMS were significantly correlated with the levels of chlorophyll a, indicating that phytoplankton biomass might play an important role in controlling the distributions of biogenic sulfurs in the study area. The ratios of DMS/chlorophyll a and DMSP_p/chlorophyll a varied little from spring to summer, suggesting that there was no obvious change in the proportion of DMSP producers in the phytoplankton community. The mean sea-to-air flux of DMS from the study area was estimated to be 5.70 μmol/(m²·d), which highlights the effects of human impacts on DMS emission.