海底孔压对波浪响应试验研究及数值模拟

孔隙水压力在海底土尤其在砂性海床中扮演着一个非常重要的角色.波浪的周期性加载作用,在砂土及粉土中产生超静孔隙水压力,其幅值大小是海床发生液化破坏的控制因素.在海上工程的历次调查中发现孔压引起许多液化破坏现象,如粉土海床的塌陷、凹坑、坡度较大处的粉砂流及构筑物基础周围的过量冲刷造成石油管架下沉等等,因此研究海床中孔压对波浪的响应具有重要的理论意义和实践意义.     

波浪作用下粉质土海床液化界面波压力的研究

波浪作用下粉质土海床的液化是影响海上平台、海底管线等海洋构筑物安全的灾害之一。在进行构筑物设计中应考虑海床液化的深度问题,而液化土体对下部海床的界面波压力是计算海床孔隙水压力增长以及液化深度的重要参量。本文基于波致粉土海床自上而下的渐进液化模式,利用双层流体波动理论,推导了考虑海床土体黏性的海床界面波压力表达式,并与不考虑黏性时的界面波压力进行了比较分析。结果表明,计算液化后土体界面波压力时,是否考虑液化土体的黏性对结果影响较大,进而可能影响粉质土海床液化深度的确定。     

现代黄河三角洲沉积物动态变化过程的特征与机理

黄河入海沉积物自河口进入海洋后,在重力、水动力、生物改造等一系列外部作用下,经历着堆积、固结、液化、侵蚀再悬浮、海床变形滑动以及后期改造等一系列动态变化过程。研究团队近十几年来针对现代黄河三角洲沉积物的动态变化过程,开展了一系列的室内外物理模拟试验与水下三角洲现场原位长期观测等研究工作。在各动态变化过程的特征与机理方面,主要得到了以下认识:快速堆积后沉积物的固结速度很快,1—2天便可达到甚至超过原始海床强度,海床发育有显著的各项非均匀性,并发育有"硬壳层"。粉质土海床易于累积孔隙水压力,发生沉积物"液化"现象,一方面会改变海床表层沉积物的抗侵蚀性;另一方面,在海床内部垂向渗流的驱动下,海床内部部分细粒沉积物会被"泵送"输运到海床表面,进而进入上覆水体成为再悬浮沉积物,即部分再悬浮沉积物来源于海床内部。黄河三角洲坡度极缓,海底滑坡可以在近于水平的坡度条件下发生。波致海床液化引起的地层重构或海床渗流导致的内部土颗粒运移,可能会将相对均匀的海床改造为层化结构,这对河口地区沉积层理的解读具有新的启示。     

非线性波浪作用下埋置管道上波浪力简化计算

由于浅水区波浪的非线性影响显著,浅埋管道受非线性波浪荷载的影响大,为了保证管道长期运行的稳定性,在管道设计过程中需要充分考虑由非线性波浪引起的波浪力。考虑孔隙水和海床土的压缩性,基于Biot固结理论和一阶近似椭圆余弦波理论,利用分离变量法推导了非线性波浪作用下浅水区埋置管道周围海床的渗流压力,进而给出了埋置管道上的波浪力压力解析解,并与已有的文献结果进行比较。计算结果表明,在椭圆余弦波的作用下,海底管道周围海床内的渗流压力呈正弦分布,且管道所受的波浪力随着管径的增大而增大。     

波浪作用下黄河口粉土液化与振荡层形成试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,观察波浪作用下土体产生的现象,分析了土体内孔隙水压力的变化及波浪作用后土体粒度组成变化特征,研究了波浪荷载作用下黄河口粉土液化和"振荡层"的形成过程。试验及讨论结果表明:在波浪作用下,上层粉土体大部分时间处于液化状态;由液化土形成的振荡土层与下部土层之间形成"W"形的滑动面,振荡土层的厚度随着波浪作用时间的增加而变小;在波浪的振动和孔隙流体的共同作用下,土颗粒重新排列,细粒物质向上迁移,土体底部土颗粒粒径较为粗大,振荡层范围内土颗粒粒径组成相似,粒径分布范围较小;其内部孔压比随深度和波浪作用次数的增加而较少,土体内部积累的超孔压逐渐消散,海床土体逐渐趋于稳定。     

粉质土底床液化塌陷量形成试验研究

黄河三角洲海床沉积物质为粉质土,在大的风暴浪作用下海底浅表粉质土能够发生液化,形成塌陷凹坑。以黄河三角洲粉质土铺设底床,进行液化粉质土形成塌陷的波浪水槽试验,在底床粉粒和砂粒不随水流脱离液化区的前提下,对形成塌陷量的贡献因素进行了分析。根据试验数据,估算了黏粒迁移析出与液化区底床密度增大对液化致塌陷凹坑的贡献度,得出黏粒迁移析出贡献一般大于55%。试验还发现在波浪作用下粉质土液化后黏粒发生迁移,原均质底床黏粒含量在垂向上出现2个分段特点的重新分布,分段点处于水土界面、底床液化最终界面和最大液化界面上,每段以上少下多分布。     

波浪作用下黄河口粉土海床粗化室内模型试验研究

利用室内水槽模型实验,对黄河口粉质海床土在波浪荷载下的粗化现象进行了研究,试验中观测了土体表层沉积物的变化,测量了土体内孔隙水压力及土的粒径变化,结合高密度电阻率法探测结果分析探讨了波浪作用下土体粗化机理.研究表明,波浪作用会使粉质海床土发生明显的粗化现象;土体液化是波浪导致粉土粗化的首要条件;土体内超孔隙水压力累积及消散是细颗粒物质迁移的主要动力.该结果对于研究黄河口粉土海床地貌的形成有一定参考意义.     

随机波作用下海底管道振动对土体液化的影响

海底管道-土体-水体相互作用对土体和管道的稳定性具有重要影响，但波浪作用下海底管道对其周围土体性质的影响仍有待深入研究。通过一系列室内波浪水槽试验，研究了波浪荷载和管道振动作用下海床土体内部的超孔隙水压力响应。实验结果表明，管道的铺设会增大海底土体超孔隙水压力累积程度，当管道发生振动时，海床土体超孔隙水压力累积程度进一步增大，从而增加了土体液化势。此外，波高增加也会导致海床土体的超孔隙水压力累积程度增大。本文研究成果对管道-土体相互作用研究和海底管道维护具有指导意义。     

波浪作用下黄河三角洲海底粉土液化特征对比研究

作为一种常见的近海海底灾害地质现象,波致海床液化严重威胁着黄河三角洲地区海底工程设施的安全.粉质海床液化后,海底粉土的结构、物理和力学性质均发生了改变,研究该变化规律尤其是评估液化后海底粉土再次发生液化的可能性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.本文利用室内动三轴仪对取自黄河三角洲已液化和未液化海底粉土开展了液化试验对比研究...     

波浪诱发松散海床渐进式液化的数值分析

近海区域广泛分布着第四纪新沉积的松散海洋土,波浪荷载作用下松散海床会发生液化进而对近海结构物的稳定性存在巨大威胁。本文采用中国科学院流体-结构-海床相互作用数值计算模型FSSI-CAS 2D,选用Pastor-Zienkiewicz-Mark Ⅲ（PZⅢ）弹塑性本构研究了波浪诱发的松散海床液化问题。分析了波浪荷载引起的松散海床内超孔隙水压力、有效应力以及应力角的时程变化特性,并预测了松散海床的渐进液化过程。计算结果表明,波浪荷载作用下松散海床内残余孔压会累积增长,海床表面最先发生液化,然后逐渐向下发展至液化最大深度。同时指出海床内超孔隙水压力的竖向分布特征和应力角的变化时程均可以作为判断海床液化的间接参数。最后,通过应力状态分析,讨论了海床渐进式液化的发展过程和趋势。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.