1998年夏季青藏高原及其邻近地区地面总热源季节变化特征及其与西太平洋副热带地区对流的关系

利用98’TIPEX实验资料、1998年5-8月青藏高原6个自动热量平衡站(AWS)资料、青藏高原常规观测资料、中国300多个站的逐日降水资料、国家卫星中心接收的1998年5-8月OLR和日本GMS的TBB资料,研究了1998年5-8月青藏高原及其邻近地区逐日地面总热源的季节变化特征及其与西太平洋副热带地区对流的关系。结果表明:高原地面总热源与高原雨季开始有密切关系,高原雨季开始以后,高原平均的地面总热源明显减小;高原平均的地面总热源与20—30°N附近的西太平洋副热带地区的TBB有很好的负相关关系,表明高原地面总热源可以通过某种机制影响副热带地区的对流。     

2003年淮河汛期一次中尺度强暴雨过程的诊断分析和数值模拟研究

2003年7月4-5日淮河流域发生了一次中尺度强暴雨过程,致使淮河洪水泛滥.这次暴雨过程由中尺度对流系统(MCS)以及因其发展而产生的低涡造成.通过对此次过程的诊断分析和新一代细网格WRF中尺度预报模式的数值模拟,研究了这次过程发生发展的机制.模拟结果较好地描述了本次暴雨及中尺度系统发生、发展的时空演变过程.分析结果表明:此次移动性暴雨过程的前期由不断向东移动发展的MCS造成,后期降水则由低涡切变线产生的中尺度低涡引起.同时,副热带高压明显偏西偏北,并维持较长时间,造成雨带一直维持在淮河流域.高层辐合中心的加强使低空急流不断增强,低空急流的增强进而引起低层辐合的加强,而低层辐合的加强以及上升运动的潜热释放导致低涡的发生,低涡形成及形成后移动缓慢,造成了淮河流域的大暴雨.高层中尺度辐散区的抽吸对低层中尺度涡旋的发生发展起到了促进和加强的作用.低层的中尺度辐合场和高层的中尺度辐散场的发展与耦合对中尺度系统的发展有很好的预示作用.低层中尺度辐合区的减弱预示着系统的衰减,西南偏西的中层相对干冷空气侵入并在梅雨锋前缘下沉促进了系统的衰减.     

西太平洋副高与ENSO的关系及其对福建雨季降水分布的影响

用低阶大气环流谱模式就前期冬春季南海-热带东印度洋(10 oN～15 oS, 90～120 o E) 海温异常对南海夏季风的影响进行了数值试验。结果表明, 当南海-热带东印度洋海温异常偏暖时,其南北两侧大气低层出现异常气旋性环流,高层出现异常反气旋性环流,其东西两侧, 在南海-热带西太平洋大气低层出现强大的异常辐合,高层出现强大的异常辐散;在热带西印度洋大气低层为明显的辐散,高层为明显的辐合,得到了与Gill理论相一致的结论。此时大气低层赤道两侧异常气旋性环流阻挡了赤道索马里越赤道SW气流进入南海, 加强了赤道西风, 并明显减弱了澳大利亚越赤道SW气流,菲律宾以东的异常反气旋性环流加强了西太平洋副热带高压, 使其位置偏南偏西, 同时大气高层印度洋上空的异常东风加强了南亚高压, 从而导致南海夏季风强度减弱, 爆发可能推迟。在南海-热带东印度洋海温异常偏冷时,大气低层赤道两侧异常反气旋性环流减弱了赤道索马里越赤道SW气流, 加强了澳大利亚越赤道SW气流,菲律宾东北部的异常气旋性环流不利于其东侧的副热带高压发展, 同时大气高层印度洋上空的异常西风减弱南亚高压强度,有利于南海夏季风加强, 爆发可能提前。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM (MCS) DURING THE FIRST RAINY SEASON OVER SOUTH CHINA*

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and observations collected during the SCSMEX,a mesoscale convective system (MCS) occurring over South China during 23-24 May 1998 has been studied with a numerical simulation using the Fifth Generation Penn-State/NCAR Mesoseale Modeling System (MMS).The successful simulations present us some interesting findings.The simulated MCS was a kind of meso-β scale system with a life cycle of about 11 hours.It generated within a small vortex along a cold front shear line.The MCS was characterized by severe convection.The simulated maximum vertical velocity was greater than 90 cm s^-1,and the maximum divergence at about 400 hPa.The rainfall rate of MCS exceeded 20 mm h^-1.To the right of the simulated MCS,a mesoscale low-level jet (mLLJ) was found.A strong southwesterly current could also be seen to the right of MCS above the mLLJ.This strong southwesterly current might extend up to 400 hPa.A column of cyclonic vorticity extended through most part of the MCS in the vertical direction.Additionally,the simulated MCS was compared favorably with the observational data in terms of location,precipitation intensity and evolution.     

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE FROM GMS-5 INFRARED CLOUD IMAGERY AND SURFACE RAIN RATES DURING THE RAINING SEASONS OF FUJIAN PROVINCE

1INTRODUCTIONInrecentyears,theinfraredcloudimageryfromtheGMSseriessatelliteshasusedmoreandmoreinstudiesofheavyprecipitationintheyearlyfirstrainingseasonsinChina.Theuseintheanalysisofheavyrainprocessesandquantitativeestimationofrainfallisoneoftheaspectsthatwitnesswideapplication.Quantitativeestimationofrainfallwithsatellitecloudimageryhasbeenanimportantresearchsubjectformeteorologistsathomeandabroad.Inhiseffortstostudyingwaysofestimatingsevereconvectiveprecipitation,Scofield(1987)usesthe…     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ENSO AND ITS INFLUENCE ON RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINY SEASON IN FUJIAN

1INTRODUCTIONInsummarizingclimotologicalfactorsforprecipitationintherainingseasonsofChina,Lietal.presentedfiveanomaliesthatcouldaffecttheseasonalprecipitation,namely,SSTintheequatorialeasternPacific,thermalconditionsovertheQinghai-TibetanPlateau,Asianmonsoon,mid-latitudeblockinghighandWestPacificsubtropicalhigh.NotonlysubjecttothedirecteffectofmaritimethermalconditionsoftheWestPacific,thesubtropicalhighisalsoinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationandunderlyingsurfacefromtheotherfourfactors…     

青藏高原温度场与贵州干旱的联系

应用ＳＶＤ等统计方法，探讨高原温度场与贵州春，夏旱的联系。分析表明，贵州春旱分布特征是以西部为中心。向东减少，夏旱以中，东部为中心，高原前一年３、９和１１月大规范温度异常分别对春、夏旱的分布预报有相当高的统计相关，可作为预报参考因子。贵州夏旱的高原异常增温，高原暖高压的辐散下沉气流和下坡地形等有关。     

THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM WITH HEAVY RAINFALL ALONG SOUTH CHINA COASTAL AREA

Observational analysis shows that a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) occurred on May 13- 14 2004 along the coastal area in South China. The MCS initiated among the southwesterly flows within a west-east orientation low-level shear line. Associated with the system, in its subsequent development stages, no distinct vortex circulation developed in low-level. Instead, a cyclonic flow disturbance was observed in the mid-troposphere. How the convection starts to develop and evolve into a MCS? With observational analysis and numerical simulation, the problem has been studied. The high-resolution MM5 simulation shows that topographic convergence along the coastal line and the nearby mountains in western South China plays an important role to initiate the MCS convection. Once the convection occurs, due to the condensation heating, a cooperative interaction between the preexisting mid-level disturbance and convection is created,which may greatly affect the MCS development during periods when the system continues moving eastward.Compared to some typical MCS that happen in Southern China, which are usually accompanied with upward development of cyclonic vorticity, the development and evolution of the investigated MCS shows distinguishing features. In this article, the physical mechanisms responsible for the intensification of mid- level disturbance are discussed, and a viewpoint to interpret the effects of mid-level disturbance on the MCS organizational development is proposed.     

华南沿海一次暴雨中尺度对流系统的形成和发展过程

应用观测分析和数值模拟方法研究了2004年5月13～14日发生在华南西部沿海的一次暴雨中尺度对流系统（MCS）。结果发现：MCS开始发生在低层切变线南侧的偏南气流中,强盛时其水平范围达中口尺度,生命史近10个小时。在MCS的形成和发展过程中,低层的涡旋环流不明显,但其上空对流层中层500hPa上有流场的扰动与之对应。观测分析及数值模拟结果均表明沿海地形引起的辐合在对流的启动中有重要的影响。而对流发展起来后,由于凝结加热的作用,中层的扰动得到加强和发展,主要表现为涡度的增大,气旋性环流在500hPa高度附近表现最为明显,并在MCS东移发展的过程中起着重要的组织作用。MCS在有利地形触发作用下发生。并通过对流层中层扰动组织发展的过程,有别于华南其它一些暴雨过程常伴有低层涡旋系统向上发展的形式,有其独特的特征。还对中层扰动的增强过程和物理机制进行了分析,并提出了一个用于解释中层扰动对MCS组织发展影响的观点。     

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。     

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DECADAL VARIATIONS OF ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON PRECIPITATION OF GUANGXI AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF INDIAN OCEAN IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Decadal circulation differences between more and less rainfall periods in the annually first rainy season of Guangxi and their association with sea surface temperature (SST) of the austral Indian Ocean are investigated by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results are shown as follows. A pattern in which there is uniform change of the Guangxi precipitation shows a 20-year decadal oscillation and a 3-year interannual change. In contrast, a pattern of reversed-phase change between the north and the south of Guangxi has a 6-year interannual periodicity and quasi-biennial oscillation. In the period of more precipitation, the surface temperature in Eurasia is positively anomalous so as to lead to stronger low pressure systems on land and larger thermal contrast between land and ocean. Therefore, the air column is more unstable and ascending flows over Guangxi are intensified while the Hadley cell is weakened. Furthermore, the weaker western Pacific subtropical high and South Asia High, together with a stronger cross-equatorial flow, result in the transportation of more humidity and the appearance of more precipitation. The correlation analysis indicates that the Indian Ocean SST in Southern Hemisphere is closely associated with the variation of the seasonal precipitation of Guangxi on the decadal scale by influencing the Asian monsoon through the cross-equatorial flow.