三沙湾宁德火电厂周边海域初秋浮游植物的种类组成和数量分布

本文报道了2003年9月三沙湾宁德火电厂周边海域浮游植物的调查结果,共记录34属77种.其中硅藻门30属71种,是浮游植物的主要门类,甲藻3属4种,蓝藻1属两种,属于赤潮生物的有26种.在数量上占绝对优势的为锤状中鼓藻(Bellerocheamalleus),占71.8%.本次调查浮游植物细胞总量为92.07×104个/m3,是以往同期调查结果的7倍,且优势种高度集中,多样性指数低(1.68).在3个小区中,Ⅱ区的浮游植物细胞总量最高,种类最丰富.本文还讨论了该海区浮游植物分布与环境因子的关系.     

胶州湾浮游植物多样性及其与环境因子的关系

2003年6月对胶州湾水域中的浮游植物进行了调查,根据所获得的资料分析了胶州湾水域中浮游植物分布规律及优势种的组成、浮游植物多样性分布及浮游植物与环境因子的关系,结果表明：胶州湾浮游植物细胞数量及多样性分布受西部陆源污染的影响很明显;浮游植物中在细胞数量上占优势的种类有中肋骨条藻、劳氏角毛藻、加氏星杆藻、锤状中鼓藻及扭鞘藻;由于各种原因浮游植物与环境因子的相关性不是很明显。     

诏安湾及其邻近海域浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系

根据2015年夏、秋两季在诏安湾及其邻近海域开展大面综合调查获得的数据,研究了该海域浮游植物的群落结构,并对浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系进行了冗余分析。共鉴定浮游植物2门33属80种,其中硅藻门28属71种,甲藻门5属9种。夏季优势种为菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、尖刺菱形藻(Nitzschia pungens)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum),秋季优势种为钟形中鼓藻(Bellerochea horologicalis)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)、中肋骨条藻、菱形海线藻、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)和佛氏海毛藻(Thalassiothrix frauenfeidii)。浮游植物密度在3. 32×104～1. 27×108cells/m3之间,夏季明显高于秋季,夏、秋两季密度呈现由湾内向湾外逐渐增加的趋势。夏季种类多样性指数平均为1. 77,秋季为2. 87。冗余分析结果表明,活性磷酸盐、化学需氧量、温度、盐度和pH是影响诏安湾及其邻近海域浮游植物群落的主要环境因子。     

柔海胆科(Echinothuriidae)3个属叉棘超微结构的研究

海胆的叉棘是海胆御敌、清除体表异物的重要器官,其形状在海胆的分类上具有重要意义。本文通过扫描电子显微镜对西太平洋海山区柔海胆科软海胆属Araeosoma、兜海胆属Sperosoma和革海胆属Hygrosoma的叉棘形态与结构特征进行研究,并提供了柔海胆科属的检索表。结果表明:柔海胆有三种常见的叉棘形式,三叉叉棘、三叶叉棘和指状叉棘。三叉叉棘和三叶叉棘在3个属中均存在,指状叉棘只在软海胆属中存在,三叶叉棘和指状叉棘的超微结构变化比较细微,三叉叉棘的超微结构特征具有明显的种属间差异。建议将叉棘的种类和结构作为柔海胆科的分类依据。     

基于线粒体16S rDNA和COΙ基因探讨中国近海黄姑鱼类的分子系统进化关系

为探讨中国近海黄姑鱼类的系统进化关系,通过PCR扩增了黄姑鱼(Nibea albifora)、浅色黄姑鱼(N.coibor)、日本黄姑鱼(N.japonica)和状黄姑鱼(N.miichthioides)等4种黄姑鱼类的16S rDNA和COΙ基因片段并进行了序列测定,计算其种间及种内遗传距离并结合来自GenBank的13种石首鱼科鱼类的相应基因片段序列构建分子系统树。结果表明:(1)利用16S rDNA片段可以对4种黄姑鱼类进行分子鉴定;但是基于COΙ基因片段计算的日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼的种间遗传距离为0.002—0.005,尚未达到种间分化水平,应用该基因片段进行这两种鱼的分子鉴定值得商榷;(2)分子系统树显示日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼与黄姑鱼和浅色黄姑鱼处于不同的系统发育阶元,日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼与白姑鱼属鱼类聚为同一类群,支持形态学上将日本黄姑鱼和状黄姑鱼划归为白姑鱼属的分类学观点。     

基于18S和ITS-5.8S rDNA基因序列的白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)的分子鉴定与检测

采用通用引物PCR扩增法,测定了辽东湾海域的白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)螅状体、碟状体及水母体的18S以及ITS-5.8S r DNA序列,同时利用Gene Bank数据库中已有同源序列对其进行序列分析及系统分析。结果显示,白色霞水母3个个体的18S和ITS-5.8S r DNA序列完全一致。白色霞水母样品的ITS-5.8S r DNA序列与Gen Bank中未知真核生物的序列高度相似(≥99%),推测该物种可能是早期发育阶段(卵、浮浪幼虫或碟状体)的白色霞水母样品。霞水母属不同种间18S r DNA序列经比对后同源序列长度为1709bp,多态位点数33个;比对后ITS1同源序列长度为368bp,其中变异位点203个,简约信息位点数178个,单变异位点21个。基于18S r DNA基因序列的霞水母属种内和种间平均遗传距离分别为0、0.008,而基于ITS1序列的霞水母属种内和种间平均遗传距离分别为0.019、0.284。基于ITS1的种间遗传距离是种内遗传距离的15倍,适合于进行物种鉴定。NJ系统树的结果也表明同种的不同个体各自聚枝,其聚类结果大致与形态分类吻合。研究表明,ITS基因片段在霞水母不同种间变异较大,更适于大型水母种类鉴定、检测及属内种间水平的系统进化研究。     

QQC2-2型浮游生物网闭锁器研制成功

了解水域中不同水层浮游生物的种类组成和数量变动是生物海洋学基础调查观测项目之一,它通常采用一种能控制浮游生物网张开、关闭的装置——闭锁器进行分层采样。鉴于我国通常使用的闭锁器[1],往往发生未击使锤就自动关闭,或下击使锤网未能关闭等毛病而造成失误或须重新采集,从而拖长采集时间。     

海洋生物系列(十七)

镰鱼镰鱼属镰鱼科。身体甚高而侧扁,是一种很漂亮的鱼类。皮肤坚韧披以细小的粗糙鳞片,与鲨鱼皮肤相似。背鳍的第三鳍棘延长成细鞭状,吻向前突出呈圆锥状。平时生活在多岩礁的水域内,喜食浮游生物。分布:中国、日本、菲律宾。     

探索·发现

镰鱼属镰鱼科。身体甚高而侧扁，是一种很漂亮的鱼类。皮肤坚韧披以细小的粗糙鳞片，与鲨鱼皮肤相似。背鳍的第三鳍棘延长成细鞭状，吻向前突出呈圆锥状。平时生活在多岩礁的水域内，喜食浮游生物。分布：中国、日本、菲律宾。     

儋州大铲礁珊瑚礁生态系统健康状况及影响因素分析

本文采用断面监测法对儋州大铲礁海域珊瑚的物种多样性、覆盖率和补充量等指标进行了调查.结果 显示,大铲礁造礁石珊瑚13科29属77种,主要优势种二异角孔珊瑚、柱形角孔珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚及交替扁脑珊瑚,形态类群主要有团块状、皮壳状及分枝状,平均覆盖率为4.15％,平均珊瑚补充量为0.19个/m2,大铲礁的珊瑚资源分布不均匀,...     

综合考虑多种变形因素的近岸规则波传播数学模型Ⅰ. 基本方程的导出

推广了Kirby的有环境水流影响的缓坡方程,得到了综合考虑环境水流(水流因子)、非线性弥散影响(非线性因子)、底摩擦波能损失(底摩擦因子)、非缓坡地形影响(地形因子)、折射、绕射、波浪破碎多种变形因素的波浪传播控制方程,并给出了非线性因子、地形因子、底摩擦因子、水流因子的确定方法。基于导出的方程做进一步推导,得到了波高和波向为变量的综合考虑多种变形因素的波浪传播基本方程,该方程有许多优点:1)其绕开了求解波势函数的困难,将椭圆型方程的边值问题化为初值问题;2)直接求解波高和波向;3)可采用有限差分法离散求解,对空间步长没有限制,适合大面积海区波场计算;4)综合考虑了多种波浪变形因素,方程更为合理,5)容易处理波浪破碎问题。     

Hyperbolic Mild Slope Equations with Inclusion of Amplitude Dispersion Effect： Regular Waves

A new form of hyperbolic mild slope equations is derived with the inclusion of the amphtude dispersion of nonlinear waves. The effects of including the amplitude dispersion effect on the wave propagation are discussed. Wave breaking mechanism is incorporated into the present model to apply the new equations to surf zone. The equations are solved nu- merically for regular wave propagation over a shoal and in surf zone, and a comparison is made against measurements. It is found that the inclusion of the amplitude dispersion can also improve model＇ s performance on prediction of wave heights around breaking point for the wave motions in surf zone.     

Numerical experiments on low-frequency fluctuations on a submerged coastal reef

Low-frequency fluctuations on a reef coast are studied through a numerical model based on nonlinear conservation equations of mass and momentum. The model is used to investigate the long wave generation and propagation phenomena under both breaking and non-breaking incident short wave groups. The effects of incident wave characteristics and reef topography on the long wave phenomena are discussed. The results show that the long wave elevations on reef coasts are substantial, which explains the large water level fluctuations observed at certain occasions.     

A numerical model of wave overtopping on seadikes

This paper describes the development of a numerical model for wave overtopping on seadikes. The model is based on the flux-conservative form of the nonlinear shallow water equations (NLSW) solved with a high order total variation diminishing (TVD), Roe-type scheme. The goal is to reliably predict the hydrodynamics of wave overtopping on the dike crest and along the inner slope, necessary for the breach modelling of seadikes. Besides the mean overtopping rate, the capability of simulating individual overtopping events is also required. It is shown theoretically that the effect of wave breaking through the drastic motion of surface rollers in the surfzone is not sufficiently described by the conventional nonlinear shallow water equations, neglecting wave setup from the mean water level and thus markedly reducing the model predictive capacity for wave overtopping. This is significantly improved by including an additional source term associated with the roller energy dissipation in the depth-averaged momentum equation. The developed model has been validated against four existing laboratory datasets of wave overtopping on dikes. The first two sets are to validate the roller term performance in improving the model prediction of wave overtopping of breaking waves. The last two sets are to test the model performance under more complex but realistic hydraulic and slope geometric conditions. The results confirm the merit of the supplemented roller term and also demonstrate that the model is robust and reliable for the prediction of wave overtopping on seadikes.     

Finite volume scheme for the solution of 2D extended Boussinesq equations in the surf zone

In this paper, a hybrid finite volume-finite difference scheme is applied to study surf zone dynamics. The numerical model solves the 2DH extended Boussinesq equations proposed by Madsen and Sørensen (1992) where nonlinear and dispersive effects are both relevant whereas it solves NSWE equations where nonlinearity prevails. The shock-capturing features of the finite volume method allow an intrinsic representation of wave breaking and runup; therefore no empirical (calibration) parameters are necessary. Comparison with laboratory measurements demonstrates that the proposed model can accurately predict wave height decay and mean water level setup, for both regular and solitary wave breaking on a sloping beach. The model is also applied to reproduce two-dimensional wave transformation and breaking over a submerged circular shoal, showing good agreement with experimental data.     

内孤立波过陆架陆坡地形的数值模拟研究

内波是海洋中普遍存在的波动形式。内孤立波是典型的非线性内波,多发于陆架边缘海,如南海等海域,对陆架海域有重要影响。本文针对内孤立波在陆架地形上的传播问题,先基于弱非线性与全非线性数值模型,模拟了不同振幅、地形高度条件下内孤立波的演化的过程,探讨了动力系数对内孤立波演化过程的影响,对比了两模型的模拟结果在内孤立波演化过程、能量分配以及能量耗散的差异,后分析了南海的动力系数分布特征。结果表明,在内孤立波不发生破碎的情况下,弱非线性模型与全非线性模拟结果相近。当发生破碎过程时,弱非线性模型可准确模拟头波,但无法通过强非线性的破碎过程耗散能量,只能以裂变的方式辐射能量。在弱非线性模型中,随地形高度增加,频散系数减小到零,平方非线性系数由负转正,立方非线性系数绝对值增大一个量级,并主导陆架地形上内孤立波的演化过程。通过对比南海夏季与冬季非线性内波动力系数空间分布,发现内孤立波在传播过程由于夏季平方非线性效应、立方非线性效应与频散效应较强的影响,其在夏季更易发生陡化与裂变,波列发生频率高。     

An extended time-dependent numerical model of the mild-slope equation with weakly nonlinear amplitude dispersion

In the present paper, by introducing the effective wave elevation, we transform the extended ellip- tic mild-slope equation with bottom friction, wave breaking and steep or rapidly varying bottom topography to the simplest time-dependent hyperbolic equation. Based on this equation and the empirical nonlinear amplitude dispersion relation proposed by Li et al. (2003), the numerical scheme is established. Error analysis by Taylor expansion method shows that the numerical stability of the present model succeeds the merits in Song et al. (2007)’s model because of the introduced dissipation terms. For the purpose of verifying its performance on wave nonlinearity, rapidly vary- ing topography and wave breaking, the present model is applied to study: (1) wave refraction and diffraction over a submerged elliptic shoal on a slope (Berkhoff et al., 1982); (2) Bragg reflection of monochromatic waves from the sinusoidal ripples (Davies and Heathershaw, 1985); (3) wave transformation near a shore attached breakwater (Watanabe and Maruyama, 1986). Comparisons of the numerical solutions with the experimental or theoretical ones or with those of other models (REF/DIF model and FUNWAVE model) show good results, which indicate that the present model is capable of giving favorably predictions of wave refraction, diffraction, reflection, shoaling, bottom friction, breaking energy dissipation and weak nonlinearity in the near shore zone.     

Mathematical analysis of long-wave breaking on open channels with bottom friction

In this paper we study the breaking of long waves propagating along an open channel with linear friction on the bottom. The equations governing the wave propagation consist of a pair of first-order nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs). We first transformed the PDEs into a pair of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) along the characteristic directions by means of a pair of Riemann invariants. By analyzing the ODEs, we found that the breaking of waves can be identified by the singularity of the derivative of the Riemann invariants. Thus, we derived an analytical solution for the derivative of the Riemann invariants. Then, a breaking criterion and an analytical formula for the estimation of breaking time were developed and validated through numerical experiments. It is also shown in the paper that the present model includes the previous model neglecting bottom friction as a special case.     

河口冲淡水运动理论模式及数值应用(续)——(Ⅱ)数值应用

2 计算结果和讨论2.1区域特征和参数选取 具体数值模拟在图2区域上进行。区域水平尺寸为60×80km;河口口门宽5km、深5m;计算网格间距△x=△y=2.5km。海底底形考虑图3类型。其它参数取值在后面的流函数分布图中予以说明。     

Parabolic Approximation of the Weakly Nonlinear Mild Slope Equation with Bottom Friction

This paper presents a refined parabolic approximation model of the mild slope equation to simu-late the combination of water wave refraction and diffraction in the large coastal region.The bottom frictionand weakly nonlinear term are included in the model.The difference equation is established with the Crank-Nicolson scheme.The numerical test shows that some numerical prediction results will be inaccurate in com-plicated topography without considering weak nonlinearity;the bottom friction will make wave height damp-ing and it can not be neglected for calculation of wave field in large areas.