电子探针和微区X射线衍射研究陕西镇安钨-铍多金属矿床中祖母绿级绿柱石

南秦岭镇安地区发现了以白钨矿-绿柱石为矿石矿物组合的矿床新类型。为查明该矿床中首次发现的翠绿色祖母绿级绿柱石的致色机理并进一步揭示其成矿机制,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,对绿柱石开展了电子探针与微区X射线衍射等矿物学研究。结果表明:矿区中首次发现的祖母绿级绿柱石,呈自形晶产于石英(方解石)脉中并与白钨矿共(伴)生。祖母绿级绿柱石从核部至边缘V2O3含量较高,分别为0.64%~0.98%和1.04%~1.42%,且有增高趋势。X射线衍射数据表明区内祖母绿为"正常"绿柱石,同时存在Al■Me2+和Be■Li两种类质同象替换机制。V为本区祖母绿主要致色元素,来自于区内碳质板岩、金云母片岩及白云质大理岩等地层,Be、Si、Al等主要元素则来自于深部酸性岩浆岩。本次发现为该矿床中钨、铍矿产资源的综合开发利用提供了基础地质资料,并为南秦岭在区域及深部继续寻找稀有金属矿指出新的找矿方向。     

川西甲基卡二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩脉地球化学特征及其地质意义

对川西甲基卡地区二云母花岗岩及伟晶岩脉的岩石学特征、地球化学特征进行了分析,探讨了二云母花岗岩物质来源、构造背景及其与伟晶岩脉的成因联系。分析结果表明,甲基卡二云母花岗岩的SiO_2含量在73.93%~75.06%之间;全碱含量7.90%~8.36%,钾质含量较高,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石;Al_2O_3含量为14.24%~14.77%,A/CNK=1.14~1.24,具强过铝质S型花岗岩特征;ΣREE=31.18×10~(-6)~41.67×10~(-6),LREE/HREE=4.15~6.41,δEu=0.46~0.70;CaO/Na_2O=0.07~0.12(0.3),指示其物源可能是含砂屑物质极少的泥质岩;Al_2O_3/TiO_2=133.1~279.8,比值较高,表明甲基卡二云母花岗岩属高压低温型后碰撞强过铝质岩石。花岗伟晶岩脉SiO_2含量在72.59%~80.91%之间,全碱含量5.26%~10.60%,Al_2O_3含量11.79%~17.64%,σ=0.74~3.80,A/CNK=0.98~2.38,ΣREE=4.03×10~(-6)~8.29×10~(-6),LREE/HREE=2.61~10.40,δEu=0.18~0.68,与岩体差异明显,主、微量元素含量变化也较大。甲基卡二云母花岗岩与伟晶岩脉有密切的成因联系。岩浆不混溶作用可能是形成甲基卡含矿伟晶岩脉的关键因素,花岗质岩浆在上升过程中通过不混溶作用分离出富含挥发分的伟晶岩熔体,在运移或侵位过程中可能交代围岩矿物而使稀有金属元素进一步富集。二云母花岗岩浆和伟晶岩熔体性质的不同导致稀土元素和Th、Sr、Ti、Y、Rb、N等微量元素在两者中含量有明显差异。伟晶岩熔体在运移或就位过程中所经的路径不同和周围环境的差异导致不同位置产出的伟晶岩的元素含量有较大的变化。与二云母花岗岩相比,花岗伟晶岩的形成演化具有一定的跳跃性。     

川西甲基卡稀有金属矿田地表水中稀有金属元素分布特征及意义

2016～2018年系统采集川西甲基卡稀有金属矿田及周边地表水样品88件,测试分析了样品中Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Zr、Nb、Cs、Hf、Ta九种稀有金属元素含量及八种主要阴阳离子含量。结果表明:甲基卡矿田地表水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca型。甲基卡矿区地表水中Li、Be、Nb、Rb、Cs、Ta等稀有金属元素平均含量明显高于川西河流平均值,Zr、Hf元素含量与川西河流均值相近,Sr含量远低于川西河流均值。经甲基卡矿区地表水稀有金属含量与矿脉分布空间耦合验证,地表水中Li、Rb、Cs、Be元素含量对矿脉的存在有明显的响应特征,其含量分布可以有效地服务于稀有金属矿产勘查,针对甲基卡外围地形高差大、切割深的特点,认为根据水地球化学异常来找矿也不失为一种有效方法,可以尝试运用地表水中稀有金属元素异常来缩小找矿靶区。     

福建南平31号花岗伟晶岩脉中绿柱石的电子探针成分与成因

福建南平花岗伟晶岩是中国重要的稀有金属花岗伟晶岩之一,其中31号脉是分异程度最高、稀有金属成矿作用最重要的岩脉,绿柱石是其中最主要的铍矿物。利用电子探针和背散射电子成像技术对该岩脉中绿柱石进行了较系统分析。结果表明,南平31号花岗伟晶岩中绿柱石可分为原生绿柱石和晚期绿柱石。原生绿柱石形成于早期岩浆阶段,与造岩矿物石英、白云母、钠长石、锂辉石共生。晚期绿柱石与原生绿柱石密切伴生,是富铍流体沿原生绿柱石的边缘结晶而成,或热液沿原生绿柱石的解理、裂隙或孔隙度较大部位进行交代的产物。电子探针成分分析显示,南平31号花岗伟晶岩脉中原生绿柱石除含主要化学成分SiO2,Al2O3和BeO外还含Na,Cs,Fe,Mg等元素;FeO,MgO,Na2O和Cs2O的最高含量分别为0.28%,0.89%,1.36%和3.92%。总体上,从I带至IV带,原生绿柱石的FeO和MgO含量逐渐降低,Na2O和Cs2O的含量逐渐升高,尤其是Cs2O的含量变化较大。III—IV带中少量原生绿柱石分布于锂辉石中,具有富FeO和MgO的特征。晚期绿柱石的Cs2O含量较低,可能是由于铯沸石和南平石（铯云母）等铯矿物的结晶,导致晚期熔体-热液中相对贫铯,而热液流体与富铯绿柱石之间可能存在铯的化学再平衡。     

阿尔泰大喀拉苏稀有金属矿床绿柱石矿物化学特征及成矿意义

稀有金属铍是国民经济发展急需的战略性金属资源。为深入了解阿尔泰造山带稀有金属铍的富集机制,本文选取大喀拉苏花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的绿柱石为研究对象。针对伟晶岩不同部位的绿柱石进行岩相学观察和原位微区分析,具体产状包括1号伟晶岩脉的粗粒边缘带(Brl-Ⅰ)、块体中间带(Brl-Ⅱ)和细粒带及晶洞(Brl-Ⅲ)。野外及岩相学观察发现粗粒边缘带及块体中间带绿柱石晶体大小约20～50 cm,其中Brl-Ⅰ绿柱石与黑色电气石、碱性长石、钠长石、石榴子石和磷灰石等共生;Brl-Ⅱ绿柱石与黑色富钽矿物、钠长石、白云母、热液锆石等共生,边缘部位以细粒绿柱石(<1 cm)为主;Brl-Ⅲ绿柱石与钠长石、白云母等共生。绿柱石主微量元素特征显示这3种绿柱石均为Na-Li绿柱石种属,元素替代机制显示Brl-Ⅰ、Ⅱ为Na(Fe²⁺,Mg)□_-1Al_-1,Brl-Ⅲ为NaLi□_-1Be_-1。Brl-Ⅰ的Na/Cs和Mg/Fe均大于20.46和0.31,而Brl-Ⅱ、Ⅲ的Na/Cs和Mg/Fe值分别...     

新疆祖母绿（绿柱石）矿产出地质特征与找矿矿物学

新疆首次发现的祖母绿矿质地优、前景良好。对新疆祖母绿（绿柱石）矿的成矿基本地质特征进行探讨,包括区域地质特征、矿区及矿体地质特征,并对与祖母绿形成有密切关系的矿物一方解石、长石、电气石和金红石等进行了找矿矿物学方面的研究。借助偏光显微镜、电子探针等方法,对方解石、长石、电气石和金红石的矿物学特征及其与祖母绿的形成关系进行了探讨,以期为该地区祖母绿（绿柱石）找矿工作提供参考。     

电子探针和X射线衍射仪测定新疆祖母绿宝石

新疆首次发现了质量上佳的祖母绿宝石(绿柱石),受到了国内外学者的高度关注。文章对新疆祖母绿矿物晶体进行电子探针显微分析(EPMA)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试,获得EPMA成分分析结果及XRD测试晶胞参数、衍射图谱。结果表明,新疆祖母绿化学成分中Cr2O3含量较高,一般在0.21%~0.54%;典型样品晶胞参数测定结果为a0=0.923 3 nm,c0=0.920 6 nm,Z=2,主要粉晶谱线为2.871(100)、3.257(100)、7.996(100)。     

川西甲基卡308号伟晶岩脉年代学和地球化学特征及其地质意义

甲基卡稀有金属矿床是我国目前规模最大的伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床,308号伟晶岩脉为其中出露面积最大的伟晶岩脉,由于勘查及研究程度较低,其形成时代及成矿机制尚不明确.通过LA-MC-ICP-MS锡石U-Pb测年,首次获得产于308号伟晶岩脉中间带含锂辉石伟晶岩的年龄为210.9±4.6 Ma,表明其形成于印支晚期,为印支旋回强烈造山运动之后相对稳定阶段的产物.元素地球化学特征表明,308号伟晶岩脉中边缘带无矿细晶岩与矿床内二云母花岗岩具有相似的过铝质S型花岗岩特征,二者具有同源性,并认为其成矿机制为:花岗质岩浆在中浅成、偏还原的环境上升侵位,由细晶岩至伟晶岩演化过程中,相对分异程度升高,熔体相和富挥发分的流体相之间发生强烈碱交代作用,并在一定的结构分带中发生大规模稀有金属矿化.      

澳大利亚孟席斯祖母绿的光谱学特征

采用红外吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱等无损分析技术,并结合激光诱导击穿光谱和电子探针对澳大利亚孟席斯祖母绿的光谱特征、成分特征和颜色成因进行了研究。红外光谱分析显示孟席斯祖母绿具有[Si_6O_(18)]基团振动特征,其结构孔道中的Ⅱ型水吸收强于Ⅰ型水;拉曼光谱特征峰主要在323 cm、397 cm~(-1)、685 cm~(-1)和1067 cm~(-1),并可检测到142 cm~(-1)和190 cm~(-1)等弱散射峰;紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱主要由Cr~(3+)、V~(3+)、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)的吸收组成,其中424 nm和611 nm的吸收由Cr~(3+)和V~(3+)联合作用导致,644 nm、661 nm和682 nm的吸收由Cr~(3+)产生。结合Cr_2O_3含量显著高于V_2O_3的化学成分特征,表明孟席斯祖母绿主要由Cr致色。同时将孟席斯祖母绿与云南祖母绿进行对比分析,为孟席斯祖母绿的宝石学鉴定和质量评价提供依据。     

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山印支期(含绿柱石)锂辉石伟晶岩脉群的发现及Li-Be成矿意义

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山地区首次发现锂辉石伟晶岩脉群。这些伟晶岩脉沿宗务隆山南缘断裂北侧密集出露,并呈狭窄带状北西向展布。到目前为止,已发现9条含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩脉(Li2O平均品位为1.11%~3.13%,BeO平均品位为0.06%)和13条含绿柱石伟晶岩(BeO平均品位为0.044%~0.056%)。伟晶岩锆石U-Pb测年确定其成岩成矿年龄为217 Ma,含绿柱石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(71.62%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.57%~17.55%)和富K2O(1.99%~2.02%)、Na2O(6.09%~6.24%),稀土元素总量非常低(ΣREE=5.2~9.1μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=6.8~10.1),Eu具负异常(δEu=0.25~0.92),具有Cs、Rb、Ta、P和Pb富集,以及Ba、Th、La、Ce、Sr、Nd和Ti的强烈亏损特征。含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(75.73%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.58%~17.52%)和富Na2O(3.0%~3.16%)、贫K2O(0.36%~0.79%),稀土元素总量也很低(ΣREE=5.3~6.0μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=3.1~4.6),Eu具强烈负异常(δEu=0.17~0.23)。相对于含绿柱石伟晶岩,含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩更加富集Cs、U、Nb、Ta、Th、Sn和B,更亏损K和P。含绿柱石伟晶岩和含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩锆石具有相似的Hf同位素组成,εHf(t)值分布范围在–15.1~–12.9之间,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄tDM2为1.99~2.22 Ga,表明伟晶岩源于全吉地块古元古代地壳物质的重熔再造。茶卡北山(含绿柱石)含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩的发现可推断宗务隆山构造带东段是青藏高原北部一条新的、重要的锂铍成矿带,除Li和Be外,Nb、Ta、Cs和Sn可能也是有潜力的成矿元素。     

The Droimchogaidh sill,Connacht, Ireland

The Droimchogaidh sill, south-central Mayo, is sheeted at high-level in the Ordovician sedimentary pile of the South Mayo Trough. This association now lies raised on the eastern fringe of the Connemara-Murrisk Tertiary uplift. The sill is basin-shaped with a maximum thickness of about 100 m. It is composed of isotropic or weakly layered olivine gabbro, and subordinate, locally-developed picritic cumulates and syenitic differentiates. The chemistry of the gabbro reveals the effects of post-emplacement hydrothermal circulation, but the magma that supplied the sill was probably similar in composition to that of the analcime-olivine dolerite dikes further west. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁰Ar dating gives an age of 55 ± 1 Ma for the sill, consistent with a younger set of ages from the Irish/British Tertiary province.     

The Precambrian–Cambrian nonconformity at the Ercall Quarries,The Wrekin,Shropshire, UK

The Precambrian–Cambrian boundary is iconic, marking the first appearance of shelly fauna in the fossil record, and opening the Phanerozoic Eon. In England and Wales, the transition from predominantly Precambrian igneous rocks to Cambrian sedimentary strata is generally unconformable. An exceptional exposure of this transition can be observed in the Ercall Quarries in Shropshire, a classic locality in all senses of the word.     

The Isle of Portland,Dorset, England

The Isle of Portland is one of the jewels in the crown of the ‘Jurassic Coast’ of Dorset, southern England. Thomas Hardy aptly described this limestone peninsula as the ‘Gibraltar of Wessex’, and used its stone quarries as the backdrop for one of his novels (The Well‐Beloved). Quarries then, as now, work the world‐famous Portland Stone—a Jurassic oolitic limestone—from which St Paul's Cathedral and many other well‐known buildings are constructed. Rocks exposed in the numerous disused quarries scattered across the isle, together with exposures in spectacular sea‐cliffs, paint a vivid picture of life and environments, ～150 million years ago. In addition to Jurassic patch‐reefs, coastal sabhkas, fossil forests and dinosaur footprints found in the bedrock, more recent geological phenomena include two Quaternary raised beaches, solution caves filled with vertebrates, and massive coastal landslips. The aim of this article is to provide a field guide for those wishing to explore the geology of this little‐known region for themselves.     

The Pemali tin deposit,Bangka, Indonesia

The Pemali tin deposit is located in a Triassic granite pluton the magmatic evolution of which is characterized by a decrease of compatible Ca, Mg, Ti, P and Zr in the sequence: medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite, megacrystic medium-grained biotite granite, two-mica granite/muscovite granite. The tin mineralization is confined to the two-mica granite and consists of disseminated cassiterite as well as greisen-bordered veins. The highly evolved muscovite granite is tin-barren and is distinguished from the two-mica granite by its low mica content and low loss-on-ignition values. The fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite of the two-mica granite and of the greisen homogenize in the 115–410 °C temperature range; the salinities are in the range of 0.4–23 equiv wt% NaCl and the CO₂ concentrations are < 2 mole%.     

The jacupirangite at Kodal,Vestfold, Norway

The large jacupirangite dyke at Kodal was first found by W.C. Brögger (1933) who published one chemical analysis of the rock. Recent investigations of the dyke as a potential ore body, including diamond-drilling operations, have shown that it is about 20 m wide and 2 km long. It strikes approximately E–W and has a general dip of 80 °S, cutting through larvikite and nordmarkite of the Oslo Permian Igneous Province. The jacupirangite has an average modal composition (volume percent): apatite 24, magnetite 37, ilmenite 9, pyroxene 25, amphibole and biotite 5. The iron-titanium oxides and apatite cement the pyroxene in a typical igneous texture. The Kodal dyke and other jacupirangites in adjoining areas of the Oslo Igneous Province all show a eutectic mixture of iron-titanium oxides and apatite which is assumed to form an immiscible liquid with silicate melts of monzonitic composition. This is assumed to be a possible explanation for the formation of the jacupirangites in the Oslo region.

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Zusammenfassung Der große Jacupirangit-Gang in Kodal wurde erstmals von C. W. Brögger (1933) gefunden, der eine chemische Analyse von diesem Gestein publiziert hat. Neuere Untersuchungen an diesem Gang im Hinblick auf eine potentielle Erzlagerstätte, bei denen auch Diamant-Bohrungen eingesetzt worden sind, haben ergeben, daß der Gang etwa 20 m mächtig und 2 km lang ist. Er streicht bei einem durchschnittlichen Fallen von 80 °S annähernd O–W, wobei er Larvikite und Nordmarkite der permischen Oslo-Eruptivprovinz durch-schneidet. Die durchschnittliche modale Zusammensetzung des Jacupirangites besteht (in Volumenprozent) aus: Apatit 24%, Magnetit 37%, Ilmenit 9%, Pyroxen 25%, Amphibol und Biotit 5%. Die Eisen-Titan-Oxide und der Apatit verkitten die Pyroxene unter Bildung einer typischen Eruptivstruktur. Der Kodal-Gang und die anderen Jacupirangite der angrenzenden Oslo-Eruptivprovinz lassen alle ein eutektisches Gemenge von Eisen-Titan-Oxiden und Apatit erkennen, von dem wir annehmen, daß es eine unlösliche Schmelze neben Silikatschmelzen monzonitischer Zusammensetzung bildete. Aus dieser Annahme ergibt sich eine Deutungsmöglichkeit für das Auftreten der Jacupirangite im Oslo Gebiet.

     

The Purimetla gabbros,Prakasam District,Andhra Pradesh,India

Gabbros at Purimetla occur in close association with the alkaline pluton. Petrography and petrochemistry of these gabbros indicate their tholeiitic nature. Chemical variation of these tholeiites suggests that an initial undersaturated tholeiitic magma yielded oversaturated fractions in the final stages of differentiation. Their regional distribution suggests that basic magmatism preceded the emplacement of the alkaline rocks in the Prakasam alkaline province.     

The Wilga base-precious metals deposit, Benambra, Victoria, Australia

Wilga is one of several Au-bearing volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits localized within Silurian felsic volcanics of the Lachlan Fold Belt of NE Victoria. Exploration has delineated a resource of 3.7 Mt averaging 3.4% Cu, 5.5% Zn, 0.4% Pb, 31 g/t Ag and 0.5 g/t Au within a lensoid-shaped sulphide body which strikes NE, dips NW and occurs at a depth of 50–160 m below surface. This body has maximum dimensions of 470 m strike, 350 m down-dip and 37 m true width delineated by 59 surface diamond drill holes and an exploration adit with 40 underground diamond drill holes. There are two main types of mineralization: Stratiform massive sulphides , (mainly pyrite, low-Fe sphalerite, variable chalcopyrite and minor galena with very minor silica/dolomite gangue) and Stratiform chloritic sulphides (mainly chalcopyrite, with subordinate pyrite and sphalerite, in a gangue of chlorite and minor dolomite). The deposit is layered with at least 6 distinct stratigraphic horizons/cycles of mineralization each characterized by a Cu-rich base and Pb-(Zn)-Au-As-rich top. Facies variations are locally rapid. Economically the deposit consists of 3 sub-lenses of roughly equal tonnage: a Cu-rich central lens of Chloritic Sulphides (av. 5.9% Cu, 3.6% Zn, 0.3% Pb, 32 g/t Ag and 0.2 g/t Au) between upper and lower lenses of Zn-rich Massive Sulphides (av. 1.8% Cu, 6.7% Zn, 0.5% Pb, 31 g/t Ag and 0.7 g/t Au). Gold mineralization, locally up to 7 g/t over 6 m, shows a strong spatial association with Pb, (Zn) and As in pyritic massive sulphides.     

北京十三陵中元古界蓟县系雾迷山组原地风暴沉积的砾屑体

研究区雾迷山组的层状藻叠层白云岩中存在一种属原地风暴成因的砾屑透镜体?砾屑体的底部为略下切的侵蚀面,顶为上凸形?砾屑呈放射状或叠瓦状排列,无磨圆作用?其形成过程是:在风暴初期,风暴浪对海底沉积物冲击?掀起?破碎,而后迅速原地堆积而成?风暴衰减后,正常沉积顺应砾屑体的顶面形态?